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<ul>
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<li><a href="https://trafficserver.apache.org/">Apache Traffic Server</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://trafficcontrol.apache.org/">Apache Traffic Control</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://tomcat.apache.org/">Tomcat</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://apr.apache.org/">APR</a></li>
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<li><a href="http://perl.apache.org/">mod_perl</a></li>
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<h1 id="the-number-one-http-server-on-the-internet">The Number One HTTP Server On The Internet<a class="headerlink" href="#the-number-one-http-server-on-the-internet" title="Permalink">¶</a></h1>
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<p>The Apache HTTP Server Project is an effort to develop and maintain an
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open-source HTTP server for modern operating systems including UNIX and
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Windows. The goal of this project is to provide a secure, efficient and
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extensible server that provides HTTP services in sync with the current HTTP
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standards.</p>
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<p>The Apache HTTP Server ("httpd") was launched in 1995 and it has been the most popular web server on the Internet since
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April 1996. It has celebrated its 25th birthday as a project in February 2020.</p>
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<p>The Apache HTTP Server is a project of <a href="http://www.apache.org/">The Apache Software
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Foundation</a>.</p>
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<h1 id="apache-httpd-2454-released-2022-06-08">Apache httpd 2.4.54 Released <span>2022-06-08</span><a class="headerlink" href="#apache-httpd-2454-released-2022-06-08" title="Permalink">¶</a></h1>
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<p>The Apache Software Foundation and the Apache HTTP Server Project are
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pleased to
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<a href="http://downloads.apache.org/httpd/Announcement2.4.html">announce</a> the
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release of version 2.4.54 of the Apache HTTP Server ("httpd").</p>
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<p>This latest release from the 2.4.x stable branch represents the best available
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version of Apache HTTP Server.</p>
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<p>Apache HTTP Server version 2.<span>4</span>.43 or newer is required in order to operate a TLS 1.3 web server with OpenSSL 1.1.1.</p>
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<p class="centered"><a href="download.cgi#apache24">Download</a> | <a href="http://downloads.apache.org/httpd/CHANGES_2.4.54">ChangeLog for
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2.4</a></p>
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<h1 id="apache-httpd-22-end-of-life-2018-01-01">Apache httpd 2.2 End-of-Life <span>2018-01-01</span><a class="headerlink" href="#apache-httpd-22-end-of-life-2018-01-01" title="Permalink">¶</a></h1>
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<p>As previously announced, the Apache HTTP Server Project has discontinued
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all development and patch review of the 2.2.x series of releases.</p>
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<p>The Apache HTTP Server Project had long committed to provide maintenance
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releases of the 2.2.x flavor through June of 2017. The final release 2.2.34
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was published in July 2017, and no further evaluation of bug reports or
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<h1 id="want-to-try-out-the-apache-http-server">Want to try out the Apache HTTP Server?<a class="headerlink" href="#want-to-try-out-the-apache-http-server" title="Permalink">¶</a></h1>
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<h1 id="want-to-contribute-to-the-apache-http-server">Want to contribute to the Apache HTTP Server?<a class="headerlink" href="#want-to-contribute-to-the-apache-http-server" title="Permalink">¶</a></h1>
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<p>Awesome! Have a look at our current 'Help Wanted' listings then:</p>
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<div description="the Apache HTTP Server Project" project="httpd" style="width: 100%; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" type="helpwanted"></div>
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<!-- FOOTER -->
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<p>Copyright © 1997-2022 The Apache Software Foundation.<br />
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Apache HTTP Server, Apache, and the Apache feather logo are trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation.</p>
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@ -1,360 +0,0 @@
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||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head>
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<meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" />
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<!--
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XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT
|
||||
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
|
||||
-->
|
||||
<title>ab - Apache HTTP server benchmarking tool - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</title>
|
||||
<link href="../style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" />
|
||||
<link href="../style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" />
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<script src="../style/scripts/prettify.min.js" type="text/javascript">
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</script>
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<link href="../images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head>
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<body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header">
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<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
|
||||
<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</p>
|
||||
<img alt="" src="../images/feather.png" /></div>
|
||||
<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div id="path">
|
||||
<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.4</a> > <a href="./">Programs</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>ab - Apache HTTP server benchmarking tool</h1>
|
||||
<div class="toplang">
|
||||
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/programs/ab.html" title="English"> en </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../fr/programs/ab.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../ko/programs/ab.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../tr/programs/ab.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe"> tr </a></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><code>ab</code> is a tool for benchmarking your Apache Hypertext
|
||||
Transfer Protocol (HTTP) server. It is designed to give you an impression
|
||||
of how your current Apache installation performs. This especially shows
|
||||
you how many requests per second your Apache installation is capable of
|
||||
serving.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="quickview"><a href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/contributing.html" class="badge"><img src="https://www.apache.org/images/SupportApache-small.png" alt="Support Apache!" /></a><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#synopsis">Synopsis</a></li>
|
||||
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#options">Options</a></li>
|
||||
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#output">Output</a></li>
|
||||
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#bugs">Bugs</a></li>
|
||||
</ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><code class="program"><a href="../programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code></li><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
|
||||
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<h2><a name="synopsis" id="synopsis">Synopsis</a></h2>
|
||||
<p><code><strong>ab</strong>
|
||||
[ -<strong>A</strong> <var>auth-username</var>:<var>password</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>b</strong> <var>windowsize</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>B</strong> <var>local-address</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>c</strong> <var>concurrency</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>C</strong> <var>cookie-name</var>=<var>value</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>d</strong> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>e</strong> <var>csv-file</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>E</strong> <var>client-certificate file</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>f</strong> <var>protocol</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>g</strong> <var>gnuplot-file</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>h</strong> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>H</strong> <var>custom-header</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>i</strong> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>k</strong> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>l</strong> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>m</strong> <var>HTTP-method</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>n</strong> <var>requests</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>p</strong> <var>POST-file</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>P</strong> <var>proxy-auth-username</var>:<var>password</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>q</strong> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>r</strong> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>s</strong> <var>timeout</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>S</strong> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>t</strong> <var>timelimit</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>T</strong> <var>content-type</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>u</strong> <var>PUT-file</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>v</strong> <var>verbosity</var>]
|
||||
[ -<strong>V</strong> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>w</strong> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>x</strong> <var><table>-attributes</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>X</strong> <var>proxy</var>[:<var>port</var>] ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>y</strong> <var><tr>-attributes</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>z</strong> <var><td>-attributes</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>Z</strong> <var>ciphersuite</var> ]
|
||||
[http[s]://]<var>hostname</var>[:<var>port</var>]/<var>path</var></code></p>
|
||||
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<h2><a name="options" id="options">Options</a></h2>
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><code>-A <var>auth-username</var>:<var>password</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Supply BASIC Authentication credentials to the server. The username and
|
||||
password are separated by a single <code>:</code> and sent on the wire
|
||||
base64 encoded. The string is sent regardless of whether the server needs
|
||||
it (<em>i.e.</em>, has sent an 401 authentication needed).</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-b <var>windowsize</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Size of TCP send/receive buffer, in bytes.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-B <var>local-address</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Address to bind to when making outgoing connections.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-c <var>concurrency</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Number of multiple requests to perform at a time. Default is one
|
||||
request at a time.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-C <var>cookie-name</var>=<var>value</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Add a <code>Cookie:</code> line to the request. The argument is
|
||||
typically in the form of a <code><var>name</var>=<var>value</var></code>
|
||||
pair. This field is repeatable.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-d</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Do not display the "percentage served within XX [ms] table". (legacy
|
||||
support).</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-e <var>csv-file</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Write a Comma separated value (CSV) file which contains for each
|
||||
percentage (from 1% to 100%) the time (in milliseconds) it took to serve
|
||||
that percentage of the requests. This is usually more useful than the
|
||||
'gnuplot' file; as the results are already 'binned'.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-E <var>client-certificate-file</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>When connecting to an SSL website, use the provided client certificate
|
||||
in PEM format to authenticate with the server. The file is expected to
|
||||
contain the client certificate, followed by intermediate certificates,
|
||||
followed by the private key. Available in 2.4.36 and later.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-f <var>protocol</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Specify SSL/TLS protocol (SSL2, SSL3, TLS1, TLS1.1, TLS1.2, or ALL).
|
||||
TLS1.1 and TLS1.2 support available in 2.4.4 and later.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-g <var>gnuplot-file</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Write all measured values out as a 'gnuplot' or TSV (Tab separate
|
||||
values) file. This file can easily be imported into packages like Gnuplot,
|
||||
IDL, Mathematica, Igor or even Excel. The labels are on the first line of
|
||||
the file. </dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-h</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Display usage information.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-H <var>custom-header</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Append extra headers to the request. The argument is typically in
|
||||
the form of a valid header line, containing a colon-separated field-value
|
||||
pair (<em>i.e.</em>, <code>"Accept-Encoding: zip/zop;8bit"</code>).</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-i</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Do <code>HEAD</code> requests instead of <code>GET</code>.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-k</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Enable the HTTP KeepAlive feature, <em>i.e.</em>, perform multiple
|
||||
requests within one HTTP session. Default is no KeepAlive.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Do not report errors if the length of the responses is not constant. This
|
||||
can be useful for dynamic pages.
|
||||
Available in 2.4.7 and later.
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-m <var>HTTP-method</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Custom HTTP method for the requests.
|
||||
Available in 2.4.10 and later.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-n <var>requests</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Number of requests to perform for the benchmarking session. The default
|
||||
is to just perform a single request which usually leads to
|
||||
non-representative benchmarking results.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-p <var>POST-file</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>File containing data to POST. Remember to also set <code>-T</code>.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-P <var>proxy-auth-username</var>:<var>password</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Supply BASIC Authentication credentials to a proxy en-route. The
|
||||
username and password are separated by a single <code>:</code> and sent on
|
||||
the wire base64 encoded. The string is sent regardless of whether the
|
||||
proxy needs it (<em>i.e.</em>, has sent an 407 proxy authentication
|
||||
needed).</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-q</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>When processing more than 150 requests, <code>ab</code> outputs a
|
||||
progress count on <code>stderr</code> every 10% or 100 requests or so. The
|
||||
<code>-q</code> flag will suppress these messages.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Don't exit on socket receive errors.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-s <var>timeout</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Maximum number of seconds to wait before the socket times out.
|
||||
Default is 30 seconds.
|
||||
Available in 2.4.4 and later.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-S</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Do not display the median and standard deviation values, nor display
|
||||
the warning/error messages when the average and median are more than
|
||||
one or two times the standard deviation apart. And default to the
|
||||
min/avg/max values. (legacy support).</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-t <var>timelimit</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Maximum number of seconds to spend for benchmarking. This implies a
|
||||
<code>-n 50000</code> internally. Use this to benchmark the server within a
|
||||
fixed total amount of time. Per default there is no timelimit.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-T <var>content-type</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Content-type header to use for POST/PUT data, eg.
|
||||
<code>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</code>.
|
||||
Default is <code>text/plain</code>.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-u <var>PUT-file</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>File containing data to PUT. Remember to also set <code>-T</code>.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-v <var>verbosity</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Set verbosity level - <code>4</code> and above prints information on
|
||||
headers, <code>3</code> and above prints response codes (404, 200, etc.),
|
||||
<code>2</code> and above prints warnings and info.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-V</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Display version number and exit.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-w</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Print out results in HTML tables. Default table is two columns wide,
|
||||
with a white background.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-x <var><table>-attributes</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>String to use as attributes for <code><table></code>. Attributes
|
||||
are inserted <code><table <var>here</var> ></code>.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-X <var>proxy</var>[:<var>port</var>]</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Use a proxy server for the requests.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-y <var><tr>-attributes</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>String to use as attributes for <code><tr></code>.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-z <var><td>-attributes</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>String to use as attributes for <code><td></code>.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-Z <var>ciphersuite</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Specify SSL/TLS cipher suite (See openssl ciphers)</dd>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<h2><a name="output" id="output">Output</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>The following list describes the values returned by <code>ab</code>:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt>Server Software</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The value, if any, returned in the <var>server</var> HTTP header
|
||||
of the first successful response. This includes all characters in the
|
||||
header from beginning to the point a character with decimal value of 32
|
||||
(most notably: a space or CR/LF) is detected.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Server Hostname</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The DNS or IP address given on the command line</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Server Port</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The port to which ab is connecting. If no port is given on the
|
||||
command line, this will default to 80 for http and 443 for
|
||||
https.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>SSL/TLS Protocol</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The protocol parameters negotiated between the client and server.
|
||||
This will only be printed if SSL is used.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Document Path</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The request URI parsed from the command line string.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Document Length</dt>
|
||||
<dd>This is the size in bytes of the first successfully returned document.
|
||||
If the document length changes during testing, the response is
|
||||
considered an error.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Concurrency Level</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The number of concurrent clients used during the test</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Time taken for tests</dt>
|
||||
<dd>This is the time taken from the moment the first socket connection
|
||||
is created to the moment the last response is received</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Complete requests</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The number of successful responses received</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Failed requests</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The number of requests that were considered a failure. If the
|
||||
number is greater than zero, another line will be printed showing the
|
||||
number of requests that failed due to connecting, reading, incorrect
|
||||
content length, or exceptions.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Write errors</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The number of errors that failed during write (broken pipe).</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Non-2xx responses</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The number of responses that were not in the 200 series of response
|
||||
codes. If all responses were 200, this field is not printed.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Keep-Alive requests</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The number of connections that resulted in Keep-Alive requests</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Total body sent</dt>
|
||||
<dd>If configured to send data as part of the test, this is the total
|
||||
number of bytes sent during the tests. This field is omitted if the test
|
||||
did not include a body to send.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Total transferred</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The total number of bytes received from the server. This number
|
||||
is essentially the number of bytes sent over the wire.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>HTML transferred</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The total number of document bytes received from the server. This
|
||||
number excludes bytes received in HTTP headers</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Requests per second</dt>
|
||||
<dd>This is the number of requests per second. This value is the result
|
||||
of dividing the number of requests by the total time taken</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Time per request</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The average time spent per request. The first value is calculated
|
||||
with the formula <code>concurrency * timetaken * 1000 / done</code>
|
||||
while the second value is calculated with the formula
|
||||
<code>timetaken * 1000 / done</code></dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Transfer rate</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The rate of transfer as calculated by the formula
|
||||
<code>totalread / 1024 / timetaken</code></dd>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<h2><a name="bugs" id="bugs">Bugs</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>There are various statically declared buffers of fixed length. Combined
|
||||
with the lazy parsing of the command line arguments, the response headers
|
||||
from the server and other external inputs, this might bite you.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>It does not implement HTTP/1.x fully; only accepts some 'expected' forms
|
||||
of responses. The rather heavy use of <code>strstr(3)</code> shows up top
|
||||
in profile, which might indicate a performance problem; <em>i.e.</em>, you
|
||||
would measure the <code>ab</code> performance rather than the server's.</p>
|
||||
</div></div>
|
||||
<div class="bottomlang">
|
||||
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/programs/ab.html" title="English"> en </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../fr/programs/ab.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../ko/programs/ab.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../tr/programs/ab.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe"> tr </a></p>
|
||||
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="../images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comments</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. Questions on how to manage the Apache HTTP Server should be directed at either our IRC channel, #httpd, on Libera.chat, or sent to our <a href="https://httpd.apache.org/lists.html">mailing lists</a>.</div>
|
||||
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<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p></div><script type="text/javascript"><!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
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var siteConsent = null;
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window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
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WcpConsent.init("en-US", "cookie-banner", function (err, _siteConsent) {
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if (err != undefined) {
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return error;
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} else {
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siteConsent = _siteConsent; //siteConsent is used to get the current consent
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}
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});
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||||
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||||
if (siteConsent.isConsentRequired) {
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isConsentAdvertising = siteConsent.getConsentFor(WcpConsent.consentCategories.Advertising);
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document.getElementsByClassName('manageCookieChoice')[0].style.display = 'inline-block';
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else {
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//$(".manageCookieChoice").css("display", "none");
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document.getElementsByClassName('manageCookieChoice')[0].style.display = 'none';
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isConsentAdvertising = true;
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}
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siteConsent.onConsentChanged(watchConsentChanges);
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||||
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if (siteConsent.getConsentFor(WcpConsent.consentCategories.Analytics)) {
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(function (i, s, o, g, r, a, m) {
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i['GoogleAnalyticsObject'] = r; i[r] = i[r] || function () {
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ga('create', 'UA-61337531-2', {
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'cookieExpires': 60 * 60 * 24 * 365
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});
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ga('send', 'pageview');
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}
|
||||
else {
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||||
dropAnalyticsCookies();
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}
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||||
|
||||
//console.log(siteConsent.getConsentFor(WcpConsent.consentCategories.))
|
||||
function watchConsentChanges(consents) {
|
||||
manageNonAdvertise();
|
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//scan through the categories and take action based on user consent.
|
||||
if (siteConsent.getConsentFor(WcpConsent.consentCategories.Analytics)) {
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(function (i, s, o, g, r, a, m) {
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i['GoogleAnalyticsObject'] = r; i[r] = i[r] || function () {
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ga('create', 'UA-61337531-2', {
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ga('send', 'pageview');
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dropAnalyticsCookies();
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function getUserConsent() {
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||||
var userConsent = siteConsent.getConsent();
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||||
//response will look like this
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||||
//{"Required":true,"Analytics":true,"SocialMedia":false,"Advertising":false}
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||||
}
|
||||
function dropSocialMediaCookies() {
|
||||
if (siteConsent.getConsentFor(WcpConsent.consentCategories.SocialMedia)) {
|
||||
//Drop social media cookies
|
||||
}
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}
|
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|
||||
manageNonAdvertise();
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});
|
||||
function manageConsent() {
|
||||
if (siteConsent.isConsentRequired) {
|
||||
siteConsent.manageConsent();
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|
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function dropAnalyticsCookies() {
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var domainVal = document.domain.replace("www", "");
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clearCookie('_ga', domainVal, '/');
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function manageNonAdvertise() {
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var userDocument = document.getElementsByTagName("body");
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if (siteConsent.getConsentFor(WcpConsent.consentCategories.Advertising)) {
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$(userDocument).addClass("no-ad");
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function clearCookie(name, domain, path) {
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try {
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function Get_Cookie(check_name) {
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// first we'll split this cookie up into name/value pairs
|
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// note: document.cookie only returns name=value, not the other components
|
||||
var a_all_cookies = document.cookie.split(';'),
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a_temp_cookie = '',
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cookie_name = '',
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cookie_value = '',
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b_cookie_found = false;
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for (i = 0; i < a_all_cookies.length; i++) {
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// now we'll split apart each name=value pair
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a_temp_cookie = a_all_cookies[i].split('=');
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// and trim left/right whitespace while we're at it
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cookie_name = a_temp_cookie[0].replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, '');
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// if the extracted name matches passed check_name
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if (cookie_name == check_name) {
|
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b_cookie_found = true;
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||||
// we need to handle case where cookie has no value but exists (no = sign, that is):
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if (a_temp_cookie.length > 1) {
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cookie_value = unescape(a_temp_cookie[1].replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, ''));
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><title>nginx</title><style type="text/css">body { background: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: center; margin: 0; padding: 0; } #banner { background: black; color: #F2F2F2; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .3em 0; box-shadow: 0 5px 10px black; } #banner a { color: #00B140; } #main { text-align: left; margin: 0 auto; min-width: 32em; max-width: 64em; } #menu { float: right; width: 11em; padding: 0 .5em 1em .5em; border-left: 2px solid #DDD; } #content { margin-right: 13.5em; padding: 0 .2em 0 1.5em; } h1 { display: block; font-size: 3em; text-align: left; height: .7em; margin: 0; margin-bottom: .5em; } h1 img { width: 100%; } h2 { text-align: center; } p { text-align: justify; } table.news p { margin-top: 0; } table.news td { vertical-align: baseline; } table.news .date { text-align: right; padding-right: 0.5em; white-space: nowrap; } table.donors td { vertical-align: baseline; } table.donors li { text-align: left; } div.directive { background: #F2F2F2; line-height: 1em; margin: 1em 0 1em -1em; padding: .7em .7em .7em 1em; border-top: 2px solid #DDD; } div.directive th { padding-left: 0; padding-right: .5em; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; } div.directive td { vertical-align: baseline; } div.directive pre { padding: 0; margin: 0; } div.directive p { margin: .5em 0 0 .1em; font-size: .8em; } a.notrans { color: gray; text-decoration:none; } span.initial { font-size: 200%; float: left; padding-right: 10pt;} ul, ol { margin: .5em 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 .5em; } ol { list-style-position: inside; } li { text-align: justify; padding: .5em 0 0 1px; } .compact li { padding-top: 0; } dl { margin: .5em 0 1em 0; } dt { margin: .5em 0; } .compact dt { margin-bottom: .2em; } dd { margin-left: 1.5em; padding-left: 1px; text-align: justify; } td.list { background: #F2F2F2; } blockquote { margin: 1em 0 1em 1em; padding: .5em; } li blockquote, dd blockquote { margin: .7em 0; } blockquote.note { border: 1px dotted #999; line-height: 1.2em; text-align: justify; } blockquote.example { line-height: 1em; border-left: 1px solid #BBB; } blockquote.example pre { padding: 0; margin: 0; } sup { font-size: 50%; } .video { position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; overflow: hidden; } .video iframe, .video object, .video embed { position: absolute; top:0; left:0; width:100%; height:100%; }</style><script>
|
||||
window.addEventListener("load", function(e) {
|
||||
fetch("../banner/banner.html")
|
||||
.then((response) => response.text())
|
||||
.then((resp) => {
|
||||
document.getElementById("banner").innerHTML = resp;
|
||||
})
|
||||
.catch((error) => {
|
||||
console.warn(error);
|
||||
});
|
||||
});
|
||||
</script></head><body><div id="banner"></div><div id="main"><div id="menu"><h1><a href="/"><img src="/nginx.png" alt="nginx"></a></h1><div>english<br><a href="../ru/">русский</a><br><br><a href="../">news</a><br>about<br><a href="download.html">download</a><br><a href="security_advisories.html">security</a><br><a href="docs/">documentation</a><br><a href="docs/faq.html">faq</a><br><a href="books.html">books</a><br><a href="support.html">support</a><br><br><a href="http://trac.nginx.org/nginx">trac</a><br><a href="http://twitter.com/nginxorg">twitter</a><br><a href="https://www.nginx.com/blog/">blog</a><br><br><a href="https://unit.nginx.org/">unit</a><br><a href="docs/njs/">njs</a><br></div></div><div id="content"><h2>nginx</h2><table width="100%"><tr><td align="left"><a href="#basic_http_features">Basic HTTP server features</a><br><a href="#other_http_features">Other HTTP server features</a><br><a href="#mail_proxy_server_features">Mail proxy server features</a><br><a href="#generic_proxy_server_features">TCP/UDP proxy server features</a><br><a href="#architecture_and_scalability">Architecture and scalability</a><br><a href="#tested_os_and_platforms">Tested OS and platforms</a><br></td></tr></table><p>
|
||||
nginx [engine x] is an HTTP and reverse proxy server,
|
||||
a mail proxy server,
|
||||
and a generic TCP/UDP proxy server,
|
||||
originally written by <a href="http://sysoev.ru/en/">Igor Sysoev</a>.
|
||||
For a long time, it has been running
|
||||
on many heavily loaded Russian sites including
|
||||
<a href="http://www.yandex.ru">Yandex</a>,
|
||||
<a href="http://mail.ru">Mail.Ru</a>,
|
||||
<a href="http://vk.com">VK</a>, and
|
||||
<a href="http://www.rambler.ru">Rambler</a>.
|
||||
According to Netcraft, nginx served or proxied
|
||||
<a href="https://news.netcraft.com/archives/2022/12/20/december-2022-web-server-survey.html">21.25%
|
||||
busiest sites in December 2022</a>.
|
||||
Here are some of the success stories:
|
||||
<a href="https://blogs.dropbox.com/tech/2017/09/optimizing-web-servers-for-high-throughput-and-low-latency/">Dropbox</a>,
|
||||
<a href="https://openconnect.netflix.com/en/software/">Netflix</a>,
|
||||
<a href="https://www.nginx.com/case-studies/nginx-wordpress-com/">Wordpress.com</a>,
|
||||
<a href="http://blog.fastmail.fm/2007/01/04/webimappop-frontend-proxies-changed-to-nginx/">FastMail.FM</a>.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
The sources and documentation are distributed under the
|
||||
<a href="../LICENSE">2-clause BSD-like license</a>.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Commercial support is available from
|
||||
<a href="https://www.nginx.com">Nginx, Inc.</a>
|
||||
</p><a name="basic_http_features"></a><center><h4>Basic HTTP server features</h4></center><p>
|
||||
</p> <ul class="compact">
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Serving static and
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_index_module.html">index</a>
|
||||
files,
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_autoindex_module.html">autoindexing</a>;
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#open_file_cache">open file descriptor cache</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_proxy_module.html">Accelerated
|
||||
reverse proxying with caching</a>;
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_upstream_module.html">load balancing
|
||||
and fault tolerance</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Accelerated support with caching of
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_fastcgi_module.html">FastCGI</a>,
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_uwsgi_module.html">uwsgi</a>,
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_scgi_module.html">SCGI</a>, and
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_memcached_module.html">memcached</a>
|
||||
servers;
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_upstream_module.html">load balancing
|
||||
and fault tolerance</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Modular architecture.
|
||||
Filters include
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_gzip_module.html">gzipping</a>,
|
||||
byte ranges, chunked responses,
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_xslt_module.html">XSLT</a>,
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_ssi_module.html">SSI</a>,
|
||||
and <a href="docs/http/ngx_http_image_filter_module.html">image
|
||||
transformation</a> filter.
|
||||
Multiple SSI inclusions within a single page can be processed in
|
||||
parallel if they are handled by proxied or FastCGI/uwsgi/SCGI servers;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_ssl_module.html">SSL and
|
||||
TLS SNI support</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Support for <a href="docs/http/ngx_http_v2_module.html">HTTP/2</a>
|
||||
with weighted and dependency-based prioritization.
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul><p>
|
||||
</p><a name="other_http_features"></a><center><h4>Other HTTP server features</h4></center><p>
|
||||
</p> <ul class="compact">
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Name-based and IP-based
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/request_processing.html">virtual servers</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#keepalive_timeout">Keep-alive</a>
|
||||
and pipelined connections support;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_log_module.html#log_format">Access
|
||||
log formats</a>,
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_log_module.html#access_log">buffered
|
||||
log writing</a>,
|
||||
<a href="docs/control.html#logs">fast log rotation</a>, and
|
||||
<a href="docs/syslog.html">syslog logging</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
3xx-5xx error codes
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#error_page">redirection</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
The rewrite module:
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_rewrite_module.html">URI changing
|
||||
using regular expressions</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_rewrite_module.html#if">Executing
|
||||
different functions</a> depending on the
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_geo_module.html">client address</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Access control based on
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_access_module.html">client IP address</a>,
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_auth_basic_module.html">by password (HTTP
|
||||
Basic authentication)</a> and by the
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_auth_request_module.html">result of
|
||||
subrequest</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Validation of
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_referer_module.html">HTTP referer</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
The <a href="docs/http/ngx_http_dav_module.html">PUT, DELETE, MKCOL, COPY,
|
||||
and MOVE</a> methods;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_flv_module.html">FLV</a>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_mp4_module.html">MP4</a>
|
||||
streaming;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#limit_rate">Response rate limiting</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Limiting the number of simultaneous
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_limit_conn_module.html">connections</a>
|
||||
or
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_limit_req_module.html">requests</a>
|
||||
coming from one address;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_geoip_module.html">IP-based geolocation</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_split_clients_module.html">A/B testing</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_mirror_module.html">Request mirroring</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Embedded <a href="docs/http/ngx_http_perl_module.html">Perl</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/njs/index.html">njs</a> scripting language.
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul><p>
|
||||
</p><a name="mail_proxy_server_features"></a><center><h4>Mail proxy server features</h4></center><p>
|
||||
</p> <ul class="compact">
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
User redirection to
|
||||
<a href="docs/mail/ngx_mail_imap_module.html">IMAP</a>
|
||||
or
|
||||
<a href="docs/mail/ngx_mail_pop3_module.html">POP3</a>
|
||||
server using an external HTTP
|
||||
<a href="docs/mail/ngx_mail_auth_http_module.html">authentication</a>
|
||||
server;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
User authentication using an external HTTP
|
||||
<a href="docs/mail/ngx_mail_auth_http_module.html">authentication</a>
|
||||
server and connection redirection to an internal
|
||||
<a href="docs/mail/ngx_mail_smtp_module.html">SMTP</a> server;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Authentication methods:
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="compact">
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/mail/ngx_mail_pop3_module.html#pop3_auth">POP3</a>:
|
||||
USER/PASS, APOP, AUTH LOGIN/PLAIN/CRAM-MD5;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/mail/ngx_mail_imap_module.html#imap_auth">IMAP</a>:
|
||||
LOGIN, AUTH LOGIN/PLAIN/CRAM-MD5;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/mail/ngx_mail_smtp_module.html#smtp_auth">SMTP</a>:
|
||||
AUTH LOGIN/PLAIN/CRAM-MD5;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/mail/ngx_mail_ssl_module.html">SSL</a> support;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/mail/ngx_mail_ssl_module.html#starttls">STARTTLS
|
||||
and STLS</a> support.
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul><p>
|
||||
</p><a name="generic_proxy_server_features"></a><center><h4>TCP/UDP proxy server features</h4></center><p>
|
||||
</p> <ul class="compact">
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_proxy_module.html">Generic proxying</a>
|
||||
of TCP and UDP;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_ssl_module.html">SSL</a> and
|
||||
TLS <a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_ssl_preread_module.html">SNI</a> support
|
||||
for TCP;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_upstream_module.html">Load balancing
|
||||
and fault tolerance</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Access control based on
|
||||
<a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_access_module.html">client address</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Executing different functions depending on the
|
||||
<a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_geo_module.html">client address</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Limiting the number of simultaneous
|
||||
<a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_limit_conn_module.html">connections</a>
|
||||
coming from one address;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_log_module.html#log_format">Access
|
||||
log formats</a>,
|
||||
<a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_log_module.html#access_log">buffered
|
||||
log writing</a>,
|
||||
<a href="docs/control.html#logs">fast log rotation</a>, and
|
||||
<a href="docs/syslog.html">syslog logging</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_geoip_module.html">IP-based geolocation</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_split_clients_module.html">A/B testing</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/njs/index.html">njs</a> scripting language.
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul><p>
|
||||
</p><a name="architecture_and_scalability"></a><center><h4>Architecture and scalability</h4></center><p>
|
||||
</p> <ul class="compact">
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
One master and several worker processes;
|
||||
worker processes run under an unprivileged user;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/example.html">Flexible configuration</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/control.html#reconfiguration">Reconfiguration</a>
|
||||
and <a href="docs/control.html#upgrade">upgrade of an
|
||||
executable</a> without interruption of the client servicing;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/events.html">Support</a> for
|
||||
kqueue (FreeBSD 4.1+),
|
||||
epoll (Linux 2.6+),
|
||||
/dev/poll (Solaris 7 11/99+), event ports (Solaris 10),
|
||||
select, and poll;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
The support of the various kqueue features including EV_CLEAR, EV_DISABLE
|
||||
(to temporarily disable events), NOTE_LOWAT, EV_EOF, number of available data,
|
||||
error codes;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
The support of various epoll features including
|
||||
EPOLLRDHUP (Linux 2.6.17+, glibc 2.8+) and
|
||||
EPOLLEXCLUSIVE (Linux 4.5+, glibc 2.24+);
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
sendfile (FreeBSD 3.1+, Linux 2.2+, macOS 10.5+), sendfile64 (Linux 2.4.21+),
|
||||
and sendfilev (Solaris 8 7/01+) support;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#aio">File AIO</a>
|
||||
(FreeBSD 4.3+, Linux 2.6.22+);
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#directio">DIRECTIO</a>
|
||||
(FreeBSD 4.4+, Linux 2.4+, Solaris 2.6+, macOS);
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Accept-filters (FreeBSD 4.1+, NetBSD 5.0+) and TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT (Linux 2.4+)
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#listen">support</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
10,000 inactive HTTP keep-alive connections take about 2.5M memory;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Data copy operations are kept to a minimum.
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul><p>
|
||||
</p><a name="tested_os_and_platforms"></a><center><h4>Tested OS and platforms</h4></center><p>
|
||||
</p> <ul class="compact">
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
FreeBSD 3 — 12 / i386;
|
||||
FreeBSD 5 — 12 / amd64;
|
||||
FreeBSD 11 / ppc;
|
||||
FreeBSD 12 / ppc64;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Linux 2.2 — 4 / i386;
|
||||
Linux 2.6 — 5 / amd64;
|
||||
Linux 3 — 4 / armv6l, armv7l, aarch64, ppc64le;
|
||||
Linux 4 — 5 / s390x;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Solaris 9 / i386, sun4u;
|
||||
Solaris 10 / i386, amd64, sun4v;
|
||||
Solaris 11 / x86;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
AIX 7.1 / powerpc;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
HP-UX 11.31 / ia64;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
macOS / ppc, i386, x86_64;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Windows XP,
|
||||
Windows Server 2003,
|
||||
Windows 7,
|
||||
Windows 10.
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul><p>
|
||||
</p></div></div></body></html>
|
||||
@ -1,281 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head>
|
||||
<meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" />
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
|
||||
This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT
|
||||
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
|
||||
-->
|
||||
<title>mod_dav - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</title>
|
||||
<link href="../style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" />
|
||||
<link href="../style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" />
|
||||
<link href="../style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style/css/prettify.css" />
|
||||
<script src="../style/scripts/prettify.min.js" type="text/javascript">
|
||||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<link href="../images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div id="page-header">
|
||||
<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
|
||||
<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</p>
|
||||
<img alt="" src="../images/feather.png" /></div>
|
||||
<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div id="path">
|
||||
<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.4</a> > <a href="./">Modules</a></div>
|
||||
<div id="page-content">
|
||||
<div id="preamble"><h1>Apache Module mod_dav</h1>
|
||||
<div class="toplang">
|
||||
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/mod/mod_dav.html" title="English"> en </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../fr/mod/mod_dav.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../ja/mod/mod_dav.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../ko/mod/mod_dav.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<table class="module"><tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Distributed Authoring and Versioning
|
||||
(<a href="http://www.webdav.org/">WebDAV</a>) functionality</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#ModuleIdentifier">Module Identifier:</a></th><td>dav_module</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#SourceFile">Source File:</a></th><td>mod_dav.c</td></tr></table>
|
||||
<h3>Summary</h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This module provides class 1 and class 2 <a href="http://www.webdav.org">WebDAV</a> ('Web-based Distributed
|
||||
Authoring and Versioning') functionality for Apache. This
|
||||
extension to the HTTP protocol allows creating, moving,
|
||||
copying, and deleting resources and collections on a remote web
|
||||
server.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="quickview"><a href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/contributing.html" class="badge"><img src="https://www.apache.org/images/SupportApache-small.png" alt="Support Apache!" /></a><h3>Topics</h3>
|
||||
<ul id="topics">
|
||||
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#example">Enabling WebDAV</a></li>
|
||||
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#security">Security Issues</a></li>
|
||||
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#complex">Complex Configurations</a></li>
|
||||
</ul><h3 class="directives">Directives</h3>
|
||||
<ul id="toc">
|
||||
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dav">Dav</a></li>
|
||||
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#davdepthinfinity">DavDepthInfinity</a></li>
|
||||
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#davmintimeout">DavMinTimeout</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h3>Bugfix checklist</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="https://www.apache.org/dist/httpd/CHANGES_2.4">httpd changelog</a></li><li><a href="https://bz.apache.org/bugzilla/buglist.cgi?bug_status=__open__&list_id=144532&product=Apache%20httpd-2&query_format=specific&order=changeddate%20DESC%2Cpriority%2Cbug_severity&component=mod_dav">Known issues</a></li><li><a href="https://bz.apache.org/bugzilla/enter_bug.cgi?product=Apache%20httpd-2&component=mod_dav">Report a bug</a></li></ul><h3>See also</h3>
|
||||
<ul class="seealso">
|
||||
<li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_dav_fs.html#davlockdb">DavLockDB</a></code></li>
|
||||
<li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#limitxmlrequestbody">LimitXMLRequestBody</a></code></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="http://www.webdav.org">WebDAV Resources</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
|
||||
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<h2><a name="example" id="example">Enabling WebDAV</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>To enable <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dav.html">mod_dav</a></code>, add the following to a
|
||||
container in your <code>httpd.conf</code> file:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Dav On</pre>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This enables the DAV file system provider, which is implemented
|
||||
by the <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dav_fs.html">mod_dav_fs</a></code> module. Therefore, that module
|
||||
must be compiled into the server or loaded at runtime using the
|
||||
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_so.html#loadmodule">LoadModule</a></code> directive.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In addition, a location for the DAV lock database must be
|
||||
specified in the global section of your <code>httpd.conf</code>
|
||||
file using the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_dav_fs.html#davlockdb">DavLockDB</a></code>
|
||||
directive:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">DavLockDB /usr/local/apache2/var/DavLock</pre>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The directory containing the lock database file must be
|
||||
writable by the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_unixd.html#user">User</a></code>
|
||||
and <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_unixd.html#group">Group</a></code> under which
|
||||
Apache is running.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You may wish to add a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#limit"><Limit></a></code> clause inside the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#location"><Location></a></code> directive to limit access to
|
||||
DAV-enabled locations. If you want to set the maximum amount of
|
||||
bytes that a DAV client can send at one request, you have to use
|
||||
the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#limitxmlrequestbody">LimitXMLRequestBody</a></code>
|
||||
directive. The "normal" <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#limitrequestbody">LimitRequestBody</a></code> directive has no effect on DAV
|
||||
requests.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="example"><h3>Full Example</h3><pre class="prettyprint lang-config">DavLockDB "/usr/local/apache2/var/DavLock"
|
||||
|
||||
<Directory "/usr/local/apache2/htdocs/foo">
|
||||
Require all granted
|
||||
Dav On
|
||||
|
||||
AuthType Basic
|
||||
AuthName DAV
|
||||
AuthUserFile "user.passwd"
|
||||
|
||||
<LimitExcept GET POST OPTIONS>
|
||||
Require user admin
|
||||
</LimitExcept>
|
||||
</Directory></pre>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<h2><a name="security" id="security">Security Issues</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Since DAV access methods allow remote clients to manipulate
|
||||
files on the server, you must take particular care to assure that
|
||||
your server is secure before enabling <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dav.html">mod_dav</a></code>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Any location on the server where DAV is enabled should be
|
||||
protected by authentication. The use of HTTP Basic Authentication
|
||||
is not recommended. You should use at least HTTP Digest
|
||||
Authentication, which is provided by the
|
||||
<code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_auth_digest.html">mod_auth_digest</a></code> module. Nearly all WebDAV clients
|
||||
support this authentication method. An alternative is Basic
|
||||
Authentication over an <a href="../ssl/">SSL</a> enabled
|
||||
connection.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In order for <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dav.html">mod_dav</a></code> to manage files, it must
|
||||
be able to write to the directories and files under its control
|
||||
using the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_unixd.html#user">User</a></code> and
|
||||
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_unixd.html#group">Group</a></code> under which
|
||||
Apache is running. New files created will also be owned by this
|
||||
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_unixd.html#user">User</a></code> and <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_unixd.html#group">Group</a></code>. For this reason, it is
|
||||
important to control access to this account. The DAV repository
|
||||
is considered private to Apache; modifying files outside of Apache
|
||||
(for example using FTP or filesystem-level tools) should not be
|
||||
allowed.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dav.html">mod_dav</a></code> may be subject to various kinds of
|
||||
denial-of-service attacks. The <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#limitxmlrequestbody">LimitXMLRequestBody</a></code> directive can be
|
||||
used to limit the amount of memory consumed in parsing large DAV
|
||||
requests. The <code class="directive"><a href="#davdepthinfinity">DavDepthInfinity</a></code> directive can be
|
||||
used to prevent <code>PROPFIND</code> requests on a very large
|
||||
repository from consuming large amounts of memory. Another
|
||||
possible denial-of-service attack involves a client simply filling
|
||||
up all available disk space with many large files. There is no
|
||||
direct way to prevent this in Apache, so you should avoid giving
|
||||
DAV access to untrusted users.</p>
|
||||
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<h2><a name="complex" id="complex">Complex Configurations</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>One common request is to use <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dav.html">mod_dav</a></code> to
|
||||
manipulate dynamic files (PHP scripts, CGI scripts, etc). This is
|
||||
difficult because a <code>GET</code> request will always run the
|
||||
script, rather than downloading its contents. One way to avoid
|
||||
this is to map two different URLs to the content, one of which
|
||||
will run the script, and one of which will allow it to be
|
||||
downloaded and manipulated with DAV.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Alias "/phparea" "/home/gstein/php_files"
|
||||
Alias "/php-source" "/home/gstein/php_files"
|
||||
<Location "/php-source">
|
||||
Dav On
|
||||
ForceType text/plain
|
||||
</Location></pre>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<p>With this setup, <code>http://example.com/phparea</code> can be
|
||||
used to access the output of the PHP scripts, and
|
||||
<code>http://example.com/php-source</code> can be used with a DAV
|
||||
client to manipulate them.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="Dav" id="Dav">Dav</a> <a name="dav" id="dav">Directive</a></h2>
|
||||
<table class="directive">
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Enable WebDAV HTTP methods</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>Dav On|Off|<var>provider-name</var></code></td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>Dav Off</code></td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>directory</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dav</td></tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
<p>Use the <code class="directive">Dav</code> directive to enable the
|
||||
WebDAV HTTP methods for the given container:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><Location "/foo">
|
||||
Dav On
|
||||
</Location></pre>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The value <code>On</code> is actually an alias for the default
|
||||
provider <code>filesystem</code> which is served by the <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dav_fs.html">mod_dav_fs</a></code> module. Note, that once you have DAV enabled
|
||||
for some location, it <em>cannot</em> be disabled for sublocations.
|
||||
For a complete configuration example have a look at the <a href="#example">section above</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="warning">
|
||||
Do not enable WebDAV until you have secured your server. Otherwise
|
||||
everyone will be able to distribute files on your system.
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DavDepthInfinity" id="DavDepthInfinity">DavDepthInfinity</a> <a name="davdepthinfinity" id="davdepthinfinity">Directive</a></h2>
|
||||
<table class="directive">
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Allow PROPFIND, Depth: Infinity requests</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DavDepthInfinity on|off</code></td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>DavDepthInfinity off</code></td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host, directory</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dav</td></tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
<p>Use the <code class="directive">DavDepthInfinity</code> directive to
|
||||
allow the processing of <code>PROPFIND</code> requests containing the
|
||||
header 'Depth: Infinity'. Because this type of request could constitute
|
||||
a denial-of-service attack, by default it is not allowed.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DavMinTimeout" id="DavMinTimeout">DavMinTimeout</a> <a name="davmintimeout" id="davmintimeout">Directive</a></h2>
|
||||
<table class="directive">
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Minimum amount of time the server holds a lock on
|
||||
a DAV resource</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DavMinTimeout <var>seconds</var></code></td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>DavMinTimeout 0</code></td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host, directory</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dav</td></tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
<p>When a client requests a DAV resource lock, it can also
|
||||
specify a time when the lock will be automatically removed by
|
||||
the server. This value is only a request, and the server can
|
||||
ignore it or inform the client of an arbitrary value.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Use the <code class="directive">DavMinTimeout</code> directive to specify, in
|
||||
seconds, the minimum lock timeout to return to a client.
|
||||
Microsoft Web Folders defaults to a timeout of 120 seconds; the
|
||||
<code class="directive">DavMinTimeout</code> can override this to a higher value
|
||||
(like 600 seconds) to reduce the chance of the client losing
|
||||
the lock due to network latency.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="example"><h3>Example</h3><pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><Location "/MSWord">
|
||||
DavMinTimeout 600
|
||||
</Location></pre>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="bottomlang">
|
||||
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/mod/mod_dav.html" title="English"> en </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../fr/mod/mod_dav.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../ja/mod/mod_dav.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../ko/mod/mod_dav.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a></p>
|
||||
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="../images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comments</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. Questions on how to manage the Apache HTTP Server should be directed at either our IRC channel, #httpd, on Libera.chat, or sent to our <a href="https://httpd.apache.org/lists.html">mailing lists</a>.</div>
|
||||
<script type="text/javascript"><!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
|
||||
var comments_shortname = 'httpd';
|
||||
var comments_identifier = 'http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_dav.html';
|
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(function(w, d) {
|
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if (w.location.hostname.toLowerCase() == "httpd.apache.org") {
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d.write('<div id="comments_thread"><\/div>');
|
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var s = d.createElement('script');
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s.type = 'text/javascript';
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s.async = true;
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s.src = 'https://comments.apache.org/show_comments.lua?site=' + comments_shortname + '&page=' + comments_identifier;
|
||||
(d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0] || d.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(s);
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}
|
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else {
|
||||
d.write('<div id="comments_thread">Comments are disabled for this page at the moment.<\/div>');
|
||||
}
|
||||
})(window, document);
|
||||
//--><!]]></script></div><div id="footer">
|
||||
<p class="apache">Copyright 2022 The Apache Software Foundation.<br />Licensed under the <a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License, Version 2.0</a>.</p>
|
||||
<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p></div><script type="text/javascript"><!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
<p>hMailServer is a free, open source, e-mail server for Microsoft Windows. It's used by Internet service providers, companies, governments, schools and enthusiasts in all parts of the world.
|
||||
<br/><br/>
|
||||
It supports the common e-mail protocols (IMAP, SMTP and POP3) and can easily be integrated with many existing web mail systems. It has flexible score-based spam protection and can attach to your virus scanner to scan all incoming and outgoing email.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
<h3 class="page-header">Core features</h3>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<div class="panel panel-default">
|
||||
<div class="panel-heading">
|
||||
<h4><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check"></i> Free & Open Source</h4>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="panel-body">
|
||||
<p>Licensed under AGPLv3, hMailServer can be used for free in most commercial scenarios. It's source code is available for anyone to <a href="https://github.com/hmailserver/hmailserver/">read or extend at GitHub</a>.</p>
|
||||
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|
||||
</div>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<p>hMailServer comes with a set of built-in anti spam features such as SPF, SURBL. It can also be integrated with 3rd party anti spam systems such as <a href="http://www.jam-software.com/spamassassin/">SpamAssassin</a> and <a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/assp/">ASSP</a>.</p>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<div class="panel panel-default">
|
||||
<div class="panel-heading">
|
||||
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|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="panel-body">
|
||||
<p>Any webmail system which supports IMAP and SMTP can be used with hMailServer. <a href="http://roundcube.net/">RoundCube</a> and <a href="http://squirrelmail.org/">SquirrelMail</a> are popular webmail systems which are often used with hMailServer.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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<a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#">Download & Extend <span class="caret"></span></a>
|
||||
<ul class="dropdown-menu">
|
||||
<li><a href="https://downloads.joomla.org">Downloads</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://extensions.joomla.org">Extensions</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://downloads.joomla.org/language-packs">Languages</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://launch.joomla.org">Get a free site</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://domains.joomla.org">Get a domain</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="dropdown">
|
||||
<a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#">Discover & Learn <span class="caret"></span></a>
|
||||
<ul class="dropdown-menu">
|
||||
<li><a href="https://docs.joomla.org">Documentation</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://community.joomla.org/joomla-training.html">Training</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://certification.joomla.org">Certification</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://showcase.joomla.org">Site Showcase</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.joomla.org/announcements.html">Announcements</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://community.joomla.org/blogs.html">Blogs</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://magazine.joomla.org">Magazine</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="dropdown">
|
||||
<a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#">Community & Support <span class="caret"></span></a>
|
||||
<ul class="dropdown-menu">
|
||||
<li><a href="https://community.joomla.org">Community Portal</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://community.joomla.org/events.html">Events</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://community.joomla.org/user-groups.html">User Groups</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://forum.joomla.org">Forum</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://community.joomla.org/service-providers-directory.html">Service Providers Directory</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://volunteers.joomla.org">Volunteers Portal</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://extensions.joomla.org/vulnerable-extensions/vulnerable/">Vulnerable Extensions List</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="dropdown">
|
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<a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#">Developer Resources <span class="caret"></span></a>
|
||||
<ul class="dropdown-menu">
|
||||
<li><a href="https://developer.joomla.org">Developer Network</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://developer.joomla.org/security.html">Security Centre</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://issues.joomla.org">Issue Tracker</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://github.com/joomla">GitHub</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://api.joomla.org">API Documentation</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://framework.joomla.org"><span dir="ltr">Joomla!</span> Framework</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<div id="nav-search" class="navbar-search pull-right">
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="finder">
|
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<form id="mod-finder-searchform315" action="/search.html" method="get" class="form-search" role="search">
|
||||
<label for="mod-finder-searchword315" class="element-invisible finder">Search</label><input type="text" name="q" id="mod-finder-searchword315" class="search-query input-medium" size="25" value="" placeholder="Search ..."/>
|
||||
</form>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
<!-- Header -->
|
||||
<header class="header">
|
||||
<div class="container-fluid">
|
||||
<div class="row-fluid">
|
||||
<div class="span7">
|
||||
<h1 class="page-title">
|
||||
<a href="/"><img alt="Joomla CMS" width="40" height="40" src="https://cdn.joomla.org/images/Joomla_logo.png">Joomla!</a>
|
||||
</h1>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="span5">
|
||||
<div class="btn-toolbar row-fluid">
|
||||
<div class="span6">
|
||||
<a href="https://downloads.joomla.org/" class="btn btn-block btn-large btn-warning">Download</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="span6">
|
||||
<a href="https://launch.joomla.org" class="btn btn-block btn-large btn-primary">Launch <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-rocket"></span></a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</header>
|
||||
<nav class="subnav-wrapper">
|
||||
<div class="subnav">
|
||||
<div class="container-fluid">
|
||||
<ul class="nav menu nav-pills mod-list">
|
||||
<li class="item-122 default"><a href="/" >Home</a></li><li class="item-153 parent"><a href="/about-joomla.html" >About Joomla!</a></li><li class="item-195"><a href="/core-features.html" >Benefits & Features</a></li><li class="item-466"><a href="https://www.joomla.org/4/en/" >Joomla! 4</a></li><li class="item-154 active parent"><a href="/announcements.html" >News</a></li><li class="item-348"><a href="/contribute-to-joomla.html" >Contribute</a></li><li class="item-220"><a href="/media-contact.html" >Press Enquiries</a></li></ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
<!-- Body -->
|
||||
<div class="body">
|
||||
<div class="container-fluid">
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="row-fluid">
|
||||
<main id="content" class="span9">
|
||||
<!-- Begin Content -->
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="system-message-container">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="item-page" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article">
|
||||
<meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="en-GB" />
|
||||
<div class="page-header">
|
||||
<h1> Release News </h1>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="page-header">
|
||||
<h2 itemprop="headline">
|
||||
Joomla! 3.6 is Here </h2>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<dl class="article-info muted">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<dt class="article-info-term">
|
||||
Details </dt>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<dd class="create">
|
||||
<span class="icon-calendar" aria-hidden="true"></span>
|
||||
<time datetime="2016-07-12T16:00:00+00:00" itemprop="dateCreated">
|
||||
Created: 12 July 2016 </time>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div itemprop="articleBody">
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="share-container">
|
||||
<ul class="rrssb-buttons clearfix">
|
||||
<li class="rrssb-facebook">
|
||||
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fjoom.la%2F36released" class="popup">
|
||||
<span class="rrssb-icon">
|
||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid" width="29" height="29" viewBox="0 0 29 29">
|
||||
<path d="M26.4 0H2.6C1.714 0 0 1.715 0 2.6v23.8c0 .884 1.715 2.6 2.6 2.6h12.393V17.988h-3.996v-3.98h3.997v-3.062c0-3.746 2.835-5.97 6.177-5.97 1.6 0 2.444.173 2.845.226v3.792H21.18c-1.817 0-2.156.9-2.156 2.168v2.847h5.045l-.66 3.978h-4.386V29H26.4c.884 0 2.6-1.716 2.6-2.6V2.6c0-.885-1.716-2.6-2.6-2.6z" class="cls-2" fill-rule="evenodd" />
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<span class="rrssb-text">facebook</span>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="rrssb-twitter">
|
||||
<a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Joomla%21+3.6+is+Here%3A+https%3A%2F%2Fjoom.la%2F36released" class="popup">
|
||||
<span class="rrssb-icon">
|
||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28">
|
||||
<path d="M24.253 8.756C24.69 17.08 18.297 24.182 9.97 24.62c-3.122.162-6.22-.646-8.86-2.32 2.702.18 5.375-.648 7.507-2.32-2.072-.248-3.818-1.662-4.49-3.64.802.13 1.62.077 2.4-.154-2.482-.466-4.312-2.586-4.412-5.11.688.276 1.426.408 2.168.387-2.135-1.65-2.73-4.62-1.394-6.965C5.574 7.816 9.54 9.84 13.802 10.07c-.842-2.738.694-5.64 3.434-6.48 2.018-.624 4.212.043 5.546 1.682 1.186-.213 2.318-.662 3.33-1.317-.386 1.256-1.248 2.312-2.4 2.942 1.048-.106 2.07-.394 3.02-.85-.458 1.182-1.343 2.15-2.48 2.71z" />
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<span class="rrssb-text">twitter</span>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="rrssb-linkedin">
|
||||
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fjoom.la%2F36released&title=Joomla%21+3.6+is+Here&summary=The+Joomla%21+Project+and+the+Production+Leadership..." class="popup">
|
||||
<span class="rrssb-icon">
|
||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28">
|
||||
<path d="M25.424 15.887v8.447h-4.896v-7.882c0-1.98-.71-3.33-2.48-3.33-1.354 0-2.158.91-2.514 1.802-.13.315-.162.753-.162 1.194v8.216h-4.9s.067-13.35 0-14.73h4.9v2.087c-.01.017-.023.033-.033.05h.032v-.05c.65-1.002 1.812-2.435 4.414-2.435 3.222 0 5.638 2.106 5.638 6.632zM5.348 2.5c-1.676 0-2.772 1.093-2.772 2.54 0 1.42 1.066 2.538 2.717 2.546h.032c1.71 0 2.77-1.132 2.77-2.546C8.056 3.593 7.02 2.5 5.344 2.5h.005zm-2.48 21.834h4.896V9.604H2.867v14.73z" />
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<span class="rrssb-text">linkedin</span>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="rrssb-pinterest">
|
||||
<a href="https://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fjoom.la%2F36released&media=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joomla.org%2Fimages%2Frelease-images%2Fjoomla_3_6_stable_release.png&description=Joomla%21+3.6+is+Here">
|
||||
<span class="rrssb-icon">
|
||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28">
|
||||
<path d="M14.02 1.57c-7.06 0-12.784 5.723-12.784 12.785S6.96 27.14 14.02 27.14c7.062 0 12.786-5.725 12.786-12.785 0-7.06-5.724-12.785-12.785-12.785zm1.24 17.085c-1.16-.09-1.648-.666-2.558-1.22-.5 2.627-1.113 5.146-2.925 6.46-.56-3.972.822-6.952 1.462-10.117-1.094-1.84.13-5.545 2.437-4.632 2.837 1.123-2.458 6.842 1.1 7.557 3.71.744 5.226-6.44 2.924-8.775-3.324-3.374-9.677-.077-8.896 4.754.19 1.178 1.408 1.538.49 3.168-2.13-.472-2.764-2.15-2.683-4.388.132-3.662 3.292-6.227 6.46-6.582 4.008-.448 7.772 1.474 8.29 5.24.58 4.254-1.815 8.864-6.1 8.532v.003z" />
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<span class="rrssb-text">pinterest</span>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<figure class="center"><img src="/images/release-images/joomla_3_6_stable_release.png" alt="joomla 3 6 stable release" width="869" height="360" /></figure>
|
||||
<p class="lead">The Joomla! Project and the Production Leadership Team are proud to announce the release of <a href="/3/" title="Joomla! 3.6">Joomla! 3.6</a> as the latest in the 3.x series. <br />Joomla! 3.6 introduces more than 400 improvements, including many features which make administration of Joomla! Web sites easier and more feature-rich, as well as many UX (user experience) improvements.</p>
|
||||
<p>Joomla! 3 is the latest major release of the Joomla! CMS, with 3.6 the seventh standard-term support release in this series. Please note that going from 3.5 to 3.6 is a one-click update and is not a migration. The same is true for any subsequent versions in the 3 series of the CMS.</p>
|
||||
<h2>What's new in Joomla! 3.6</h2>
|
||||
<p>Here are some highlights of the 3.6 release:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><strong>Joomla! Update</strong> has been improved and now allows you to reinstall Joomla’s core files at the click of a button, overwriting any modified file(s) and reverting them back to the default.</li>
|
||||
<li>Joomla! 3.6 contains a lot of <strong>UX improvements</strong>. Now you can find your modules faster, have tasks done by dropdown, improved user management and so much more...</li>
|
||||
<li>With the <strong>new Sub Form Field function</strong> in Joomla! 3.6, we added some extra additional functionality next to Repeatable fields. Now you can nest XML forms inside each other or reuse your existing forms inside your current form.</li>
|
||||
<li><strong>Create categories on the fly</strong>: It can get frustrating when you create a new item, and you realise that you haven’t created a category yet. Joomla! 3.6 now lets you create a category on the fly for articles, contacts, newsfeeds and banners.</li>
|
||||
<li><strong>Menu type ACL</strong>: ACL in the backend did not exist at the menu level, now we have improved that. Give or block certain user groups access to a specific menu, and therefore also all menu items of that menu.</li>
|
||||
<li><strong>See what's in your menus with All Menu Items</strong>: The new option to show all items from all menus gives you a quick overview of what is displayed where on your website. It has never been easier to spot duplicated links, missing menu items or just get an overview of every menu on your site.</li>
|
||||
<li>And much more... To have a full list of the 3.6 features, please visit our <a href="https://github.com/joomla/joomla-cms/issues?q=milestone%3A%22Joomla+3.6.0%22+" target="_blank" title="Joomla repository on Github" rel="noopener noreferrer">GitHub Repository.</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Download</h2>
|
||||
<div class="download center">
|
||||
<h3>New Installations:</h3>
|
||||
<a class="btn btn-primary btn-lg active" href="https://downloads.joomla.org/cms/joomla3/3-6-0/joomla_3-6-0-stable-full_package-zip?format=zip" rel="alternate">Download Joomla! 3.6.0<br /> English (UK), 3.6.0 Full Package</a>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://docs.joomla.org/J3.x:Installing_Joomla">New installation instructions</a> and <a href="https://downloads.joomla.org/technical-requirements">technical requirements</a></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="download center">
|
||||
<h3>Upgrade Packages:</h3>
|
||||
<a class="btn btn-success btn-lg active" href="https://downloads.joomla.org/cms/joomla3/3-6-0" rel="alternate">Upgrade Packages<br />Joomla! 3 upgrade packages</a>
|
||||
<p>Note: Please read the <a href="https://docs.joomla.org/J3.x:Updating_from_an_existing_version">update instructions</a> before updating.</p>
|
||||
<p>Please remember to clear your browser's cache after upgrading.<br />If you find a bug in Joomla! Please report it on the<a target="_blank" href="https://issues.joomla.org" taarget="_blank" title="Joomla! Issue Tracker" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Joomla! Issue Tracker</a>.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<h2>How can you help Joomla! development?</h2>
|
||||
<p>The Production Leadership Team's goal is to continue to provide regular, frequent updates to the Joomla! community. You can learn more about Joomla! development at the <a href="https://developer.joomla.org/" target="_blank" title="" joolma="" developer="" network="" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Joomla! Developer Network.</a></p>
|
||||
<p>There are a variety of ways in which you can get actively involved with Joomla. It doesn't matter if you are a coder, an integrator, or merely a user of Joomla. You can contact anyone on the <a href="https://volunteers.joomla.org/departments/production">Production Department</a>, to get more information, or if you are ready you can jump right into the Joomla! Bug Squad.</p>
|
||||
<p>The <a href="https://docs.joomla.org/Portal:Bug_Squad">Joomla! Bug Squad</a> is one of the most active teams in the Joomla! development process and is always looking for people (not just developers) that can help with sorting bug reports, coding patches and testing solutions. It’s a great way for increasing your working knowledge of Joomla, and also a great way to meet new people from all around the world.</p>
|
||||
<p>If you are interested, please read about us on the Joomla! Documentation Wiki and, if you wish to join, email <span id="cloak4d49b57f1fdfb11a6566fd099613aa2e">This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.</span><script type='text/javascript'>
|
||||
document.getElementById('cloak4d49b57f1fdfb11a6566fd099613aa2e').innerHTML = '';
|
||||
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|
||||
var path = 'hr' + 'ef' + '=';
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
var addy_text4d49b57f1fdfb11a6566fd099613aa2e = 'The Bug Squad Coordinator';document.getElementById('cloak4d49b57f1fdfb11a6566fd099613aa2e').innerHTML += '<a ' + path + '\'' + prefix + ':' + addy4d49b57f1fdfb11a6566fd099613aa2e + '\'>'+addy_text4d49b57f1fdfb11a6566fd099613aa2e+'<\/a>';
|
||||
</script>.</p>
|
||||
<p>You can also help Joomla! development by thanking those involved in the many areas of the process. Since Joomla! 3.5.1, released on April 5th, 2016, no less than 1,659 commits have been made and 755 bugs fixed!</p>
|
||||
<p>The Project also wants to thank all of the contributors who have taken the time to prepare and submit work to be included in the Joomla! CMS and Framework.</p>
|
||||
<h2>A Huge Thank You to Our Volunteers!</h2>
|
||||
<p>A big thank you goes out to everyone that contributed to the Joomla! 3.6 release! Find a list of contributors on <a href="/3/thank-you" title="Thanks to the volunteers">https://www.joomla.org/3/thank-you</a></p>
|
||||
<h2>Spread the Joomla! Love</h2>
|
||||
<p>Are you looking for the official imagery for your blogpost, a banner on your site or an image to share on social media? You can find them all in many languages <a href="https://docs.joomla.org/J3.x:Joomla_3.6_Imagery" target="_blank" title="Joomla! 3.6 Imagery" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a>.</p> </div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div aria-label="Breadcrumbs" role="navigation">
|
||||
<ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList" class="breadcrumb">
|
||||
<li class="active">
|
||||
<span class="divider icon-location"></span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem">
|
||||
<a itemprop="item" href="/" class="pathway"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="divider">
|
||||
> </span>
|
||||
<meta itemprop="position" content="1">
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem">
|
||||
<a itemprop="item" href="/announcements.html" class="pathway"><span itemprop="name">News</span></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="divider">
|
||||
> </span>
|
||||
<meta itemprop="position" content="2">
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem">
|
||||
<a itemprop="item" href="/announcements/release-news.html" class="pathway"><span itemprop="name">Release News</span></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="divider">
|
||||
> </span>
|
||||
<meta itemprop="position" content="3">
|
||||
</li>
|
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<h1>A nonprofit Certificate Authority providing TLS certificates to <span>300 million</span> websites.</h1>
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<h2>Read all about our nonprofit work this year in our <a href='https://abetterinternet.org/annual-reports/'>2022 Annual Report</a>.</h2>
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<a class="dib" href="https://www.abetterinternet.org/sponsor/">Sponsor</a>
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<h2 class="through-line"><a href="/blog/">From our blog</a></h2>
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<span class="post-meta">Dec 15, 2022</span>
|
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<h2>
|
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<a class="post-link" href="/2022/12/15/ocspcaching.html" hreflang="en-US">Let’s Encrypt improves how we manage OCSP responses</a>
|
||||
</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
By deploying Redis, Let’s Encrypt has improved our OCSP responses and increased reliability.
|
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<p><a href="/2022/12/15/ocspcaching.html" hreflang="en-US">Read more</a></p>
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<span class="post-meta">Dec 5, 2022</span>
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<h2>
|
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<a class="post-link" href="/2022/12/05/ed-letter-2022.html" hreflang="en-US">A Year-End Letter from our Executive Director</a>
|
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</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
It’s been an exciting year for ISRG and its projects: from Let’s Encrypt issuing its three billionth certificate to Prossimo supporting the efforts to get Rust into the Linux kernel.
|
||||
|
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<p><a href="/2022/12/05/ed-letter-2022.html" hreflang="en-US">Read more</a></p>
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<span class="post-meta">Sep 12, 2022</span>
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<h2>
|
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<a class="post-link" href="/2022/09/12/remembering-peter-eckersley.html" hreflang="en-US">Remembering Peter Eckersley</a>
|
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</h2>
|
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|
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Peter Eckersley, a Let’s Encrypt co-founder, passed away unexpectedly on September 2, 2022.
|
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|
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<p><a href="/2022/09/12/remembering-peter-eckersley.html" hreflang="en-US">Read more</a></p>
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<span class="post-meta">Sep 7, 2022</span>
|
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<h2>
|
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<a class="post-link" href="/2022/09/07/new-life-for-crls.html" hreflang="en-US">A New Life for Certificate Revocation Lists</a>
|
||||
</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s Encrypt has developed new infrastructure to make CRLs a practical tool for our 200M active certs.
|
||||
|
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<p><a href="/2022/09/07/new-life-for-crls.html" hreflang="en-US">Read more</a></p>
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<span class="post-meta">May 19, 2022</span>
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<h2>
|
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<a class="post-link" href="/2022/05/19/nurturing-ct-log-growth.html" hreflang="en-US">Nurturing Continued Growth of Our Oak CT Log</a>
|
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</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
Only five organizations run a Certificate Transparency log, and the Let’s Encrypt log is the only fully open source stack.
|
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|
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<p><a href="/2022/05/19/nurturing-ct-log-growth.html" hreflang="en-US">Read more</a></p>
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<h2 class="through-line"><a href="/sponsors/">Major Sponsors and Funders</a></h2>
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<a href="https://www.eff.org/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/eff-logo.png" alt="Electronic Frontier Foundation" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://www.hostpapa.com/lets-encrypt-hosting?utm_source=letsencrypt.org&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=us-seo&utm_term=web-hosting&utm_content=180x108-logo" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/hostpapa-logo.png" alt="HostPapa" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://dnsimple.com/letsencrypt" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/dnsimple-logo.png" alt="dnsimple" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://serverpilot.io/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/serverpilot-logo.png" alt="ServerPilot" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://unraid.net/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/unraid-logo.png" alt="Lime Technology (Unraid)" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://www.redhat.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/redhat-logo.png" alt="RedHat" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://www.heroku.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/heroku-logo.png" alt="Heroku" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://snipeitapp.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/snipe-it-logo.png" alt="Snipe-IT" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://smallstep.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/smallstep-logo.png" alt="Smallstep" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://www.wpbeginner.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/wpbeginner-logo.png" alt="WPBeginner" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://www.hostscore.net/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/hostscore-logo.png" alt="HostScore" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://www.hoststar.ch/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/hoststar-logo.png" alt="Hoststar" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://www.vmware.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/vmware-logo.png" alt="VMWare" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://www.one.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/one-com-logo.png" alt="one.com" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://dan.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/dan-com-logo.png" alt="Dan.com" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://www.cloudera.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/cloudera-logo.png" alt="Cloudera" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://www.hackthebox.eu/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/hackthebox-logo.png" alt="Hack the Box" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://manualsbrain.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/manualsbrain-logo.png" alt="ManualsBrain" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://rackspeed.de/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/rack-speed-logo.png" alt="RACK::SPEED" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://www.duda.co/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/duda-logo.png" alt="Duda" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://www.ads.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/ads-com-logo.png" alt="Ads.com" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://www.cdmon.com/es/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/cdmon-logo.png" alt="cdmon" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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<a href="https://goteleport.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/teleport-logo.png" alt="Teleport" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
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|
||||
<a href="https://www.nginx.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/nginx-logo.png" alt="NGINX" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://vilros.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/vilros-logo.png" alt="Vilros" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://actonfamilygiving.org/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/acton-family-giving-logo.png" alt="Acton Family Giving" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://plat.ai/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/plat-ai-logo.svg" alt="Plat.ai" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://cryptotracker.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/cryptotracker-logo.svg" alt="Crypto Tracker" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://tailscale.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/tailscale-logo.svg" alt="Tailscale" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://bitlaunch.io/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/bitlaunch-logo.svg" alt="BitLaunch" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://iban.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/iban-logo.png" alt="IBAN" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://yubico.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/yubico-logo.png" alt="Yubico" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.4kdownload.com/-1uvr6/video-downloader" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/4kdownload-logo.png" alt="Video Downloader" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.vpsserver.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/VPSServer-logo.svg" alt="VPSServer.com" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="donate-footer">
|
||||
<div class="wrapper text-center">
|
||||
<h2>Support a more secure and privacy-respecting Web.</h2>
|
||||
<div class="buttons">
|
||||
<a class="accent" href="/donate/">Donate</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<footer class="site-footer">
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="wrapper">
|
||||
<div class="footer-col-wrapper">
|
||||
<div class="footer-col footer-col-1">
|
||||
<ul class="social-media-list">
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<i class="fab fa-github" aria-hidden="true"></i>
|
||||
<a href="https://github.com/letsencrypt">
|
||||
<span class="username">GitHub</span>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<i class="fab fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i>
|
||||
<a href="https://twitter.com/letsencrypt">
|
||||
<span class="username">Twitter</span>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
View our <a href="/privacy/">privacy policy</a>.<br>
|
||||
View our <a href="https://www.abetterinternet.org/trademarks">trademark policy</a>.
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="footer-col footer-col-2">
|
||||
<p> Let's Encrypt is a free, automated, and open certificate
|
||||
authority brought to you by the nonprofit <a href="https://www.abetterinternet.org/">Internet Security Research Group (ISRG)</a>.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<span itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/PostalAddress">
|
||||
<span itemprop="streetAddress">548 Market St, PMB 77519</span>,
|
||||
<span itemprop="addressLocality">San Francisco</span>,
|
||||
<span itemprop="addressRegion">CA</span>
|
||||
<span itemprop="postalCode">94104-5401</span>,
|
||||
<span itemprop="addressCountry">USA</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p>Send all mail or inquiries to:</p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<span itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/PostalAddress">
|
||||
<span itemprop="streetAddress">PO Box 18666</span>,
|
||||
<span itemprop="addressLocality">Minneapolis</span>,
|
||||
<span itemprop="addressRegion">MN</span>
|
||||
<span itemprop="postalCode">55418-0666</span>,
|
||||
<span itemprop="addressCountry">USA</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</footer>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<script src="/js/main.9c0b9add2dc0db21de0f695103830dbde01e31d77fa9a2db9ac3c1b9e09e4806f2e0d9a7281b06461b2e162a3560c605b038169b42ff376b4cd28cc71203c8f0.js" integrity="sha512-nAua3S3A2yHeD2lRA4MNveAeMdd/qaLbmsPBueCeSAby4NmnKBsGRhsuFio1YMYFsDgWm0L/N2tM0ozHEgPI8A=="></script>
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||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
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|
||||
<!doctype html>
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||||
<title>badssl.com</title>
|
||||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
|
||||
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/icons/favicon-blue.ico"/>
|
||||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/icons/icon-blue.png"/>
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="index.css">
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="github-ribbon.css">
|
||||
<script src="index.js"></script>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- fUnKy -->
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="funky/funky.css">
|
||||
<script src="funky/funky.js"></script>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="title-bar" title="badssl.com - a memorable site for HTTPS misconfiguration">
|
||||
badssl.com
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="links">
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="column">
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="dashboard"><span class="emoji">🎛</span>Dashboard</h2>
|
||||
<a href="/dashboard/" target="_blank" class="bullet-list"><span class="icon"></span>Dashboard</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="certificate"><span class="emoji">🎫</span>Certificate</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://expired.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>expired</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://wrong.host.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>wrong.host</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://self-signed.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>self-signed</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://untrusted-root.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>untrusted-root</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://revoked.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>revoked</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://pinning-test.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>pinning-test</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://no-common-name.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>no-common-name</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://no-subject.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>no-subject</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://incomplete-chain.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>incomplete-chain</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://sha256.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>sha256</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://sha384.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>sha384</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://sha512.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>sha512</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://1000-sans.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>1000-sans</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://10000-sans.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>10000-sans</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://ecc256.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>ecc256</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://ecc384.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>ecc384</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://rsa2048.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>rsa2048</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://rsa4096.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>rsa4096</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://rsa8192.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>rsa8192</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://extended-validation.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>extended-validation</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="client-certificate"><span class="emoji">🎟</span>Client Certificate</h2>
|
||||
<a href="/download/" target="_blank" class="bullet-list"><span class="icon"></span>Certificate Downloads</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://client.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>client</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://client-cert-missing.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>client-cert-missing</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="mixed-content"><span class="emoji">🖼</span>Mixed Content</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://mixed-script.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>mixed-script</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://very.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>very</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://mixed.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>mixed</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://mixed-favicon.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>mixed-favicon</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://mixed-form.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>mixed-form</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="http"><span class="emoji">✏️</span>HTTP</h2>
|
||||
<a href="http://http.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>http</a>
|
||||
<a href="http://http-textarea.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>http-textarea</a>
|
||||
<a href="http://http-password.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>http-password</a>
|
||||
<a href="http://http-login.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>http-login</a>
|
||||
<a href="http://http-dynamic-login.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>http-dynamic-login</a>
|
||||
<a href="http://http-credit-card.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>http-credit-card</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="cipher-suite"><span class="emoji">🔀</span>Cipher Suite</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://cbc.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>cbc</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://rc4-md5.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>rc4-md5</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://rc4.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>rc4</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://3des.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>3des</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://null.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>null</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://mozilla-old.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>mozilla-old</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://mozilla-intermediate.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>mozilla-intermediate</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://mozilla-modern.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>mozilla-modern</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div><!-- class="column" -->
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="column">
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="key-exchange"><span class="emoji">🔑</span>Key Exchange</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://dh480.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>dh480</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://dh512.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>dh512</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://dh1024.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>dh1024</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://dh2048.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>dh2048</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://dh-small-subgroup.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>dh-small-subgroup</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://dh-composite.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>dh-composite</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://static-rsa.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>static-rsa</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="protocol"><span class="emoji">↔️</span>Protocol</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://tls-v1-0.badssl.com:1010/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>tls-v1-0</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://tls-v1-1.badssl.com:1011/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>tls-v1-1</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://tls-v1-2.badssl.com:1012/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>tls-v1-2</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="certificate-transparency"><span class="emoji">🔍</span>Certificate Transparency</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://no-sct.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>no-sct</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="upgrade"><span class="emoji">⬆️</span>Upgrade</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://hsts.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>hsts</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://upgrade.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>upgrade</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://preloaded-hsts.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>preloaded-hsts</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://subdomain.preloaded-hsts.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>subdomain.preloaded-hsts</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://https-everywhere.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>https-everywhere</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="ui"><span class="emoji">👀</span>UI</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://spoofed-favicon.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>spoofed-favicon</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://lock-title.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>lock-title</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://long-extended-subdomain-name-containing-many-letters-and-dashes.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>long-extended-subdomain-name-containing-many-letters-and-dashes</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://longextendedsubdomainnamewithoutdashesinordertotestwordwrapping.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>longextendedsubdomainnamewithoutdashesinordertotestwordwrapping</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="known-bad"><span class="emoji">❌</span>Known Bad</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://superfish.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>(Lenovo) Superfish</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://edellroot.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>(Dell) eDellRoot</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://dsdtestprovider.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>(Dell) DSD Test Provider</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://preact-cli.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>preact-cli</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://webpack-dev-server.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>webpack-dev-server</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="chrome"><span class="emoji"><img class="chrome-icon" src="front-page-icons/chrome.svg"></span>Chrome Tests</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://captive-portal.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>captive-portal</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://mitm-software.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>mitm-software</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="defunct"><span class="emoji">☠️</span>Defunct</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://sha1-2016.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>sha1-2016</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://sha1-2017.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>sha1-2017</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://sha1-intermediate.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>sha1-intermediate</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://invalid-expected-sct.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>invalid-expected-sct</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="test-suites"><span class="emoji">🛠</span>Test Suites</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://testsafebrowsing.appspot.com/" target="_blank" class="external"><span class="icon"></span>Safe Browsing Tests</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/viewMyClient.html" target="_blank" class="external"><span class="icon"></span>SSL Labs Client Test</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="preload" style="width: 0; height: 0;">
|
||||
<!-- <link rel=preload> results in warnings in Chrome: https://crbug.com/661055 -->
|
||||
<!-- Workaround: Load the images in bogus elements. -->
|
||||
<script>
|
||||
window.addEventListener("load", function() {
|
||||
var parent = document.querySelector("#preload");
|
||||
var names = ["bad-white","dubious-white","good-white","page-white","bullet-list-white","external-white"]
|
||||
for (var i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
|
||||
var elem = document.createElement("span");
|
||||
elem.style.backgroundImage = "url(front-page-icons/" + names[i] + ".svg)";
|
||||
parent.appendChild(elem);
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
</script>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div><!-- class="column" -->
|
||||
|
||||
</div><!-- id="links" -->
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 class="your-browser">Your Browser:
|
||||
<div id="browser-info">
|
||||
<span class="highlight">
|
||||
<span id="ua"></span><br>
|
||||
<span id="os"></span><br>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<span id="click-to-copy">📋 Click to copy</span>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Start of GitHub ribbon. -->
|
||||
<div class="github-fork-ribbon-wrapper right-top-bottom">
|
||||
<div class="github-fork-ribbon">
|
||||
<a href="https://github.com/chromium/badssl.com"><span class="icon"></span>On GitHub</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- End of GitHub ribbon. -->
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
@ -1,882 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<!doctype html>
|
||||
<!--[if lt IE 7 ]> <html class="no-js lt-ie9 lt-ie8 lt-ie7" lang="de"> <![endif]-->
|
||||
<!--[if IE 7 ]> <html class="no-js lt-ie9 lt-ie8" lang="de"> <![endif]-->
|
||||
<!--[if IE 8 ]> <html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="de"> <![endif]-->
|
||||
<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="de"> <!--<![endif]-->
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<h1>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</h1>
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<h2><a href="/serendipity/207-Man-in-the-Middle-Angriffe-auf-HTTPS.html">Man-in-the-Middle-Angriffe auf HTTPS</a></h2>
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<span class="serendipity_byline block_level"><span class="single_user">Geschrieben von <a href="https://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/autor/1/Carsten-Eilers">Carsten Eilers</a> am </span><time datetime="2012-03-01T08:40:00+01:00">Donnerstag, 1. März 2012</time> um 08:40</span>
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</header>
|
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|
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<div class="clearfix content serendipity_entry_body">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Die CA Trustwave hat ein Zertifikat
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/206-SSL-Die-CAs-saegen-am-eigenen-Ast.html" target="_blank">verkauft</a>,
|
||||
dass Man-in-the-Middle-Angriffe erlaubt. Wie die funktionieren und warum
|
||||
es so schlimm ist, wenn ein offizielles Zertifikat zum Einsatz kommt,
|
||||
erfahren Sie hier.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>HTTPS im Einsatz</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="extended" class="clearfix content">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Bevor wir zum Man-in-the-Middle-Angriff kommen, muss erst mal HTTPS
|
||||
allgemein erklärt werden. Das ist eigentlich ganz einfach: Wenn Sie
|
||||
im Webbrowser durch den Aufruf eines https://-Links eine sichere Verbindung
|
||||
z.B. zu Ihrer Bank aufbauen, stellt Ihr Browser eine Verbindung zum
|
||||
angegebenen Server her, prüft dessen Identität und teilt ihm
|
||||
einen Schlüssel mit, mit dem die nachfolgende Kommunikation
|
||||
verschlüsselt werden soll.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Dabei kommen mehrere Kryptographische Verfahren zum Einsatz: Eine
|
||||
<a href="http://entwickler.de/zonen/portale/psecom,id,126,news,32829,p,0.html" target="_blank">Public-Key-Infrastruktur</a>,
|
||||
um die Identität des Servers zu prüfen und dessen öffentlichen Schlüssel
|
||||
zu erhalten, ein
|
||||
<a href="http://entwickler.de/zonen/portale/psecom,id,126,news,31788,p,0.html" target="_blank">asymmetrisches Kryptosystem</a>,
|
||||
mit dem der vom Webbrowser erzeugte Sitzungsschlüssel sicher an den Server
|
||||
gesendet wird, und ein
|
||||
<a href="http://entwickler.de/zonen/portale/psecom,id,126,news,31635,p,0.html" target="_blank">symmetrisches Kryptosystem</a>,
|
||||
mit dem danach alle übertragenen Daten verschlüsselt werden.
|
||||
Aufgeteilt in die einzelnen Schritte sieht das so aus, siehe auch Abb. 1:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li> Sie geben im Browser <code>https://www.ihre-bank.example</code> ein.
|
||||
<li> Ihr Browser baut eine Verbindung zum Webserver
|
||||
<code>www.ihre-bank.example</code> auf.
|
||||
<li> Der Webserver sendet sein Zertifikat mit seinem öffentlichen
|
||||
Schlüssel an Ihren Browser.
|
||||
<li> Ihr Browser prüft das Zertifikat. Dazu enthält er ab Werk
|
||||
eine Liste von aus Sicht des jeweiligen Browserherstellers
|
||||
vertrauenswürdigen CAs. Wurde das Zertifikat nicht von einer dieser
|
||||
CAs ausgestellt oder ist die Signatur nicht korrekt, gibt er eine Warnung
|
||||
aus und beendet den Verbindungsaufbau.
|
||||
<li> Verläuft die Prüfung erfolgreich, weiß der Browser,
|
||||
dass er wirklich mit dem Server <code>www.ihre-bank.example</code>
|
||||
verbunden ist und kennt dessen öffentlichen Schlüssel. Nun
|
||||
erzeugt er einen symmetrischen Schlüssel, der nur für die
|
||||
aktuelle Sitzung verwendet wird, den sog. Sitzungsschlüssel oder
|
||||
Session Key.
|
||||
<li> Der Sitzungsschlüssel wird mit dem öffentlichen
|
||||
Schlüssel des Webservers verschlüsselt und an den Webserver
|
||||
übertragen.
|
||||
<li> Der Webserver entschlüsselt den Sitzungsschlüssel mit seinem
|
||||
privaten Schlüssel.
|
||||
<li> Jetzt besitzen sowohl Webbrowser als auch Webserver einen gemeinsamen
|
||||
Schlüssel für das symmetrische Kryptosystem, mit dem sie alle
|
||||
weiteren zu übertragenen Daten verschlüsseln können.
|
||||
<li> Der Webserver baut seine Startseite auf, verschlüsselt sie mit
|
||||
dem Sitzungsschlüssel und sendet sie an den Browser.
|
||||
<li> Der Browser entschlüsselt die verschlüsselte Startseite und
|
||||
stellt sie dar.
|
||||
<li> Auch alle weiteren zu übertragenen Daten werden mit dem
|
||||
Sitzungsschlüssel verschlüsselt.
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/bilder/grundlagen/https/https.gif" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="https://www.ceilers-news.de/bilder/grundlagen/https/https-klein.gif" ALT="HTTPS"></a>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
Abb. 1: HTTPS (Klick öffnet ein größeres Bild in einem
|
||||
neuen Fenster)
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Man-in-the-Middle-Angriff auf HTTPS, allgemein</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Betrachten wir nun einen MitM-Angriff auf obiges Beispiel, z.B. durch ein
|
||||
Data Loss Prevention System (DLP-System) wie dass, für das Trustwaves
|
||||
"MitM-Zertifikat" verwendet wurde. Zuerst aber ohne das
|
||||
"MitM-Zertifikat". Damit der Man-in-the-Middle eine HTTPS-Verbindung
|
||||
aufbauen kann, braucht er aber ein passendes Zertifikat, in diesem Fall
|
||||
für <code>www.ihre-bank.example</code>. Das kann er sich selbst erstellen
|
||||
und auch selbst signieren, so dass es formal korrekt ist.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li> Sie geben im Browser <code>https://www.ihre-bank.example</code> ein
|
||||
<li> Ihr Browser baut eine Verbindung zum Webserver
|
||||
<code>www.ihre-bank.example</code> auf.
|
||||
<li> Der Man-in-the-Middle nimmt die Verbindungsanfrage entgegen. Er sendet
|
||||
sein gefälschtes Zertifikat für
|
||||
<code>https://www.ihre-bank.example</code> mit seinem öffentlichen
|
||||
Schlüssel an Ihren Browser. <br>
|
||||
Parallel baut er eine HTTPS-Verbindung zu
|
||||
<code>https://www.ihre-bank.example</code> auf, wie es oben beschrieben
|
||||
wurde.
|
||||
<li> Ihr Browser prüft das Zertifikat. Da es zwar zu
|
||||
<code>www.ihre-bank.example</code> gehört, aber von einer unbekannten
|
||||
CA unterzeichnet wurde, gibt er eine Warnung aus. Sie bemerken den Angriff
|
||||
und hören mit dem Surfen auf.<br>
|
||||
Oder sie fallen auf das gefälschte Zertifikat herein, halten es
|
||||
für echt und surfen weiter. Dann haben Sie Pech gehabt, denn der MitM
|
||||
kann alle übertragenen Daten ausspähen und/oder manipulieren,
|
||||
s.u..
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Im Fall eines DLP-Systems ist es üblich, eine eigene PKI aufzubauen und das
|
||||
zugehörige Root-Zertifikat, mit dem die ausgestellten Zertifikate geprüft
|
||||
werden, in den internen Webbrowsern zu installieren. Parallel werden die
|
||||
Benutzer über das Aufbrechen der geschützten Verbindung informiert. Dann
|
||||
würde der MitM-Angriff so ablaufen:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li> Sie geben im Browser <code>https://www.ihre-bank.example</code> ein
|
||||
<li> Ihr Browser baut eine Verbindung zum Webserver
|
||||
<code>www.ihre-bank.example</code> auf.
|
||||
<li> Das DLP-System nimmt die Verbindungsanfrage entgegen. Es erstellt ein
|
||||
Zertifikat für <code>www.ihre-bank.example</code> mit seinem
|
||||
öffentlichen Schlüssel, signiert es mit dem Root-Schlüssel
|
||||
der internen PKI und sendet es an Ihren Browser. <br>
|
||||
Parallel baut es eine HTTPS-Verbindung zu
|
||||
<code>https://www.ihre-bank.example</code> auf, wie es oben beschrieben
|
||||
wurde.
|
||||
<li> Ihr Browser prüft das Zertifikat. Da es zu
|
||||
<code>www.ihre-bank.example</code> gehört und von der ihm bekannten
|
||||
internen Zertifizierungsstelle ausgestellt wurde, gibt er keine Warnung
|
||||
aus, sondern baut die Verbindung weiter auf.
|
||||
<li> Ihr Browser tauscht mit dem DLP-System, den er für den
|
||||
Bank-Server hält, einen Sitzungsschlüssel aus.
|
||||
<li> Jetzt besitzen sowohl Webbrowser und DLP-System als auch DLP-System
|
||||
und Webserver jeweils einen gemeinsamen Schlüssel für das
|
||||
symmetrische Kryptosystem, mit dem sie alle weiteren zu übertragenen
|
||||
Daten verschlüsseln können.
|
||||
<li> Der Webserver baut seine Startseite auf, verschlüsselt sie mit
|
||||
dem mit dem DLP-System vereinbarten Sitzungsschlüssel und sendet sie
|
||||
an das DLP-System (das er für Ihren Browser hält).
|
||||
<li> Das DLP-System entschlüsselt die Daten und kann sie nun
|
||||
prüfen und ggf. manipulieren. Sollen die Daten das DLP-System
|
||||
passieren, werden sie mit dem zwischen DLP-System und Webbrowser
|
||||
ausgetauschten Schlüssel verschlüsselt und an den Browser
|
||||
gesendet. Der denkt, sie stammen von <code>www.ihre-bank.example</code>
|
||||
und sind unverändert!
|
||||
<li> Der Browser entschlüsselt die verschlüsselte Startseite und
|
||||
stellt sie dar.
|
||||
<li> Auch alle weiteren zu übertragenen Daten werden entsprechend
|
||||
verschlüsselt, vom DLP-System entschlüsselt und nach der
|
||||
Prüfung erneut verschlüsselt.
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Nehmen wir mal an, ein Gast benutzt Ihr lokales Netz und surft seine Bank
|
||||
an. Da sein Browser natürlich nicht das Root-Zertifikat der internen
|
||||
PKI kennt, passiert das gleiche wie im ersten Angriffs-Beispiel: Der
|
||||
Browser bemängelt die unbekannte Zertifizierungsstelle und die
|
||||
Verbindung wird abgebrochen.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>MitM-Angriff mit "MitM-Zertifikat"</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Kommen wir nun zu einem MitM-Angriff mit einem "MitM-Zertifikat" einer
|
||||
"offiziellen" Zertifizierungsstelle, deren Root-Zertifikat in allen
|
||||
Webbrowern enthalten ist, siehe auch Abb. 2:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li> Sie geben im Browser <code>https://www.ihre-bank.example</code> ein
|
||||
<li> Ihr Browser baut eine Verbindung zum Webserver
|
||||
<code>www.ihre-bank.example</code> auf.
|
||||
<li> Der MitM nimmt die Verbindungsanfrage entgegen. Es erstellt ein
|
||||
Zertifikat für <code>www.ihre-bank.example</code> mit seinem
|
||||
öffentlichen Schlüssel, signiert es mit dem Root-Schlüssel
|
||||
zum "MitM-Zertifikat" und sendet es an Ihren Browser.<br>
|
||||
Parallel baut es eine HTTPS-Verbindung zu
|
||||
<code>https://www.ihre-bank.example</code> auf, wie es oben beschrieben
|
||||
wurde.
|
||||
<li> Ihr Browser prüft das Zertifikat. Da es zu
|
||||
<code>www.ihre-bank.example</code> gehört und von einer ihm bekannten
|
||||
"offiziellen" Zertifizierungsstelle ausgestellt wurde, gibt er keine
|
||||
Warnung aus, sondern baut die Verbindung weiter auf.
|
||||
<li> Ihr Browser tauscht mit dem MitM einen Sitzungsschlüssel aus.
|
||||
<li> Jetzt besitzen sowohl Webbrowser und MitM als auch MitM und Webserver
|
||||
jeweils einen gemeinsamen Schlüssel für das symmetrische
|
||||
Kryptosystem, mit dem sie alle weiteren zu übertragenen Daten
|
||||
verschlüsseln können.
|
||||
<li> Der Webserver baut seine Startseite auf, verschlüsselt sie mit
|
||||
dem mit dem MitM vereinbarten Sitzungsschlüssel und sendet sie an den
|
||||
MitM (den er für Ihren Browser hält).
|
||||
<li> Der MitM entschlüsselt die Daten und kann sie nun lesen und ggf.
|
||||
manipulieren. Sollen die Daten an den Browser weitergeleitet werden,
|
||||
werden sie mit dem zwischen MitM und Webbrowser ausgetauschten
|
||||
Schlüssel verschlüsselt und an den Browser gesendet. Der denkt,
|
||||
sie stammen von <code>www.ihre-bank.example</code> und sind
|
||||
unverändert!
|
||||
<li> Der Browser entschlüsselt die verschlüsselte Startseite und
|
||||
stellt sie dar.
|
||||
<li> Auch alle weiteren zu übertragenen Daten werden entsprechend
|
||||
verschlüsselt, vom MitM entschlüsselt und nach der Prüfung
|
||||
erneut verschlüsselt.
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/bilder/grundlagen/https/https-mitm.gif" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="https://www.ceilers-news.de/bilder/grundlagen/https/https-mitm-klein.gif" ALT="MitM-Angriff auf HTTPS mit MitM-Zertifikat"></a>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
Abb. 2: MitM-Angriff auf HTTPS mit "MitM-Zertifikat" (Klick öffnet ein
|
||||
größeres Bild in einem neuen Fenster)
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Der angenommene Gast würde von diesem MitM-Angriff nichts bemerken, da das
|
||||
gefälschte Zertifikat von einer "offiziellen" Zertifizierungsstelle
|
||||
ausgestellt wurde, deren Root-Zertifikat in seinem Webbrowser gespeichert
|
||||
ist.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>MitM-Angriff mit "MitM-Zertifikat" "in the wild"</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Betrachten wir den MitM-Angriff mit "MitM-Zertifikat" mal außerhalb
|
||||
geschlossener lokaler Netze, also "in the wild". Was wäre, wenn ein
|
||||
Cyberkrimineller so ein "MitM-Zertifikat" besäße? Er
|
||||
könnte jede beliebige HTTPS-Verbindung, die über einen von ihm
|
||||
kontrollierten Server läuft, aufbrechen, <b>ohne dass der Benutzer es
|
||||
merkt</b>. Und gerade das ist der entscheidende Punkt: Das
|
||||
"MitM-Zertifikat" erlaubt es dem Inhaber, gültige Zertifikate für
|
||||
beliebige Domains zu erstellen, die von den Webbrowsern problemlos
|
||||
anerkannt werden. Er ist also quasi seine eigene, offiziell anerkannte
|
||||
Zertifizierungsstelle. Denn für genau diesen Zweck ist diese Sorte
|
||||
von Zertifikaten, die eigentlich als "Intermediate Zertifikat" bezeichnet
|
||||
wird, normalerweise vorgesehen: Eine Zertifizierungsstelle kann damit einer
|
||||
weiteren, untergeordneten Zertifizierungsstelle das selbständige
|
||||
Ausstellen von Zertifikaten ermöglichen. Um so schlimmer ist ein
|
||||
Missbrauch wie im Fall von Trustwave.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Und nun betrachten Sie das Problem mal mit anderen Inhabern von
|
||||
"MitM-Zertifikaten", z.B. Strafverfolgungsbehörden oder Regierungen
|
||||
bestimmter Länder...
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>MitM-Angriff mit "MitM-Zertifikat" erkennen</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Die einzige zuverlässige Möglichkeit, so einen Angriff zu
|
||||
bemerken, ist der Vergleich des Zertifikats-Fingerprints mit dem korrekten
|
||||
Fingerprint - sofern man ihn denn kennt. Banken teilen den Fingerprint
|
||||
ihren Kunden teilweise mit, aber die wenigsten prüfen ihn, erst recht
|
||||
nicht bei jedem Verbindungsaufbau. Und die Fingerprints der Zertifikate
|
||||
von z.B. Google oder Microsoft kennt außerhalb der Unternehmen wohl
|
||||
kein Mensch.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Ansonsten ist das einzig Auffällige an dem Angriff der "falsche" Aussteller
|
||||
z.B. des Bank-Zertifikats. Wenn der Benutzer weiß, dass die Bank ein
|
||||
Zertifikat von Zertifizierungsstelle A hat und sie nun plötzlich angeblich
|
||||
eines von Zertifizierungsstelle B verwendet, <em>könnte</em> ein Angriff
|
||||
vorliegen. Oder die Bank die Zertifizierungsstelle gewechselt haben.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Wichtig ist die Identitätsprüfung</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Nur noch mal zur Verdeutlichung: Wichtig ist beim HTTPS-Protokoll die
|
||||
Identitätsprüfung des Servers. Ist die nicht zuverlässig,
|
||||
könnten Webbrowser und Webserver auch einfach einen Schlüssel mit
|
||||
Hilfe des
|
||||
<a href="http://entwickler.de/zonen/portale/psecom,id,126,news,35367,p,0.html" target="_blank">Diffie-Hellman- Schlüsselaustausch</a>
|
||||
vereinbaren und sich den Aufwand der Zertifikatsprüfung und des
|
||||
Zertifizierungssystems sparen. Der Schlüsselaustausch und das
|
||||
Verschlüsseln sind keine Kunst, die Identitätsprüfung ist
|
||||
das entscheidende Kriterium. Wenn man nicht sicher weiß, dass man
|
||||
wirklich z.B. mit dem Server der eigenen Bank verbunden ist, ist es im
|
||||
Grunde sogar egal, ob die Verbindung verschlüsselt ist oder nicht -
|
||||
dann kann wirklich alles passieren.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
In der nächsten Woche findet die CeBIT statt, auf der ich einige
|
||||
Termine habe. Wenn ich es zeitlich schaffe, gibt es daher nächste
|
||||
Woche einen Bericht von der CeBIT.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a href="mailto:fragen@ceilers-it.de"><em>Carsten Eilers</em></a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="https://ssl-vg03.met.vgwort.de/na/6690a6094e05452a8124169835f52bd0" width="1" height="1" alt="">
|
||||
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||||
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<span class="visuallyhidden">Kategorien: </span><a href="https://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/3-Grundlagen">Grundlagen</a>
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|
||||
<section id="trackbacks" class="serendipity_comments serendipity_section_trackbacks">
|
||||
<h3>Trackbacks</h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="trackback_url" class="block_level"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/comment.php?type=trackback&entry_id=207" title="Dieser Link ist nicht aktiv. Er enthält die Trackback-URI zu diesem Eintrag. Sie können diese URI benutzen, um Ping- und Trackbacks von Ihrem eigenen Blog zu diesem Eintrag zu schicken. Um den Link zu kopieren, klicken Sie ihn mit der rechten Maustaste an und wählen "Verknüpfung kopieren" im Internet Explorer oder "Linkadresse kopieren" in Mozilla/Firefox.">Trackback-URL für diesen Eintrag</a></div>
|
||||
|
||||
<article id="c2178" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2012-06-14T13:53:18+02:00">Donnerstag, 14. Juni 2012</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/240-Flame-und-die-Windows-Updates.html">Flame und die Windows-Updates</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> An Flame war ja anfangs eigentlich nichts besonderes, wenn man mal von der Größe und der Unfähigkeit der Antivirenhersteller, diesen Riesenschädling zeitnah zu entdecken, absieht. Einzig interessant schien die zumindest anf</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c2260" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2012-07-23T11:49:20+02:00">Montag, 23. Juli 2012</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/252-Mahdi-wird-zum-Bettvorleger,-und-Passwortlecks-sind-der-Sommerhit-2012.html">Mahdi wird zum Bettvorleger, und Passwortlecks sind der Sommerhit 2012</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Ohne viel Vorrede gleich zum Thema: Mahdi - Ein digitaler Bettvorleger? Keinen großen Kommentar gibt es zu Mahdi. Aus dem einfachen Grund, dass es keine neuen Erkenntnisse darüber gibt. Sie haben richtig gelesen: Außer Ka</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c2613" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2012-10-29T11:32:10+01:00">Montag, 29. Oktober 2012</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/284-SSL-Der-naechste-Nagel-im-Sarg.html">SSL - Der nächste Nagel im Sarg?</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Es gibt mal wieder schlechte Nachrichten über SSL. Diesmal wurde mal keine Zertifizierungsstelle gehackt, stattdessen haben Forscher festgestellt, dass die Prüfung von Zertifikaten in anderer Software als Webbrowsern ziemlich mangelhaft </div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c2653" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2012-11-05T10:32:44+01:00">Montag, 5. November 2012</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/286-SSLHTTPS-Schon-wieder-schlechte-Nachrichten.html">SSL/HTTPS - Schon wieder schlechte Nachrichten</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Es gibt schon wieder schlechte Nachrichten zu SSL bzw. konkret zu HTTPS: Da wird von den Webservern nicht so sicher eingesetzt, wie es eigentlich nötig wäre. Dadurch sind in sehr vielen Fällen SSL-Stripping-Angriffe möglich. </div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c3883" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2013-04-18T17:29:10+02:00">Donnerstag, 18. April 2013</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/339-Code-Signing-Auch-Schadsoftware-kann-signiert-sein.html">Code Signing - Auch Schadsoftware kann signiert sein</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Oracles Antwort auf Javas ständige Sicherheitsprobleme: Der Einsatz von Code Signing. Vorerst gibt es nur mehr oder weniger ausführliche Warnungen vor nicht oder falsch signierten Applets, irgendwann sollen dann nur noch signierte Apple</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c3905" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2013-04-29T10:12:02+02:00">Montag, 29. April 2013</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/342-Kommentare-zu-diesem-und-jenem.html">Kommentare zu diesem und jenem</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Heute gibt es Kommentare zu einem Root-Zertifikat des US-Verteidigungsministeriums, einem neuen Java-Exploit, die 0-Day-Exploits aus dem 1. Quartal, Passwort-Recycling in Großbritannien und einem unerwarteten Support-Ende für Windows XP. </div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c4110" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2013-06-24T11:25:16+02:00">Montag, 24. Juni 2013</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/363-Kommentare-zu-Webcam-Spannern,-EMET-4.0-und-einer-neuen-0-Day-Schwachstelle.html">Kommentare zu Webcam-Spannern, EMET 4.0 und einer neuen 0-Day-Schwachstelle</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Schadsoftware, über die die Opfer über ihre Webcam ausgespäht werden können, gibt es schon lange. Inzwischen gibt es auch einen Markt für die damit gemachten Aufnahmen. Microsoft hat das EMET 4.0 veröffentlicht, Nutze</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c4215" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>blog.atari-frosch.de</cite> am <time datetime="2013-07-28T09:36:45+02:00">Sonntag, 28. Juli 2013</time>: <a href="http://blog.atari-frosch.de/2013/07/28/im-netz-aufgefischt-120/">PingBack</a></h4>
|
||||
<span class="visuallyhidden">Die Anzeige des Inhaltes dieses Trackbacks ist leider nicht möglich.</span>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c4520" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2013-09-09T18:14:21+02:00">Montag, 9. September 2013</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/390-NSA-Nicht-die-Krypto-Verfahren,-sondern-ihre-Implementierungen-sind-unsicher.html">NSA: Nicht die Krypto-Verfahren, sondern ihre Implementierungen sind unsicher</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Guardian, New York Times und ProPublica haben berichtet. dass die NSA viele Krypto-Verfahren, darunter SSL, entschlüsseln kann. Das bedeutet aber nicht, dass diese Verfahren gebrochen sind. Die Kryptographie-Verfahren sind sicher Ei</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c5203" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2013-10-31T08:41:17+01:00">Donnerstag, 31. Oktober 2013</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/410-HTTP-Request-Hijacking-Ein-neuer-Angriff-unter-der-Lupe.html">HTTP Request Hijacking - Ein neuer Angriff unter der Lupe</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Da HTTP Request Hijacking (HRH) es sogar in die Nachrichten geschafft hat und dort für etwas Panikmache genutzt wird, möchte ich mal ein paar Fakten liefern. Wie funktioniert HRH, und wie gefährlich ist so ein Angriff? HTTP Reque</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c6073" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2014-07-11T10:27:08+02:00">Freitag, 11. Juli 2014</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/524-Drucksache-PHP-Magazin-5.2014-Wie-Perfect-Forward-Secrecy-vor-der-Entschluesselung-gehorteter-Daten-schuetzt.html">Drucksache: PHP Magazin 5.2014 - Wie Perfect Forward Secrecy vor der Entschlüsselung gehorteter Daten schützt</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Im PHP Magazin 5.2014 ist ein Artikel über die Sicherung der SSL/TLS-Kommunikation vor nachträglicher Entschlüsselung durch Perfect Forward Secrecy erschienen. &quot;Heute aufgezeichnet, morgen entschlüsselt&quot; ist ein handfest</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c6158" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2014-08-25T15:12:00+02:00">Montag, 25. August 2014</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/540-Wenn-Metadaten-Spammern-verraten,-wo-Heartbleed-zu-Datenlecks-in-Ransomware-fuehrt.-Oder-so..html">Wenn Metadaten Spammern verraten, wo Heartbleed zu Datenlecks in Ransomware führt. Oder so.</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Heute gibt es Kommentare zu verräterischen Metadaten, Spammern, einem auf die Heartbleed-Schwachstelle zurückzuführenden Datenleck und Cyberkriminellen, die nicht halten, was sie versprechen. Metadaten verraten verborgene Daten </div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c6192" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2014-09-05T14:11:10+02:00">Freitag, 5. September 2014</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/544-Drucksache-windows.developer-Magazin-10.2014-Das-Enhanced-Mitigation-Experience-Toolkit-als-Schutz-vor-0-Day-Exploits.html">Drucksache: windows.developer Magazin 10.2014 - Das Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit als Schutz vor 0-Day-Exploits</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Im windows.developer 10.2014 ist ein Artikel über das Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET) erschienen. Es gibt eine ganze Reihe so genannter Mitigations, mit denen die Ausnutzung von Schwachstellen erschwert werden kann. Eigent</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c6812" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>jaxenter.de</cite> am <time datetime="2015-02-20T11:12:19+01:00">Freitag, 20. Februar 2015</time>: <a href="https://jaxenter.de/lenovo-adware-mitm-zertifikat-die-spitze-eines-eisbergs-16383">PingBack</a></h4>
|
||||
<span class="visuallyhidden">Die Anzeige des Inhaltes dieses Trackbacks ist leider nicht möglich.</span>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c6873" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2015-04-14T12:34:30+02:00">Dienstag, 14. April 2015</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/644-SSLTLS-Mal-wieder-einige-schlechte-Nachrichten!.html">SSL/TLS - Mal wieder einige schlechte Nachrichten!</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Heute gibt es mal wieder einige Nachrichten rund um SSL/TLS und das Zertifikatssystem. Natürlich schlechte. Gab es dazu eigentlich auch mal gute Nachrichten? Erinnern kann ich mich gerade an keine. Eine CA verspielt das in sie gesetzte Ve</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c6944" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>entwickler.de</cite> am <time datetime="2015-05-08T11:36:43+02:00">Freitag, 8. Mai 2015</time>: <a href="https://entwickler.de/online/php/perfect-forward-secrecy-heute-aufgezeichnet-morgen-entschluesselt-139482.html">PingBack</a></h4>
|
||||
<span class="visuallyhidden">Die Anzeige des Inhaltes dieses Trackbacks ist leider nicht möglich.</span>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c6945" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>entwickler.de</cite> am <time datetime="2015-05-08T11:36:44+02:00">Freitag, 8. Mai 2015</time>: <a href="https://entwickler.de/online/php/perfect-forward-secrecy-heute-aufgezeichnet-morgen-entschluesselt-139482.html">PingBack</a></h4>
|
||||
<span class="visuallyhidden">Die Anzeige des Inhaltes dieses Trackbacks ist leider nicht möglich.</span>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c7115" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2015-06-18T08:35:02+02:00">Donnerstag, 18. Juni 2015</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/672-XSS-Angriffe,-Teil-9-Der-Router-im-Visier.html">XSS-Angriffe, Teil 9: Der Router im Visier</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Ein Portscan mit JavaScript ist kein größeres Problem. Egal ob mit normalen JavaScript für einen Host oder einen IP-Adressbereich oder mit Hilfe der HTML5-JavaScript-APIs, die Suche nach Rechnern im lokalen Netz des angegriffene</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c7141" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2015-07-10T12:25:01+02:00">Freitag, 10. Juli 2015</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/679-Drucksache-PHP-Magazin-5.2015-Logjam-und-FREAK-gefaehrden-TLS.html">Drucksache: PHP Magazin 5.2015 - Logjam und FREAK gefährden TLS</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Im PHP Magazin 5.2015 ist ein Artikel über die neuen Angriffe auf TLS erschienen: Logjam und FREAK. Die schwachen Krypto-Verfahren mit viel zu kurzen Schlüsseln, die viele Clients und Server aus historischen Gründen unterst&amp;uu</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c7638" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2015-12-09T00:46:08+01:00">Mittwoch, 9. Dezember 2015</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/728-Microsoft-hat-Patchday,-und-wie-ueblich-werden-0-Days-behoben.html">Microsoft hat Patchday, und wie üblich werden 0-Days behoben</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Am Dezember-Patchday hat Microsoft mal wieder 0-Day-Schwachstellen behoben. Zwar &quot;nur&quot; 3, aber 2 davon werden bereits für Angriffe ausgenutzt. Codeausführung in MS Office Die erste bereits für Angriffe ausgenutzte 0-Day-Schwac</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c7817" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2016-06-30T10:17:32+02:00">Donnerstag, 30. Juni 2016</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/795-Kryptographie-Identitaetspruefung,-Teil-3-Hierarchische-Zertifizierungssysteme.html">Kryptographie - Identitätsprüfung, Teil 3 - Hierarchische Zertifizierungssysteme</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Der Aufbau eines hierarchischen Zertifizierungssystems unterscheidet sich vom Web of Trust in einem entscheidenden Punkt: Während sich beim Web of Thrust die Benutzer gegenseitig zertifizieren, geschieht dies bei einem hierarchischen System a</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c7819" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2016-07-07T15:25:38+02:00">Donnerstag, 7. Juli 2016</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/796-Kryptographie-Identitaetspruefung,-Teil-4-Zertifikate-in-SSLTLS.html">Kryptographie - Identitätsprüfung, Teil 4 - Zertifikate in SSL/TLS</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> In dieser Folge wird der Einsatz von X.509-Zertifikaten im Rahmen von SSL/TLS beschrieben. Etwas allgemeiner habe ich das ja schon im Rahmen der Beschreibung von MitM-Angriffen auf HTTS-Verbindungen erklärt. Die ausgetauschten Nachricht</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c7831" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2016-08-04T09:33:17+02:00">Donnerstag, 4. August 2016</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/803-Verfahren-der-Kryptographie,-Teil-15-MD4,-MD5,-SHA-und-SHA-1-alle-unsicher!.html">Verfahren der Kryptographie, Teil 15: MD4, MD5, SHA und SHA-1 - alle unsicher!</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Neuere Hashfunktionen als der bereits vorgestellte Algorithmus MD2 sind MD4 und MD5 sowie SHA und SHA-1. Wobei &quot;Neuer&quot; erst mal sehr relativ ist und außerdem nicht gleichzeitig auch &quot;Sicher&quot; bedeutet. MD4 und MD5 MD4 wurde von Ronal</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c8208" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2017-06-08T08:48:56+02:00">Donnerstag, 8. Juni 2017</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/884-Die-IoT-Top-10,-4-Fehlende-Transportverschluesselung.html">Die IoT Top 10, #4: Fehlende Transportverschlüsselung</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Bei der Beschreibung der gefährlichsten Schwachstellen in den Geräten des IoT gemäß den Top IoT Vulnerabilities von OWASP sind wir bei Punkt 4 angekommen: &quot;Lack of Transport Encryption&quot;. Oder auf deutsch: Fehlende Transp</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c8390" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2018-03-08T07:59:05+01:00">Donnerstag, 8. März 2018</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/942-Angriffe-auf-TCPIP-7-HTTP-Hijacking.html">Angriffe auf TCP/IP (7) - HTTP-Hijacking</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Ziel des HTTP-Hijacking ist die Umleitung einer bestehenden Verbindung, um danach z.B. vertrauliche Daten wie z.B. Passwörter zu belauschen oder Ein- bzw. Ausgaben zu manipulieren. Der Angreifer hat dazu zwei Möglichkeiten: Entweder er gibt</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c8460" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2018-12-07T12:19:22+01:00">Freitag, 7. Dezember 2018</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/1013-Drucksache-Windows-Developer-1.19-Wie-sicher-ist-SOAP.html">Drucksache: Windows Developer 1.19 - Wie sicher ist SOAP?</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Im Windows Developer 1.19 ist ein Artikel über die Sicherheit von SOAP erschienen. Eine Leseprobe des Artikels gibt es auf entwickler.de. SOAP war ursprünglich die Abkürzung für &quot;Simple Object Access Protocol&quot;, ab</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
|
||||
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|
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|
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<dt class="serendipity_recententries_entrylink"><a href="/serendipity/1078-Blogpause-wg.-Stoerungen-im-Betriebsablauf.html" title="Blogpause wg. Störungen im Betriebsablauf">Blogpause wg. Störungen im Betriebsablauf</a></dt>
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<dt class="serendipity_recententries_entrylink"><a href="/serendipity/1074-XML-Sicherheit,-Teil-6-XPath-Injection.html" title="XML-Sicherheit, Teil 6: XPath Injection">XML-Sicherheit, Teil 6: XPath Injection</a></dt>
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<br>
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<a href="https://www.rheinwerk-verlag.de/youve-been-hacked_4306/" target="_blank">You’ve been hacked!</a><br>
|
||||
Buch, 578 Seiten<br>
|
||||
Dezember 2018, Rheinwerk Computing<br>
|
||||
ISBN: 978-3-8362-4460-2<br>
|
||||
Auch als eBook erhältlich<br>
|
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<br>
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<a href="http://www.ceilers-it.de/texte/buch/index.shtml#Hacked" target="_blank">Ergänzende Informationen</a>
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<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/buecher/ios-security-120912.html" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="/bilder/iOSSecurity-klein.jpg" ALT="Cover iOS Security"></a>
|
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<br>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/buecher/ios-security-120912.html" target="_blank">iOS Security</a><br>
|
||||
Buch, 274 Seiten<br>
|
||||
Januar 2014, entwickler.press<br>
|
||||
ISBN: 978-3-86802-101-1<br>
|
||||
Auch als PDF und ePub-eBook erhältlich<br>
|
||||
<br>
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||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-it.de/texte/buch/index.shtml#iOSSecurity" target="_blank">Ergänzende Informationen</a>
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<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/websecurity-194020.html" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="/bilder/Websecurity-klein.jpg" ALT="Cover Websecurity"></a>
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<br>
|
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<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/websecurity-194020.html" target="_blank">Websecurity</a><br>
|
||||
E-Book im EPUB-Format<br>
|
||||
Dezember 2015, entwickler.press<br>
|
||||
ISBN: 978-3-86802-569-9<br>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-it.de/texte/buch/index.shtml#Websecurity" target="_blank">Ergänzende Informationen</a>
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<h3>Datensicherheit</h3>
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<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/datensicherheit-191861.html" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="/bilder/Datensicherheit-klein.jpg" ALT="Cover Datensicherheit"></a>
|
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<br>
|
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<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/datensicherheit-191861.html" target="_blank">Datensicherheit</a><br>
|
||||
E-Book im EPUB-Format<br>
|
||||
November 2015, entwickler.press<br>
|
||||
ISBN: 978-3-86802-568-2<br>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-it.de/texte/buch/index.shtml#Datensicherheit" target="_blank">Ergänzende Informationen</a>
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|
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|
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<h3>Websecurity Jahresrückblick 2014</h3>
|
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|
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<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/websecurity-127464.html" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="/bilder/WebSecurity_Jahresrueckblick-klein.jpg" ALT="Cover Websecurity Jahresrückblick 2014"></a>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/websecurity-127464.html" target="_blank">Websecurity Jahresrückblick 2014</a><br>
|
||||
E-Book im EPUB-Format<br>
|
||||
März 2015, entwickler.press<br>
|
||||
ISBN: 978-3-86802-537-8<br>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-it.de/texte/buch/index.shtml#WebSec14" target="_blank">Ergänzende Informationen</a>
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<section class="sidebar_plugin clearfix even serendipity_plugin_html_nugget">
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<h3>JavaScript Security</h3>
|
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|
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<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/shortcuts/javascript-security-125282.html" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="/bilder/JavaScriptSecurity-klein.jpg" ALT="Cover JavaScript Security"></a>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/shortcuts/javascript-security-125282.html" target="_blank">JavaScript Security</a><br>
|
||||
E-Book im EPUB-Format<br>
|
||||
Januar 2015, entwickler.press<br>
|
||||
ISBN: 978-3-86802-531-6<br>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-it.de/texte/buch/index.shtml#JavaScriptSec" target="_blank">Ergänzende Informationen</a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section class="sidebar_plugin clearfix odd serendipity_plugin_html_nugget">
|
||||
<h3>Angriffsziel UI</h3>
|
||||
<div class="sidebar_content clearfix"><p>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/shortcuts/angriffsziel-ui-125273.html" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="/bilder/AngriffszielUI-klein.jpg" ALT="Cover Angriffsziel UI"></a>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/shortcuts/angriffsziel-ui-125273.html" target="_blank">Angriffsziel UI</a><br>
|
||||
E-Book im EPUB-Format<br>
|
||||
Januar 2015, entwickler.press<br>
|
||||
ISBN: 978-3-86802-532-3<br>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-it.de/texte/buch/index.shtml#AngriffszielUI" target="_blank">Ergänzende Informationen</a>
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||||
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|
||||
</section>
|
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|
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<h3>Android Security</h3>
|
||||
<div class="sidebar_content clearfix"><p>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/shortcuts/android-security-119833.html" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="/bilder/AndroidSecurity-klein.jpg" ALT="Cover Android Security"></a>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/shortcuts/android-security-119833.html" target="_blank">Android Security</a><br>
|
||||
E-Book im EPUB-Format<br>
|
||||
Oktober 2014, entwickler.press<br>
|
||||
ISBN: 978-3-86802-521-7<br>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-it.de/texte/buch/index.shtml#AndroidSec" target="_blank">Ergänzende Informationen</a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section class="sidebar_plugin clearfix odd serendipity_plugin_html_nugget">
|
||||
<h3>Verschlüsselung im NSA-Zeitalter</h3>
|
||||
<div class="sidebar_content clearfix"><p>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/shortcuts/verschluesselung-im-nsa-zeitalter-119973.html" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="/bilder/VersNSA-klein.jpg" ALT="Cover Verschlüsselung im NSA-Zeitalter"></a>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/shortcuts/verschluesselung-im-nsa-zeitalter-119973.html" target="_blank">Verschlüsselung im NSA-Zeitalter</a><br>
|
||||
E-Book im EPUB-Format<br>
|
||||
Juni 2014, entwickler.press<br>
|
||||
ISBN: 978-3-86802-508-8<br>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-it.de/texte/buch/index.shtml#VersNSA" target="_blank">Ergänzende Informationen</a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section class="sidebar_plugin clearfix even serendipity_plugin_html_nugget">
|
||||
<h3>HTML5 Security</h3>
|
||||
<div class="sidebar_content clearfix"><p>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/shortcuts/html5-security-2-121399.html" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="/bilder/HTML5Security-klein.jpg" ALT="Cover HTML5 Security"></a>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/shortcuts/html5-security-2-121399.html" target="_blank">HTML5 Security</a><br>
|
||||
E-Book im EPUB-Format<br>
|
||||
Mai 2012, entwickler.press<br>
|
||||
ISBN: 978-3-86802-417-3<br>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-it.de/texte/buch/index.shtml#HTML5" target="_blank">Ergänzende Informationen</a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
|
||||
</aside>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<footer id="colophon">
|
||||
<p><span lang="en">Powered by <a href="http://s9y.org">Serendipity</a> & the <i>2k11-CE</i> theme.</span></p>
|
||||
</footer>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<script src="/serendipity/templates/2k11-CE/js/2k11.min.js"></script>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Piwik -->
|
||||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||||
var _paq = _paq || [];
|
||||
_paq.push(['trackPageView']);
|
||||
_paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);
|
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(function() {
|
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var u="//www.ceilers-news.de/piwik/";
|
||||
_paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'piwik.php']);
|
||||
_paq.push(['setSiteId', 1]);
|
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var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
|
||||
g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.defer=true; g.src=u+'piwik.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);
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})();
|
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</script>
|
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<noscript><p><img src="//www.ceilers-news.de/piwik/piwik.php?idsite=1" style="border:0;" alt="" /></p></noscript>
|
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<!-- End Piwik Code -->
|
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|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
57
m239/60 - Zertifikate/README.md
Normal file
57
m239/60 - Zertifikate/README.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
|
||||
# 60 - Zertifikate
|
||||
|
||||
## Was sind Zertifikate
|
||||
|
||||
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LRMBZhdFjDI
|
||||
|
||||
### SSL, TLS und Zertifikate
|
||||
|
||||
- 10 - SSL, TLS und Zertifikate
|
||||
<br>Guter Überblick über TLS
|
||||
<br>Verweis: http://www.elektronik-kompendium.de/sites/net/0902281.htm
|
||||
|
||||
- 11 - Understanding SSL Certificates
|
||||
<br>Gute Beschreibung (en)
|
||||
<br>Verweis: http://pierrelx.com/understanding-ssl-certificate-and-ssl-encryption/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Digitale Signatur erstellen mit OpenSSL
|
||||
<br>Verweis: http://www.soft-ware.net/tipps/tipp67/Digitale-Signatur-erstellen-pfx-Datei.asp
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Zertifikat gratis erstellen
|
||||
|
||||
- Zertifikat gratis erstellen (Lets Encrypt)
|
||||
<br>Eine andere Möglichkeite wäre "Cloudfare"
|
||||
<br>Verweis: https://letsencrypt.org/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Zertifikate installieren
|
||||
|
||||
- Beschreibt die Installation von Zertifikaten für unterschiedliche Webserver
|
||||
<br>Verweis: https://de.wikihow.com/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren
|
||||
|
||||
## Zwertifikatsfehler forcieren
|
||||
|
||||
- Fehlermeldung forcieren, welche bei abgelaufenem Zertifikat (Certificate expired) angezeigt wird
|
||||
<br>Verweis: https://badssl.com/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Zertifikatsprüfung manuell
|
||||
|
||||
- TLS-Tests
|
||||
<br>Feststellen, ob SSL korrekt angewandt (vom Browser/Server) wird und Dokumentation darüber
|
||||
<br>(Alternative: https://www.ssllabs.com/)
|
||||
<br>Verweis: https://tls-ssl-test.internet-sicherheit.de/
|
||||
|
||||
- Zertifikatsprüfung manuell (ist Absender vertrauenswürdig)
|
||||
<br>Beschreibt Vorgehen mit verschiedenen Browsern (Überprüfung Fingerprint)
|
||||
<br>Verweis: https://www.ebas.ch/de/ihr-sicherheitsbeitrag/zertifikatspruefung
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## 'man in the middle'-Angriffe auf HTTPS
|
||||
|
||||
- Man in the middle-Angriffe auf HTTPS
|
||||
<br>Sehr guter Artikel über MitM-Angriffe. Übrigens macht Fiddler genau das (aber natürlich nicht als Angriff)
|
||||
<br>Verweis: https://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/207-Man-in-the-Middle-Angriffe-auf-HTTPS.html
|
||||
|
||||
Binary file not shown.
10
m239/70 - Tests/README.md
Normal file
10
m239/70 - Tests/README.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
|
||||
# 70 - Tests
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Dokumentation verschiedener Testarten (die Mind-Map wurde aus diesem Text erstellt)
|
||||
<br>Verweis: [M239 Compendio B 7 - Systemtest und Dokumentation vorbereiten.pdf]('../../02%20-%20Unterlagen%20Theorie/M239%20Compendio%20B%207%20-%20Systemtest%20und%20Dokumentation%20vorbereiten.pdf')
|
||||
- Testing Tools Guide
|
||||
<br>Übersicht über eine grosse Anzahl (>800) Test-Tools für verschiedene Arten von Tests
|
||||
<br>Verweis: http://www.testingtoolsguide.net/
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user