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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rekursive und iterative Namensauflösung</span></h1>
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<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body">
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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie</div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Dns-abfrage.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Dns-abfrage.svg/220px-Dns-abfrage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Dns-abfrage.svg/330px-Dns-abfrage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Dns-abfrage.svg/440px-Dns-abfrage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="444" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Dns-abfrage.svg" class="internal" title="vergrößern und Informationen zum Bild anzeigen"></a></div>Abfrage des DNS</div></div></div>
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<p>Eine <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a>-Anfrage (auch <i>DNS-Request</i>) kann nach drei verschiedenen Verfahren beantwortet werden:
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</p>
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<ul><li><b>autoritativ</b> (der Server holt die Daten aus einer lokalen <a href="/wiki/Zonendatei" title="Zonendatei">Zonendatei</a>)</li>
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<li>nicht-autoritativ
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<ul><li><b>rekursiv</b> (der Server holt die Daten von einem anderen Nameserver)</li>
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<li><b>iterativ</b> (der Server antwortet mit einem oder mehreren Verweisen oder einem <a href="/wiki/Resource_Record" title="Resource Record">Resource Record</a> auf andere Nameserver)</li></ul></li></ul>
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<p>Der Administrator eines Nameservers kann definieren, ob dieser Nameserver Anfragen rekursiv bearbeiten kann oder nicht. Normalerweise arbeiten Nameserver rekursiv, da einige Resolver mit einer iterativen Antwort nichts anfangen können. Bei stark ausgelasteten Servern (z. B. DNS-Root-Servern) ist die Rekursion aber deaktiviert.
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</p><p>Ob ein Request autoritativ (also aus einer lokalen Zonendatei) beantwortet wurde, wird durch ein Flag in den DNS-Headern bei Anfragen und Antworten definiert, dem <b>Authoritative Response Flag</b>. Der Resolver kann also aus der Antwort des Servers entnehmen, welche der drei oben aufgeführten Methoden verwendet wurde.
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Die_rekursive_Antwort">Die rekursive Antwort</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rekursive_und_iterative_Namensaufl%C3%B6sung&veaction=edit&section=1" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Die rekursive Antwort">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rekursive_und_iterative_Namensaufl%C3%B6sung&action=edit&section=1" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Die rekursive Antwort">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>Das Rekursionsverhalten wird durch weitere Flags bestimmt. Ein Resolver setzt im DNS-Request-Header das <b>Recursion Desired Flag</b> – kurz RD genannt –, wenn er eine rekursive Auflösung seines Requests wünscht. Der Nameserver setzt in seiner Antwort das <b>Recursion Available Flag</b> – RA –, wenn er grundsätzlich zur Rekursion bereit ist. Nur wenn sowohl bei einem Request, als auch bei der Response diese Flags gesetzt sind, wird rekursiv gearbeitet. Ansonsten unterscheiden sich autoritative und rekursive Antworten nicht.
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</p><p>Rekursive Anfragen, die an einen Nameserver gestellt wurden, werden in der Regel ausschließlich von diesem aufgelöst. Dazu wendet sich der Nameserver aktiv an andere Nameserver, es sei denn, er kann die Anfrage selbst auflösen (meist nicht der Fall).
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Die_iterative_Antwort">Die iterative Antwort</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rekursive_und_iterative_Namensaufl%C3%B6sung&veaction=edit&section=2" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Die iterative Antwort">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rekursive_und_iterative_Namensaufl%C3%B6sung&action=edit&section=2" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Die iterative Antwort">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>Eine iterative Antwort enthält anstelle der Daten (z. B. IP-Adresse) einen oder mehrere Verweise auf andere Nameserver. Ein derartiger Verweis enthält den Namen des anderen Servers, den Namen der Domäne und – falls bekannt – IP-Adresse(n). Hier ein Beispiel für eine iterativ beantwortete DNS-Anfrage mit <a href="/wiki/Nslookup" title="Nslookup">Nslookup</a>:
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</p>
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<pre><b>C:\>nslookup test.example.com</b>
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</pre>
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<pre>Name: test.example.com
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Served by:
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- dns01.extern.com
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172.27.182.11, 172.27.158.208
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example.com
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- dns02.extern.com
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example.com
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- dns03.extern.com
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172.27.157.16
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example.com
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</pre>
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<p>Der Nameserver teilt in diesem Beispiel dem Resolver mit, dass er den Namen <i>test.example.com</i> nicht auflösen kann, dass er aber drei Nameserver kennt, die Informationen zu diesem Namen besitzen. Für den Nameserver <i>dns01.extern.com</i> werden zwei IP-Adressen mitgeliefert, für <i>dns02.extern.com</i> keine und <i>dns03.extern.com</i> eine.
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</p></div><noscript><img src="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" /></noscript>
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<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Abgerufen von „<a dir="ltr" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rekursive_und_iterative_Namensauflösung&oldid=211808123">https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rekursive_und_iterative_Namensauflösung&oldid=211808123</a>“</div></div>
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<div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorien" title="Wikipedia:Kategorien">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Domain_Name_System" title="Kategorie:Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a></li></ul></div></div>
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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-anonuserpage" class="mw-list-item"><span title="Benutzerseite der IP-Adresse von der aus du Änderungen durchführst">Nicht angemeldet</span></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Meine_Diskussionsseite" title="Diskussion über Änderungen von dieser IP-Adresse [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussionsseite</span></a></li><li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Meine_Beitr%C3%A4ge" title="Eine Liste der Bearbeitungen, die von dieser IP-Adresse gemacht wurden [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Beiträge</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Benutzerkonto_anlegen&returnto=Rekursive+und+iterative+Namensaufl%C3%B6sung" title="Wir ermutigen dich dazu, ein Benutzerkonto zu erstellen und dich anzumelden. Es ist jedoch nicht zwingend erforderlich."><span>Benutzerkonto erstellen</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Anmelden&returnto=Rekursive+und+iterative+Namensaufl%C3%B6sung" title="Anmelden ist zwar keine Pflicht, wird aber gerne gesehen. [o]" accesskey="o"><span>Anmelden</span></a></li></ul>
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<body class="skin-vector-legacy mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-MX_Resource_Record rootpage-MX_Resource_Record skin-vector action-view vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-language-alert-in-sidebar-enabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-edit-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-enabled vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div>
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|
||||
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">MX Resource Record</span></h1>
|
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<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body">
|
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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie</div>
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||||
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p>Ein <b>MX Resource Record</b> (englisch MX-Eintrag, eigentlich <b>Mail Exchange Resource Record</b>, MX-RR) einer <a href="/wiki/Domain_(Internet)" title="Domain (Internet)">Domain</a> ist ein <a href="/wiki/Resource_Record" title="Resource Record">Resource Record</a> im <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a>, der sich ausschließlich auf den Dienst <a href="/wiki/E-Mail" title="E-Mail">E-Mail</a> bezieht.
|
||||
</p><p>Ein MX-Record sagt aus, unter welchem <a href="/wiki/Fully_Qualified_Domain_Name" class="mw-redirect" title="Fully Qualified Domain Name">Fully Qualified Domain Name</a> (FQDN) der Mail-Server zu einer Domäne oder Subdomäne erreichbar ist. Es ist üblich, für eine Domäne mehrere MX-Records zu definieren mit unterschiedlichen Prioritäten, so dass bei Ausfall eines Mail-Servers ein anderer die E-Mails entgegennehmen kann. Dies erhöht die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass eine Mail trotzdem an die Empfängerdomain zugestellt werden kann.<br />
|
||||
Schließlich ermöglicht dieses Verfahren, einzelne (physisch getrennte) Mailserver für Wartungsarbeiten vom Netz zu nehmen, ohne den Empfang von Mails zu gefährden.
|
||||
</p><p>Beim Versand einer E-Mail fragt der Ausgangs-Mailserver zunächst den MX-RR der Domain (der Teil der <a href="/wiki/E-Mail-Adresse" title="E-Mail-Adresse">E-Mail-Adresse</a> nach dem „@“) ab, dem die Empfängeradresse zugeordnet ist. Im Regelfall existiert mindestens ein MX-RR zu jeder Domain (auch Sub-Domains). Der Ausgangsserver baut dann eine <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a>-Verbindung mit dem ersten gelisteten Mailserver der Eingangsdomain auf. Falls kein MX-RR vorhanden ist, versucht der Mailserver den <a href="/wiki/A_Resource_Record" title="A Resource Record">A Resource Record</a> (die <a href="/wiki/IP-Adresse" title="IP-Adresse">IP-Adresse</a>) der Domain festzustellen. Wenn das DNS auf diese Anfrage eine IP-Adresse zurückgibt, versucht der Mailserver zu dieser IP-Adresse eine <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a>-Verbindung aufzubauen. Gelingt auch das nicht, meldet er einen Fehler (Host unknown).
|
||||
</p><p>Falls ein MX-RR vorhanden ist, schickt er die E-Mail an den Mailserver, der dort vermerkt ist. Falls mehrere MX-RRs vorhanden sind, wird die E-Mail an den Mailserver mit der niedrigsten Wertigkeit („preference“) gesendet. Daher wird diese Wertigkeit auch häufig als Distanz bezeichnet. Falls dieser nicht erreichbar ist, versucht der Mailserver den nächsten Mailserver in der MX-Liste zu erreichen usw. Dadurch kann der Ausfall eines Mailservers relativ einfach kompensiert werden.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="de" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Inhaltsverzeichnis</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Aufbau"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Aufbau</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Beispiel"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Beispiel</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Manuelle_Überprüfung_von_MX-Einträgen"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Manuelle Überprüfung von MX-Einträgen</span></a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Windows_/_Unix_(samt_Mac_OS_X)"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Windows / Unix (samt Mac OS X)</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Unix_Erweitert"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Unix Erweitert</span></a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Reverse_MX_Record"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Reverse MX Record</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Priorität_und_Preference"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Priorität und Preference</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Weblinks"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Weblinks</span></a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Aufbau">Aufbau</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MX_Resource_Record&veaction=edit&section=1" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Aufbau">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MX_Resource_Record&action=edit&section=1" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Aufbau">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||||
<dl><dt>Domäne</dt>
|
||||
<dd>für welche der Eintrag ist</dd>
|
||||
<dt>Klasse</dt>
|
||||
<dd>IN (<a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>)</dd>
|
||||
<dt>Typ</dt>
|
||||
<dd>MX (Mail Exchange) – <a href="/wiki/Resource_Record" title="Resource Record">Liste</a></dd>
|
||||
<dt>Priorität</dt>
|
||||
<dd>Gibt die Priorität des Eintrags an (Einträge mit niedrigeren Werten werden bevorzugt)</dd>
|
||||
<dt>Mail-Server</dt>
|
||||
<dd>Name des Mail-Servers</dd></dl>
|
||||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Beispiel">Beispiel</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MX_Resource_Record&veaction=edit&section=2" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Beispiel">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MX_Resource_Record&action=edit&section=2" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Beispiel">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||||
<p>Soll eine Mail an <span style="font-family:monospace;"><Mary.Smith@wikipedia.org></span> versendet werden, überprüft der Mailserver des Absenders zunächst den MX-Record von <span style="font-family:monospace;">wikipedia.org</span>. Er bekommt folgende Mailserver genannt:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<pre>wikipedia.org preference = 10, mail exchanger = mchenry.wikimedia.org
|
||||
wikipedia.org preference = 50, mail exchanger = lists.wikimedia.org
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>Nun erkundigt er sich nach dem <a href="/wiki/AAAA_Resource_Record" title="AAAA Resource Record">AAAA-Record</a> und dem <a href="/wiki/A_Resource_Record" title="A Resource Record">A-Record</a> des Servers mit der höchsten Priorität (d. h. kleinsten Zahl), um ihm die zugehörige IP-Adresse zu entnehmen. Er bekommt folgende Auskunft:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<pre>mchenry.wikimedia.org internet address = 208.80.152.186
|
||||
mchenry.wikimedia.org AAAA IPv6 address = 2620:0:860:2:219:b9ff:fedd:c027
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>Bei dieser Adresse versucht er nun, die Nachricht abzuliefern; misslingt dies, versucht er es anschließend mit der Alternative <span style="font-family:monospace;">lists.wikimedia.org</span>.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h2><span id="Manuelle_.C3.9Cberpr.C3.BCfung_von_MX-Eintr.C3.A4gen"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Manuelle_Überprüfung_von_MX-Einträgen">Manuelle Überprüfung von MX-Einträgen</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MX_Resource_Record&veaction=edit&section=3" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Manuelle Überprüfung von MX-Einträgen">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MX_Resource_Record&action=edit&section=3" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Manuelle Überprüfung von MX-Einträgen">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||||
<p>Normalerweise tätigen <a href="/wiki/Mailserver" title="Mailserver">Mailserver</a> entsprechende DNS-Anfragen nach MX-Records beim Versenden von E-Mails.
|
||||
</p><p>MX-Records lassen sich händisch mit DNS-Abfragetools abfragen. Da diese jedoch meist standardmäßig nur A-Records abfragen, muss in diesem Fall der Anfragetyp explizit angegeben werden.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h3><span id="Windows_.2F_Unix_.28samt_Mac_OS_X.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Windows_/_Unix_(samt_Mac_OS_X)">Windows / Unix (samt Mac OS X)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MX_Resource_Record&veaction=edit&section=4" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Windows / Unix (samt Mac OS X)">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MX_Resource_Record&action=edit&section=4" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Windows / Unix (samt Mac OS X)">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
|
||||
<p>Unter <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> sowie <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> kann mit dem mitgelieferten <a href="/wiki/Kommandozeile" title="Kommandozeile">Kommandozeilen</a>-Tool <i><a href="/wiki/Nslookup" title="Nslookup">nslookup</a></i> ein MX-Record abgefragt werden. Das Setzen des Types geschieht mit <code>set type=MX</code>.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<pre><b>nslookup</b>
|
||||
> <b>set type=MX</b>
|
||||
> <b>wikipedia.org</b>
|
||||
Server: <i>verwendeter Nameserver, aufgelöster Name</i>
|
||||
Address: <i>verwendeter Nameserver, IP-Adresse</i>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<pre>Nicht-autorisierende Antwort:
|
||||
wikipedia.org MX preference = 10, mail exchanger = mchenry.wikimedia.org
|
||||
wikipedia.org MX preference = 50, mail exchanger = lists.wikimedia.org
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<pre>mchenry.wikimedia.org internet address = 208.80.152.186
|
||||
mchenry.wikimedia.org AAAA IPv6 address = 2620:0:860:2:219:b9ff:fedd:c027
|
||||
lists.wikimedia.org internet address = 208.80.154.4
|
||||
> <b>exit</b>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Unix_Erweitert">Unix Erweitert</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MX_Resource_Record&veaction=edit&section=5" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Unix Erweitert">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MX_Resource_Record&action=edit&section=5" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Unix Erweitert">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
|
||||
<p>Unter Unix- und Linux-Derivaten gibt es verschiedene Möglichkeiten, MX-Records abzufragen. Das Programm <i><a href="/wiki/Dig_(Software)" title="Dig (Software)">dig</a></i> gibt die vollständige Antwort des DNS-Servers zurück:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ini mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">$ dig -t MX wikipedia.org</span><span class="w"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">; <<>> DiG 9.4.2 <<>> -t MX wikipedia.org</span><span class="w"></span>
|
||||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;; global options: printcmd</span><span class="w"></span>
|
||||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;; Got answer:</span><span class="w"></span>
|
||||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 61573</span><span class="w"></span>
|
||||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 2</span><span class="w"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;; QUESTION SECTION:</span><span class="w"></span>
|
||||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;wikipedia.org. IN MX</span><span class="w"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;; ANSWER SECTION:</span><span class="w"></span>
|
||||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="na">wikipedia.org. 2481 IN MX 10 mchenry.wikimedia.org.</span><span class="w"></span>
|
||||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="na">wikipedia.org. 2481 IN MX 50 lists.wikimedia.org.</span><span class="w"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:</span><span class="w"></span>
|
||||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="na">mchenry.wikimedia.org. 2164 IN A 208.80.152.186</span><span class="w"></span>
|
||||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="na">lists.wikimedia.org. 2164 IN A 91.198.174.5</span><span class="w"></span>
|
||||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="na">lists.wikimedia.org. 550 IN AAAA 2620:0:862:1::25:1</span><span class="w"></span>
|
||||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="na">...</span><span class="w"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="na">$</span><span class="w"></span>
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
||||
<p>Eine Schnell-Abfrage ist auch mit dem Programm <i>host</i> möglich:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<pre>$ <b>host wikipedia.org</b>
|
||||
wikipedia.org has address 208.80.152.2
|
||||
wikipedia.org mail is handled by 50 lists.wikimedia.org.
|
||||
wikipedia.org mail is handled by 10 mchenry.wikimedia.org.
|
||||
$
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>Abfragen sind auch mit dem Programm nslookup interaktiv möglich.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<pre>$ <b>nslookup <<EOT</b>
|
||||
> <b>set type=MX</b>
|
||||
> <b>wikipedia.org</b>
|
||||
> <b>EOT</b>
|
||||
Server: <i>verwendeter Nameserver, aufgelöster Name</i>
|
||||
Address: <i>verwendeter Nameserver, IP-Adresse</i>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<pre>Nicht autorisierte Antwort:
|
||||
wikipedia.org MX preference = 10, mail exchanger = mchenry.wikimedia.org
|
||||
wikipedia.org MX preference = 50, mail exchanger = lists.wikimedia.org
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<pre>mchenry.wikimedia.org internet address = 208.80.152.186
|
||||
lists.wikimedia.org internet address = 91.198.174.5
|
||||
lists.wikimedia.org has AAAA address 2620:0:862:1::25:1
|
||||
$
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>Die Abfrage lautet im nicht-interaktiven Modus:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<pre>$ <b>nslookup -querytype=MX wikipedia.org</b>
|
||||
...
|
||||
$
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reverse_MX_Record">Reverse MX Record</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MX_Resource_Record&veaction=edit&section=6" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Reverse MX Record">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MX_Resource_Record&action=edit&section=6" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Reverse MX Record">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||||
<p>Eine spezielle Form von MX-RRs sind <a href="/wiki/Reverse_MX" title="Reverse MX">Reverse-MX</a>-RRs. Hierbei handelt es sich um die <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain-Name-System</a>-Einträge der versendenden Mailserver. Diese Einträge werden z. B. bei der <a href="/wiki/Sender_Policy_Framework" title="Sender Policy Framework">Sender Policy Framework</a> Technology verwendet.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h2><span id="Priorit.C3.A4t_und_Preference"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Priorität_und_Preference">Priorität und Preference</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MX_Resource_Record&veaction=edit&section=7" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Priorität und Preference">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MX_Resource_Record&action=edit&section=7" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Priorität und Preference">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||||
<p>Der Mailserver mit der höchsten Priorität ist derjenige mit dem niedrigsten Preference-Wert.
|
||||
</p><p>Eine bei <a href="/wiki/Spam" title="Spam">Spammern</a> beliebte Methode ist, eine Verbindung zu demjenigen Mailserver aufzubauen, der in der MX-Liste mit der geringsten Priorität angegeben ist (derjenige mit dem höchsten numerischen Wert). Hierdurch sollen Spamfilter umgangen werden, die auf dem Mailserver mit der höchsten Priorität laufen.
|
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</p>
|
||||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Weblinks">Weblinks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MX_Resource_Record&veaction=edit&section=8" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Weblinks">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MX_Resource_Record&action=edit&section=8" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Weblinks">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||||
<ul><li><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc974">RFC 974</a> – <i>Mail Routing and the Domain System</i> (veraltet)</li>
|
||||
<li><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2821">RFC 2821</a> – <i>Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</i> (veraltet)</li>
|
||||
<li><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321">RFC 5321</a> – <i>Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</i></li>
|
||||
<li><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7505">RFC 7505</a> – <i>A "Null MX" No Service Resource Record for Domains That Accept No Mail</i></li>
|
||||
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.apache.org/spamassassin/OtherTricks">Other Trick For Blocking Spam</a> – Anleitung: Fake MX-Record, um Spam zu blocken (englisch)</li></ul></div><noscript><img src="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" /></noscript>
|
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<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Abgerufen von „<a dir="ltr" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MX_Resource_Record&oldid=210777344">https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MX_Resource_Record&oldid=210777344</a>“</div></div>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dynamisches DNS</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p><b>Dynamisches DNS</b>, <b>DDNS</b> oder <b>DynDNS</b> (nicht zu verwechseln mit <i>DynDNS</i> von Dyn, Inc.) ist eine Technik, um <a href="/wiki/Domain_(Internet)" title="Domain (Internet)">Domains</a> im <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS) dynamisch zu aktualisieren. Der Zweck ist, dass ein <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">Computer</a> (bspw. ein <a href="/wiki/Personal_Computer" title="Personal Computer">PC</a> oder ein <a href="/wiki/Router" title="Router">Router</a>) nach dem Wechsel seiner <a href="/wiki/IP-Adresse" title="IP-Adresse">IP-Adresse</a> automatisch und schnell den dazugehörigen Domaineintrag ändert. So ist der Rechner immer unter demselben Hostnamen erreichbar, auch wenn die aktuelle IP-Adresse für den Nutzer unbekannt ist.
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</p><p>Es sind zwei verschiedene Mechanismen verbreitet, die unterschiedlichen Anwendungsfällen entspringen. Zum einen kann die Aktualisierung über <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> oder <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol_Secure" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure">HTTPS</a> erfolgen. Dies ist populär durch Anbieter wie z. B. <i>DynDNS</i>. Außerdem kann die Aktualisierung über ein an DNS angelehntes Nachrichtenprotokoll erfolgen. Dieses Protokoll ist in <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2136">RFC 2136</a> und <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3007">RFC 3007</a> spezifiziert und wird beispielsweise vom Programm <i>nsupdate</i> verwendet, welches Teil des weitverbreiteten Open-Source-DNS-Programmpaketes <a href="/wiki/BIND" title="BIND">BIND</a> ist.
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<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="de" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Inhaltsverzeichnis</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
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<ul>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#DDNS_über_HTTP"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">DDNS über HTTP</span></a>
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<ul>
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Funktionsweise"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Funktionsweise</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Einschränkungen"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Einschränkungen</span></a></li>
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</li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#DDNS_über_RFC_2136"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">DDNS über RFC 2136</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Einzelnachweise"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Einzelnachweise</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Weblinks"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Weblinks</span></a></li>
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<h2><span id="DDNS_.C3.BCber_HTTP"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="DDNS_über_HTTP">DDNS über HTTP</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamisches_DNS&veaction=edit&section=1" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: DDNS über HTTP">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamisches_DNS&action=edit&section=1" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: DDNS über HTTP">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>Ein typischer Anwendungsfall für dynamisches DNS über <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> oder <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol_Secure" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure">HTTPS</a> ist der Rechner eines Heimnutzers, der Zugang zum Internet über eine <a href="/wiki/Dynamische_IP-Adresse" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamische IP-Adresse">dynamische IP-Adresse</a> des <a href="/wiki/Internet_Service_Provider" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Service Provider">Internet Service Providers</a> hat. Möchte der Nutzer zum Beispiel einen <a href="/wiki/Gameserver" title="Gameserver">Gameserver</a> betreiben oder per <a href="/wiki/Remote-Desktop" title="Remote-Desktop">Remote-Desktop</a> auf den Rechner von außen zugreifen, so müsste er die ständig wechselnde IP-Adresse kennen. Mit dynamischem DNS kann er stattdessen bei einem DDNS-Anbieter einen <a href="/wiki/Domain_(Internet)" title="Domain (Internet)">Domainnamen</a> registrieren und dem Namen automatisch die jeweils aktuelle IP-Adresse zuweisen. Der Clou ist also, dass der Rechner/Router, der (z. B. vom Internet Service Provider) alle paar Stunden mit einer neuen IP-Adresse versorgt wird, sich regelmäßig selbständig bei einem DDNS-Anbieter meldet und die gerade aktuelle IP-Adresse bekannt gibt. Der DDNS-Anbieter wird so zu einem Referenzpunkt, bei dem man immer "nachschauen" kann, welche IP gerade aktuell ist.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Funktionsweise">Funktionsweise</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamisches_DNS&veaction=edit&section=2" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Funktionsweise">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamisches_DNS&action=edit&section=2" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Funktionsweise">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
|
||||
<p>Um einen DDNS-Eintrag beim <a href="/wiki/Nameserver" class="mw-redirect" title="Nameserver">Nameserver</a> des Betreibers zu aktualisieren, kann entweder eine Client-Software auf dem Rechner installiert werden, oder eine entsprechende Funktion im <a href="/wiki/Router" title="Router">Heimrouter</a> genutzt werden. Sobald der Client eine geänderte IP-Adresse erkennt, übermittelt er diese über eine HTTP- oder HTTPS-Schnittstelle an den Anbieter. Die Authentifizierung erfolgt über Benutzername und Passwort. Die Implementierung eines Clients ist wenig aufwendig, da das Netzwerkprotokoll simpel ist und viele Software-Bibliotheken für HTTP/HTTPS-Verbindungen verfügbar sind.
|
||||
</p><p>Ständig wechselnde Einträge waren im Domain Name System ursprünglich nicht vorgesehen. Um Netzressourcen zu sparen, werden DNS-Einträge zwischengespeichert. Die Lebensdauer eines Eintrags (<a href="/wiki/Time_to_Live" title="Time to Live">Time to Live</a>) wird dabei vom Nameserver vorgegeben. Beim dynamischen DNS wird üblicherweise eine Time to Live von einer Minute verwendet, um kurzfristig vom <a href="/wiki/Caching" class="mw-redirect" title="Caching">Caching</a> zu profitieren, ohne dass veraltete Einträge über einen längeren Zeitraum auf eine falsche IP-Adresse verweisen.
|
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</p>
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<h3><span id="Einschr.C3.A4nkungen"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Einschränkungen">Einschränkungen</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamisches_DNS&veaction=edit&section=3" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Einschränkungen">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamisches_DNS&action=edit&section=3" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Einschränkungen">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<p>Wird ein Rechner heruntergefahren oder vom Netz getrennt, so bleibt seine IP-Adresse dem Domainnamen zugeordnet. Falls die IP-Adresse offline ist, führen Verbindungsversuche erst mit mehreren Sekunden Verzögerung zu einem <a href="/wiki/Timeout_(Netzwerktechnik)" title="Timeout (Netzwerktechnik)">Timeout</a>-Fehler. Wurde die IP-Adresse zwischenzeitlich einem anderen <a href="/wiki/Internet_Service_Provider" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Service Provider">ISP</a>-Kunden zugeordnet, so könnte dieser versuchen, die Identität des vorherigen DDNS-Nutzers zu missbrauchen. Als Lösungsansatz kann ein Client bei einigen DDNS-Anbietern den Domainnamen beim Herunterfahren vorübergehend löschen. Ein anderer Ansatz ist die Verwendung von <a href="/wiki/Heartbeat_(Informatik)" title="Heartbeat (Informatik)">Heartbeats</a>, um zu erkennen, sobald ein Rechner offline ist und dann den Domainnamen automatisch zu entfernen.
|
||||
</p><p>Dynamisches DNS ist kein vollwertiger Ersatz für eine statische IP-Adresse. Offene Netzwerkverbindungen bleiben bei der Trennung vom Internet oder beim Wechsel der IP-Adresse hängen und brechen nach einem Timeout zusammen. Innerhalb der Time to Live des DDNS-Eintrags kann die alte IP-Adresse zwischengespeichert sein, sodass keine neue Verbindung aufgebaut werden kann.
|
||||
</p><p>Durch unausgereifte DDNS-Client-Software kann es vorkommen, dass der DDNS-Eintrag über eine längere Zeit nicht aktualisiert wird. Dies geschieht zum Beispiel, wenn der Client nur einmal beim Einwählen den DDNS-Eintrag zu aktualisieren versucht, es jedoch bei einem vorübergehenden Fehler nicht erneut versucht. Auch der umgekehrte Fall kann problematisch sein: versucht ein Client die Aktualisierung häufiger als eigentlich nötig, so verstößt dies bei einigen DDNS-Anbietern gegen die <a href="/wiki/Nutzungsbedingungen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutzungsbedingungen">Nutzungsbedingungen</a>, was zur Sperrung des Benutzerkontos führen kann. Dies tritt zum Beispiel bei Heimroutern auf, die die zugewiesene IP-Adresse nicht speichern und daher bei jedem Neustart, zum Beispiel nach der Trennung vom Stromnetz, eine Aktualisierung senden. Wird vom ISP nach dem Neustart dieselbe IP-Adresse erneut zugeteilt, wird eine solche unnötige DDNS-Aktualisierung durchgeführt. Deshalb kann es mitunter sehr lange dauern, bis dieses Problem in Erscheinung tritt. Vom Router könnte dies aber dadurch verhindert werden, dass dieser vorher eine DNS-Abfrage für den zu aktualisierenden dynamischen Domainnamen durchführt und auf diese Weise die zuletzt verwendete IP-Adresse ermittelt.
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</p>
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<h2><span id="DDNS_.C3.BCber_RFC_2136"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="DDNS_über_RFC_2136">DDNS über RFC 2136</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamisches_DNS&veaction=edit&section=4" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: DDNS über RFC 2136">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamisches_DNS&action=edit&section=4" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: DDNS über RFC 2136">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:602px;"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Zusammenspiel_von_DDNS_und_DHCP.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Zusammenspiel_von_DDNS_und_DHCP.svg/600px-Zusammenspiel_von_DDNS_und_DHCP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="183" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Zusammenspiel_von_DDNS_und_DHCP.svg/900px-Zusammenspiel_von_DDNS_und_DHCP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Zusammenspiel_von_DDNS_und_DHCP.svg/1200px-Zusammenspiel_von_DDNS_und_DHCP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="156" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Zusammenspiel_von_DDNS_und_DHCP.svg" class="internal" title="vergrößern und Informationen zum Bild anzeigen"></a></div><b>1.</b> Der Client fordert vom DHCP-Server eine IP-Adresse an.<br /> <b>2.</b> Der DHCP-Server weist dem Client eine IP-Adresse zu.<br /> <b>3.</b> Die IP-Adresse und der Hostname werden vom DHCP-Server dem DNS zur Registrierung übergeben.</div></div></div>
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<p><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2136">RFC 2136</a> spezifiziert ein Verfahren für dynamisches DNS, das als <b>DNS Update</b> bekannt ist. Ein typischer Anwendungsfall für DNS-Update ist ein <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a>-Server, der nach der Vergabe einer IP-Adresse den Namen des Clients beim <a href="/wiki/Nameserver" class="mw-redirect" title="Nameserver">Nameserver</a> im lokalen Netz registriert. DNS Update verwendet <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a> oder <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> und das normale Nachrichtenformat im DNS, aber mit anderen Inhalten, was im <a href="/wiki/Header" title="Header">Header</a> angekündigt wird.<sup id="cite_ref-RFC_2136_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC_2136-1">[1]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Ein Nameserver, der einen <i>Dynamic Update Request</i> empfängt, speichert diesen zunächst ab, bevor er die Einträge in der <a href="/wiki/Zonendatei" title="Zonendatei">Zonendatei</a> modifiziert. Dadurch werden zum einen Inkonsistenzen beim Absturz des Servers vermieden, zum anderen können so Aktualisierungen zunächst gesammelt werden, wodurch der Durchsatz verbessert wird. Beim <a href="/wiki/BIND" title="BIND">BIND</a>-Nameserver wird dazu pro Zonendatei eine Journal-Datei angelegt, die eine ähnliche Funktion wie ein <a href="/wiki/Journaling-Dateisystem" title="Journaling-Dateisystem">Journaling-Dateisystem</a> hat. Die Sammelphase kann mehrere Minuten dauern, so dass dynamische Aktualisierungen nicht sofort an eventuell vorhandene Slave-Nameserver weitergegeben werden, die eine Kopie der Zonendatei vorhalten. DNS Update dient nur zum Ändern des Datenbestands auf dem Master-Nameserver. Um Änderungen an Slave-Nameserver zu übertragen, sollen die gebräuchlichen Mechanismen zum <a href="/wiki/Zonentransfer" title="Zonentransfer">Zonentransfer</a> verwendet werden.
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||||
</p><p><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2137">RFC 2137</a> und die Neufassung <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3007">RFC 3007</a> ergänzen DNS Update um <a href="/wiki/Authentifizierung" title="Authentifizierung">Authentifizierung</a> durch <a href="/wiki/Digitale_Signatur" title="Digitale Signatur">digitale Signaturen</a>. Zur Wahl steht ein <a href="/wiki/Symmetrisches_Kryptosystem" title="Symmetrisches Kryptosystem">symmetrisches Kryptosystem</a>, <a href="/wiki/TSIG" title="TSIG">TSIG</a>, bei dem beide Seiten den geheimen Schlüssel haben, und ein <a href="/wiki/Asymmetrisches_Kryptosystem" title="Asymmetrisches Kryptosystem">asymmetrisches Kryptosystem</a>, SIG(0) nach <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2931">RFC 2931</a>, bei dem der DNS-Server nur den öffentlichen Schlüssel und nur der DNS-Client den geheimen Schlüssel hat. Ohne zuverlässige Authentifizierung sind Nameserver mit Update-Funktion ein Sicherheitsrisiko, besonders im Internet.
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</p><p>Das Programm <i>nsupdate</i>, das Teil des <a href="/wiki/BIND" title="BIND">BIND</a>-Pakets ist, erlaubt Client-seitige Aktualisierungen von DNS-Einträgen. Zusätzlich besteht noch die Möglichkeit der Authentifizierung über <a href="/wiki/TSIG" title="TSIG">TSIG</a> oder SIG(0). <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> verwendet GSS-TSIG, eine TSIG-Variante, die <a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(Informatik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerberos (Informatik)">Kerberos</a> benutzt.
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamisches_DNS&veaction=edit&section=5" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Einzelnachweise">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamisches_DNS&action=edit&section=5" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Einzelnachweise">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ol class="references">
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||||
<li id="cite_note-RFC_2136-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-RFC_2136_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
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<span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2136"><i>Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System (DNS UPDATE).</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>, April 1997, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">S. 3</span>,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 25. September 2014</span> (englisch): „The Header Section specifies that this message is an UPDATE, … . An update transaction may be carried in a UDP datagram, if the request fits, or in a TCP connection … . UPDATE uses the same fields, and the same section formats, but the naming and use of these sections differs …“</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ADynamisches+DNS&rft.title=Dynamic+Updates+in+the+Domain+Name+System+%28DNS+UPDATE%29&rft.description=Dynamic+Updates+in+the+Domain+Name+System+%28DNS+UPDATE%29&rft.identifier=&rft.publisher=%5B%5BInternet+Engineering+Task+Force%5D%5D&rft.date=1997-04&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
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</li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Weblinks">Weblinks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamisches_DNS&veaction=edit&section=6" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Weblinks">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamisches_DNS&action=edit&section=6" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Weblinks">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Computers/Internet/Protocols/DNS/Service_Providers/Dynamic_DNS/">Linkkatalog zum Thema Dynamic DNS Service Providers</a> bei <i>curlie.org</i> (ehemals <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a>)</li></ul></div><noscript><img src="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" /></noscript>
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<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Abgerufen von „<a dir="ltr" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dynamisches_DNS&oldid=229638892">https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dynamisches_DNS&oldid=229638892</a>“</div></div>
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<div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorien" title="Wikipedia:Kategorien">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Domain_Name_System" title="Kategorie:Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a></li></ul></div></div>
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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_din%C3%A0mic" title="DNS dinàmic – Katalanisch" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamick%C3%A9_DNS" title="Dynamické DNS – Tschechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_DNS" title="Dynamic DNS – Englisch" lang="en" hreflang="en" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_din%C3%A1mico" title="DNS dinámico – Spanisch" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%BE%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سامانه نام دامنه پویا – Persisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_dynamique" title="DNS dynamique – Französisch" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamikus_DNS" title="Dinamikus DNS – Ungarisch" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_DNS" title="Dynamic DNS – Italienisch" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%89%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0" title="ダイナミックドメインネームシステム – Japanisch" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDNS" title="DDNS – Koreanisch" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDNS" title="DDNS – Polnisch" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_din%C3%A2mico" title="DNS dinâmico – Portugiesisch" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_DNS" title="Динамический DNS – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8BDNS" title="動態DNS – Chinesisch" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul>
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<meta property="og:title" content="nslookup – Wikipedia"/>
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<meta property="og:type" content="website"/>
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<link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 720px)" href="//de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nslookup"/>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Seite bearbeiten" href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&action=edit"/>
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<link rel="canonical" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nslookup"/>
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<body class="skin-vector-legacy mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Nslookup rootpage-Nslookup skin-vector action-view vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-language-alert-in-sidebar-enabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-edit-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-enabled vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div>
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<div class="mw-indicators">
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</div>
|
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">nslookup</h1>
|
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<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body">
|
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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie</div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p>Der Befehl <b>nslookup</b> kann unter <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> und <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> verwendet werden, um <a href="/wiki/IP-Adresse" title="IP-Adresse">IP-Adressen</a> oder <a href="/wiki/Domain_(Internet)" title="Domain (Internet)">Domains</a> eines bestimmten Computers mittels <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a> herauszufinden. Der Name des Befehls bedeutet „Name Server look up“, was so viel heißt wie „beim Namens-Server nachschauen“. Als modernere Alternative zu nslookup hat sich zunehmend der Befehl <a href="/wiki/Dig_(Software)" title="Dig (Software)">dig</a> etabliert, der unter Windows als <a href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a>-Portierung verfügbar ist.
|
||||
</p>
|
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<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="de" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Inhaltsverzeichnis</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Optionen"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Optionen</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Beispiel"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Beispiel</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Siehe_auch"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Siehe auch</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Weblinks"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Weblinks</span></a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Optionen">Optionen</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&veaction=edit&section=1" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Optionen">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&action=edit&section=1" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Optionen">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||||
<p>Mit dem Tool nslookup lässt sich der Domainname einer IP-Adresse bzw. die IP-Adresse eines Domainnamens ermitteln. Standardmäßig, im nicht interaktiven Modus, wird dazu der eingestellte DNS-Server zur Auflösung des Namens oder der IP-Adresse verwendet. Wenn ein anderer DNS-Server zur Auflösung verwendet werden soll, z. B. um diesen zu prüfen oder weil der eigene bestimmte Anfragen nicht unterstützt, muss dieser zusätzlich angegeben werden.
|
||||
</p><p>nslookup steht auf der Kommandozeile/Konsole als Befehl zur Verfügung.
|
||||
</p><p>Gegenüber den Parametern in vielen anderen DOS- und Windows-Programmen ist der Parameter "<code>-q=</code>" <i><a href="/wiki/Case_sensitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Case sensitive">case sensitive</a></i>. Ein großes „Q“ führt zur Ausgabe von: <code>"*** Ungültige Option:"</code>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Beispiel">Beispiel</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&veaction=edit&section=2" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Beispiel">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&action=edit&section=2" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Beispiel">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||||
<pre>$ nslookup www.wikipedia.org
|
||||
Server: ns0.southern.edu
|
||||
Adresse: 216.229.224.4
|
||||
|
||||
Nicht autorisierte Antwort:
|
||||
Name: www.wikipedia.org
|
||||
Adressen: 207.142.131.248, 207.142.131.235, 207.142.131.236, 207.142.131.245 207.142.131.247
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<pre>$ nslookup -q=any wikipedia.org
|
||||
Server: dnsp03.hansenet.de
|
||||
Address: 213.191.74.19
|
||||
|
||||
Nicht autorisierende Antwort:
|
||||
wikipedia.org internet address = 208.80.152.2
|
||||
wikipedia.org nameserver = ns2.wikimedia.org
|
||||
wikipedia.org nameserver = ns1.wikimedia.org
|
||||
wikipedia.org nameserver = ns0.wikimedia.org
|
||||
wikipedia.org MX preference = 50, mail exchanger = lists.wikimedia.org
|
||||
wikipedia.org MX preference = 10, mail exchanger = mchenry.wikimedia.org
|
||||
|
||||
ns1.wikimedia.org internet address = 208.80.152.142
|
||||
ns0.wikimedia.org internet address = 208.80.152.130
|
||||
ns2.wikimedia.org internet address = 91.198.174.4
|
||||
lists.wikimedia.org internet address = 91.198.174.5
|
||||
lists.wikimedia.org AAAA IPv6 address = 2620:0:862:1::25:1
|
||||
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>oder mit Verwendung eines anderen DNS-Servers:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<pre>$ nslookup -q=mx wikipedia.org 8.8.8.8
|
||||
Server: google-public-dns-a.google.com
|
||||
Address: 8.8.8.8
|
||||
|
||||
Nicht autorisierende Antwort:
|
||||
wikipedia.org MX preference = 10, mail exchanger = mchenry.wikimedia.org
|
||||
wikipedia.org MX preference = 50, mail exchanger = lists.wikimedia.org
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>Es geht auch mit der IP-Adresse, dieses Verfahren nennt man <a href="/wiki/Reverse_DNS" title="Reverse DNS">reverse lookup</a>:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<pre>$ nslookup 91.198.174.2
|
||||
Server: <Hostname>
|
||||
Address: <Host-IP>
|
||||
Name: rr.esams.wikimedia.org
|
||||
Address: 91.198.174.2
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>Man kann nslookup auch ohne Parameter aufrufen und diese dann innerhalb des Programms eingeben:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<pre>$ nslookup
|
||||
> server 8.8.4.4
|
||||
Default server: 8.8.4.4
|
||||
Address: 8.8.4.4#53
|
||||
> set q=any
|
||||
> heise.de
|
||||
Server: 8.8.4.4
|
||||
Address: 8.8.4.4#53
|
||||
|
||||
Non-authoritative answer:
|
||||
heise.de
|
||||
origin = ns.heise.de
|
||||
mail addr = postmaster.ns.heise.de
|
||||
serial = 2013050201
|
||||
refresh = 10800
|
||||
retry = 3600
|
||||
expire = 604800
|
||||
minimum = 3600
|
||||
heise.de nameserver = ns.s.plusline.de.
|
||||
heise.de nameserver = ns.heise.de.
|
||||
heise.de nameserver = ns.pop-hannover.de.
|
||||
heise.de nameserver = ns2.pop-hannover.net.
|
||||
heise.de nameserver = ns.plusline.de.
|
||||
Name: heise.de
|
||||
Address: 193.99.144.80
|
||||
heise.de has AAAA address 2a02:2e0:3fe:100::8
|
||||
heise.de mail exchanger = 10 relay.heise.de.
|
||||
heise.de text = "v=spf1 ip4:193.99.144.0/24 ip4:193.99.145.0/24 ?all"
|
||||
|
||||
Authoritative answers can be found from:
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>Hier wurde zunächst der DNS-Server auf 8.8.4.4 gestellt, dann die Abfrage auf alle Einträge erweitert (set q=any) und schließlich die Zone heise.de abgefragt.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&veaction=edit&section=3" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Siehe auch">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&action=edit&section=3" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Siehe auch">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rekursive_und_iterative_Namensaufl%C3%B6sung" title="Rekursive und iterative Namensauflösung">Rekursive und iterative Namensauflösung</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/wiki/MX_Resource_Record" title="MX Resource Record">MX Resource Record</a></li></ul>
|
||||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Weblinks">Weblinks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&veaction=edit&section=4" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Weblinks">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&action=edit&section=4" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Weblinks">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||||
<ul><li><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=nslookup&sec=1">nslookup(1)</a></code>: query Internet name servers interactively – <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> General Commands <a href="/wiki/Manpage" title="Manpage">Manual</a></li></ul></div><noscript><img src="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" /></noscript>
|
||||
<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Abgerufen von „<a dir="ltr" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&oldid=221187994">https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&oldid=221187994</a>“</div></div>
|
||||
<div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorien" title="Wikipedia:Kategorien">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Domain_Name_System" title="Kategorie:Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a></li></ul></div></div>
|
||||
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|
||||
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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-anonuserpage" class="mw-list-item"><span title="Benutzerseite der IP-Adresse von der aus du Änderungen durchführst">Nicht angemeldet</span></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Meine_Diskussionsseite" title="Diskussion über Änderungen von dieser IP-Adresse [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussionsseite</span></a></li><li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Meine_Beitr%C3%A4ge" title="Eine Liste der Bearbeitungen, die von dieser IP-Adresse gemacht wurden [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Beiträge</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Benutzerkonto_anlegen&returnto=Nslookup" title="Wir ermutigen dich dazu, ein Benutzerkonto zu erstellen und dich anzumelden. Es ist jedoch nicht zwingend erforderlich."><span>Benutzerkonto erstellen</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Anmelden&returnto=Nslookup" title="Anmelden ist zwar keine Pflicht, wird aber gerne gesehen. [o]" accesskey="o"><span>Anmelden</span></a></li></ul>
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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-view" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nslookup"><span>Lesen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&veaction=edit" title="Diese Seite mit dem VisualEditor bearbeiten [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&action=edit" title="Diese Seite bearbeiten [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&action=history" title="Frühere Versionen dieser Seite [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Versionsgeschichte</span></a></li></ul>
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@media (min-width:600px) {
|
||||
dl {
|
||||
grid-template-columns: 240px calc(100% - 240px);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
dt, dd {
|
||||
margin-left: 0;
|
||||
padding: 6px 4px
|
||||
}
|
||||
dt:nth-child(4n -1),
|
||||
dd:nth-child(4n) {
|
||||
background-color: #efefef
|
||||
}
|
||||
</style>
|
||||
|
||||
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mediaevent.de/tutorial/http-request.html">
|
||||
<meta property="og:title" content="Der HTTP-Request: Daten vom Server holen | mediaevent.de">
|
||||
<meta property="og:description" content="Die Webseite mit mit Bildern, CSS- und Javascript-Dateien wird nicht in einem Rutsch übertragen, sondern Datei für Datei. Jede Anfrage ist ein HTTP-Request.">
|
||||
<meta property="og:type" content="website">
|
||||
<meta property="og:image" content="https://www.mediaevent.de/tutorial/svg/http-request.png">
|
||||
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
|
||||
<meta name="twitter:domain" content="https://www.mediaevent.de">
|
||||
<meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.mediaevent.de/tutorial/http-request.html">
|
||||
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Der HTTP-Request: Daten vom Server holen | mediaevent.de">
|
||||
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Die Webseite mit mit Bildern, CSS- und Javascript-Dateien wird nicht in einem Rutsch übertragen, sondern Datei für Datei. Jede Anfrage ist ein HTTP-Request.">
|
||||
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.mediaevent.de/tutorial/svg/http-request.png">
|
||||
|
||||
<script type="application/ld+json">
|
||||
{
|
||||
"@context": "http://schema.org",
|
||||
"@type": "WebPage",
|
||||
"headline": "Der HTTP-Request: Daten vom Server holen",
|
||||
"datePublished": "2007-08-09",
|
||||
"dateModified": "2021-11-18",
|
||||
"lastReviewed": "2021-11-18",
|
||||
"description": "Die Webseite mit mit Bildern, CSS- und Javascript-Dateien wird nicht in einem Rutsch übertragen, sondern Datei für Datei. Jede Anfrage ist ein HTTP-Request,",
|
||||
"primaryImageOfPage": "https://www.mediaevent.de/tutorial/svg/http-request.svg",
|
||||
"image": "https://www.mediaevent.de/tutorial/svg/http-request.png"
|
||||
}
|
||||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="cat-tutorial">
|
||||
<!--sphider_noindex-->
|
||||
<div class="top-menu" id="top-menu">
|
||||
<ul class="reframe">
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.mediaevent.de/" rel="home">Home</a></li><li><a href="/anfrage.html">Kontakt</a></li><li><a href="/impressum.html">Impressum</a></li><li><a href="/datenschutz.html">Datenschutz</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<header class="branding">
|
||||
<div class="layout-row layout-flexbox">
|
||||
<div id="top-logo"><a href="https://www.mediaevent.de/" aria-label="mediaevent.de Home-Link – Logo"><svg viewBox="0 0 300 300" width="68" height="68"><title>mediaevent.de Home – Logo</title><path id="m1" d="M 134 3 C 115.5 3 95 16 88.5 36 C 83 53.7 83 70 83 70 C 83 70 52 58.7 24.6 90 C -5 123 13 178 13 178 L 59 226.4 L 90 196 L 37 143.4 C 37 143.4 35.5 134 43 124.4 C 54 111 63.2 105 80 121.4 C 89.27 130.8 106.5 148 121.8 163.7 L 153 132.4 L 101 80 C 101 80 99 71 107 61 C 117.6 47.7 127 41.5 143.4 58 C 152.8 67.55 170 85 185 100.3 L 216.2 69.3 C 200 53 174 27 156.4 11 C 150.5 5.4 142.5 3 134 3 z " /><use xlink:href="#m1" fill="hsl(12,60%,50%)" /><use transform="translate(280,300) rotate(180)" xlink:href="#m1" fill="hsl(12,60%,70%)" /></svg></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="site-title"><a href="https://www.mediaevent.de/" rel="home">CSS, HTML und Javascript mit {stil}</a></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</header>
|
||||
|
||||
<nav class="topbar">
|
||||
<input type="checkbox" id="hamburg"><label for="hamburg" class="hamburg"><span class="hamburg-line1"></span><span class="hamburg-line2"></span><span class="hamburg-line3"></span></label>
|
||||
<ul class="layout-row">
|
||||
<li class="menu-css"><a href="/css/">CSS</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="menu-html"><a href="/html/">HTML</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="menu-javascript-basis"><a href="/javascript/">Javascript <span>Basis</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="menu-javascript"><a href="/javascript/DOM.html">Javascript <span>für Webseiten</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="menu-tutorials"><a href="/tutorial/">Tutorials</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="menu-svg"><a href="/tutorial/svg.html">SVG / 3D-Canvas <span>MathML</span></a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
<!--/sphider_noindex-->
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="https://ssl-vg03.met.vgwort.de/na/aa43bb9e91a14239980e5913106fc3d7" width="1" height="1" alt="">
|
||||
<header class="entry-header">
|
||||
<div class="layout-row">
|
||||
<time datetime="2021-11-18">Nov 2021</time>
|
||||
<h1>Der HTTP-Request: Daten vom Server holen</h1>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</header>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="main-line">
|
||||
<div class="headsvg">
|
||||
<img src="https://www.mediaevent.de/tutorial/svg/http-request.svg" width="720" height="432" alt="Webdesign: HTTP-Request und HTTP2">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="excerpt">
|
||||
<p>Die Webseite mit ihren Ressourcen wie Bildern, CSS- und Javascript-Dateien wird nicht in einem Rutsch übertragen, sondern Datei für Datei. CSS- und Javascript-Dateien sowie Bilder der HTML-Seite werden mit weiteren Anfragen an den Server geladen, und jede Anfrage ist ein HTTP-Request.</p>
|
||||
<p>Für diesen Ablauf ist das HTTP-Protokoll zuständig. Protokolle regeln den Nachrichtenaustausch und die Formatierung von Daten zwischen Client (z.B. Browser) und Server.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="adds topadds" aria-hidden="true">
|
||||
<div id="mediaevent_mr_1"></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="search">
|
||||
<form class="scout cf" action="/webscout/search.php" method="get" id="searchform">
|
||||
<input type="text" name="query" id="squery" maxlength="64" placeholder="Suchbegriff(e)" value="">
|
||||
<label for="sub"><button id="sub" type="submit">Suchen</button></label>
|
||||
<input type="hidden" name="search" value="1">
|
||||
</form>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<header class="sitemap">
|
||||
<a href="#nav_menu" style="width:240px;height:80px;display:inline-block">
|
||||
<svg width="200" height="40" viewBox="0 0 500 80">
|
||||
<title>18-12-15</title>
|
||||
<g style="cursor:pointer">
|
||||
<g stroke="#000" stroke-width="12" stroke-linecap="round">
|
||||
<path d="m 10,18 100,0"></path><path d="m 30,43 80,0"></path><path d="m 50,68 60,0"></path></g>
|
||||
<text font-size="50" font-weight="400">
|
||||
<tspan x="130" y="55">SITEMAP</tspan>
|
||||
<tspan class="hiding cat-css" y="55">CSS</tspan>
|
||||
<tspan class="hiding cat-html" y="55">HTML</tspan>
|
||||
<tspan class="hiding cat-js-basis" y="55">JS Basis</tspan>
|
||||
<tspan class="hiding cat-js" y="55">JS Web</tspan>
|
||||
<tspan class="hiding cat-tut" y="55">Tutorial</tspan>
|
||||
<tspan class="hiding cat-svg" y="55">SVG</tspan>
|
||||
</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</header>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<main>
|
||||
<div class="entry-content">
|
||||
|
||||
<section data-title="Protokoll">
|
||||
<h2>HTTP – Hypertext Transfer-Protokoll</h2>
|
||||
<p>Die prominentesten Protokolle des Internets sind <a href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt">HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)</a> und FTP (File Transfer Protocol). POP3 ist ein Protokoll für den Emailabruf, SSH (Secure Shell) ein verschlüsseltes Terminal für den Remote Zugang zum Server.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<figure style="max-width:640px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto">
|
||||
<img src="svg/http-request-ablauf.svg" width="1200" height="318" alt="http-request-ablauf">
|
||||
<figcaption>Ablauf beim HTTP-Request</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
<p>Wenn der Benutzer eine Adresse in das Adressfeld seines Browsers eingibt oder ein Formular an die Adresse im action-Attribut absendet, wird die Adresse als HTTP-Request an den Server geschickt. Der Browser ist der HTTP-Client und der Server ist der HTTP-Server.</p>
|
||||
<p>HTTP ist ein zustandloses Protokoll. Nach einer Datenübertragung muss die Verbindung zwischen dem Client und dem Server nicht aufrecht erhalten werden.</p>
|
||||
<p>Bei der Übertragung weiterer Daten muss der Client eine neue Verbindung aufbauen, die nichts über den vorangegangenen Ablauf weiß. Für eine Webseite mit vier Bildern und einem Stylesheet waren beim HTTP 1.0-Protokol noch sechs Anfragen erforderlich, das HTTP 1.1-Protokoll hingegen konnte schon mehrere Anfragen und Antworten innerhalb einer Verbindung austauschen und abgebrochene Verbindungen fortsetzen.</p>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
|
||||
<section data-title="HTTP 2">
|
||||
<h2>HTTP 2</h2>
|
||||
<p>Seit 2015 ist HTTP/2 der neue Standard – mit besserer Performance als HTTP/1.1, besserer Komprimierung des HTTP-Headers und vor allem Dank des Multiplexing mehrerer simultaner Requests auf derselben Verbindung.</p>
|
||||
<p>Den ganz großen Durchbruch bei der Geschwindigkeit bringt HTTP/2 nicht, denn HTTP/2 ist kompatibel zu HTTP/1.1 geblieben und erfordert außerdem eine verschlüsselte Verbindung (HTTPS), die den Transfer einen Tick verlängert. Aber dank der Kompatibilität bleiben uns die lieben alten Funktionen vom Cookie bis zum GET und POST erhalten.</p>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="block-cover">
|
||||
<div class="svginside" style="max-width: 1300px">
|
||||
<img loading="lazy" src="svg/http1-1.svg" width="1400" height="366" alt="HTTP 1.1">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="svginside" style="max-width: 1300px">
|
||||
<img loading="lazy" src="svg/http2.svg" width="1400" height="366" alt="HTTP 1.1">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<section data-title="HTTP-Request und HTTP-Response">
|
||||
<h2>HTTP-Request und HTTP-Response</h2>
|
||||
<p>Nach dem Aufbau einer Verbindung zum Server überträgt der HTTP-Client einen Request in einem festgelegten Format:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>eine Anfangszeile</li>
|
||||
<li>eine Reihe von Headerzeilen </li>
|
||||
<li>eine Leerzeile</li>
|
||||
<li>eine Nachricht (optional)</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Die dreiteilige Anfangszeile besteht aus dem Namen der Methode, dem Pfad zur angeforderten Ressource und der verwendeten HTTP-Version. Eine typische Anfrage kann folgendermaßen aussehen</p>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="codebox">
|
||||
<h6>HTTP 1.1 Request </h6>
|
||||
<p>(Angabe einer voll qualifizierten URL und die Headerzeile HOST erforderlich)</p>
|
||||
<pre>
|
||||
GET http://wisotop.de/test.html HTTP/1.1
|
||||
HOST: wisotop.de
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Headerzeilen senden zusätzliche Informationen über den Request oder die Daten des Nachrichtenbodys, z.B. die gewünschte Sprache. Jede Headerzeile vermerkt ein Name-/Wertpaar, wobei Name und Wert durch einen Doppelpunkt getrennt werden.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<pre>
|
||||
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X Mach-O; de; rv:1.8.0.4)
|
||||
Gecko/20060508 Firefox/1.5.0.4
|
||||
Accept: */*
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Das Acceptfeld signalisiert dem Server, welche Formate der Client akzeptiert. Da moderne Server nahezu alle Formate verarbeiten können, wird meist der Mime-Typ */* verwendet.</p>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
|
||||
<section data-title="HTTP-Response">
|
||||
<h2>HTTP-Response</h2>
|
||||
<p>Als Antwort auf einen derartigen Request sendet der Server eine HTTP-Response, wobei die erste Zeile auch als Statuszeile bezeichnet wird. In dieser Zeile gibt der Server die HTTP-Version als Echo zurück sowie einen Response-Statuscode im Form von drei Ziffern und eine kurze Textnachricht, die als Reason Phase bezeichnet wird.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<pre>
|
||||
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
||||
Server: Apache/2.0.49
|
||||
Content-Language: de
|
||||
Content-Type: text/html
|
||||
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X; de-de) AppleWebKit/312.8
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Der Response-Statuscode und die Reason Phase sind Klartext-Mitteilungen derselben Nachricht, wobei die Reason Phase von Server zu Server ein wenig variieren kann.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt>1** - Information</dt><dd>Informationsmeldungen</dd>
|
||||
<dt>2**—Success</dt><dd>Die Anfrage wurde erfolgreich durchgeführt</dd>
|
||||
<dt>200 - OK</dt><dd>Die Anfrage war erfolgreich</dd>
|
||||
<dt>204 - No Content</dt><dd>Das Dokument enthält keine Daten</dd>
|
||||
<dt>3**—Redirected</dt><dd>für eine erfolgreiche Bearbeitung der Anfrage werden weitere Informationen benötigt</dd>
|
||||
<dt>301 - Moved Permanently</dt><dd>Das angefragte Dokument ist dauerhaft zu einer anderen URI umgezogen</dd>
|
||||
<dt>4**—Client error </dt><dd>Wahrscheinlich liegt die Ursache für das Scheitern einer Anfrage beim Client</dd>
|
||||
<dt>401 - Not Authorized</dt><dd>Der Request muss vom Benutzer authentifiziert werden</dd>
|
||||
<dt>403 - Forbidden</dt><dd>Der Server weist den Request zurück</dd>
|
||||
<dt>404 - Not Found</dt><dd>Die angeforderte Ressource existiert nicht</dd>
|
||||
<dt>5**—Server error</dt><dd></dd>
|
||||
<dt>500 - Internal Server Error</dt><dd>wahrscheinlich liegt die Ursache des Scheitern einer Anfrage beim Server</dd>
|
||||
<dt>503 - Service Unavailable</dt><dd></dd>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
<p>Die Antwort kann ebenfalls Headerzeilen enthalten, von denen jede aus einem Header und einem Wertepaar besteht.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<pre>
|
||||
HTTP Status Code: HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
||||
Server: Apache/2.0.49 (Linux/SuSE)
|
||||
Date: Thu, 13 Jul 2006 07:19:43 GMT
|
||||
Content-Type: text/html
|
||||
Connection: close
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
|
||||
<section data-title="Die HTTP-Request-Methoden">
|
||||
<h2>Die HTTP-Request-Methoden</h2>
|
||||
<p>Mit den Methoden des HTTP-Requests sind wir vertraut, sobald wir das erste <a href="/html/form.html">Formular auf eine Webseite</a> setzen. Dabei beschränkt sich die Begegnung auf die Methoden GET und POST.</p>
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt>GET</dt><dd>Inhalte vom Server anfordern.</dd>
|
||||
<dt>POST</dt><dd>Sendet Daten zum Server: Inhalte vom Server anfordern und zusätzlich einen Datenblock aus Name-/Wertpaaren (z.B. aus einem Formular) übermitteln. Grundsätzlich können Daten auch mit GET übertragen werden, aber die zulässige Datenmenge bei POST ist größer.</dd>
|
||||
<dt>HEAD</dt><dd>Weist den Server an, den HTTP-Header, nicht jedoch den Inhalt des Dokuments zu senden. So kann z.B. die Existenz einer gelinkte Seite geprüft werden.</dd>
|
||||
<dt>PUT</dt><dd>Führt ein Update auf einer Ressource durch – Dateien auf den Webserver laden. Wird aus Sicherheitsgründen kaum implementiert.</dd>
|
||||
<dt>DELETE</dt><dd>Löscht die Datei auf dem Server. Wird aus Sicherheitsgründen kaum implementiert.</dd>
|
||||
<dt>TRACE </dt><dd>liefert die Anfrage so zurück, wie der Server sie empfangen hat. Wird z.B. für das Debuggen von Verbindungen benutzt, ist aber auf vielen Servern aus Sicherheitsgründen nicht implementiert.</dd>
|
||||
<dt>CONNECT</dt><dd>wird von Proxy-Servern implementiert</dd>
|
||||
<dt>PATCH</dt><dd>Änderungen an einer Ressource</dd>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
|
||||
<section data-title="HTTP/2">
|
||||
<h2>HTTP/1.1 und HTTP/2</h2>
|
||||
<p>HTTP1 wurde 1996 definiert, als Webseiten nur selten mehr als 20 KB erreichten, als CSS noch über den Wolken hing und Javascript nur für die Validierung von Formularen und simple Effekte eingesetzt wurde.</p>
|
||||
<p>HTTP/1.1 wurde 1997 vorgestellt, 1999 und 2014 gab es Updates. Der wichtigste Unterschied dürfte die Unterstützung mehrerer Verbindungen pro Request sein. Mehrere Verbindungen – das bringt eine kürzere Latenzzeit (Verzögerung zwischen Request und Response).</p>
|
||||
<p>HTTP/2 ist die jüngste Fassung. Der Server kann Daten übertragen, die vom Client noch gar nicht angefordert wurden, die aber für die vollständige Darstellung der Seite gebraucht werden. HTTP/2 kann zusätzliche Requests über eine einzige TCP-Verbindung bündeln und gleichzeitig übertragen – auf die Antwort zu warten: kürzere Wartezeiten.</p>
|
||||
<p>Sowohl Server also auch Client müssen HTTP/2 unterstützen – alle modernen Browser schaffen das. Wenn der Server HTTP/2 unterstützt, holt sich der Browser die Seiten automatisch über HTTP/2. HTTPS erforderlich: Wenn der Browser keine verschlüsselte Verbindung aushandeln kann, fällt er auf HTTP/1.1-Protokoll zurück.</p>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
|
||||
<section>
|
||||
<h2>HTTP/2 – Auswirkungen auf das Webdesign</h2>
|
||||
<p>Auch wenn HTTP/2 Webseiten keine Flügel verleiht und vom Benutzer mehr oder minder kaum wahrgenommen wird, hat der Einsatz von HTTP/2 Auswirkungen auf das Webdesign.
|
||||
<p>Wo früher Image Spites viele relativ kleine Bilder zu einem großen Bild zusammen gesetzt haben, damit das CSS sie wieder auseinander pflückte, kann man sich diesen aufwändigen Prozess mit HTTP/2 in vielen Fällen sparen. Dasselbe gilt für das <a href="/javascript/performance.html">Zusammenstellen großer Javascript-Dateien</a> aus der Vielzahl der verwendeten Scripte und auch für CSS-Dateien.
|
||||
Mit HTTP/2 bringen diese Verfahren nicht mehr dieselben Vorteile wie in HTTP/1.1, dafür u.U. aber neue Nachteile:
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>Der Benutzer bekommt große Dateien serviert, von denen er vielleicht nur einen Teil tatsächlich braucht. Mit HTTP/2 ist es sinnvoller, Ressourcen effizient nur dort einzusetzen, wo sie gebraucht werden.
|
||||
<li>Eine Base64-Data-URL ist ebenfalls eher kontraproduktiv im Vergleich zum Einbinden der Datei.
|
||||
<li>HTTP2 kann Inline-Inhalte nicht cachen. Modulare externe CSS- und Javascript-Dateien hingegen können effizient gecacht werden, ohne einen zusätzlichen Request zum Server anzufordern.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>Die sichtbaren Geschwindigkeitsvorteile sind – wie bereits erwähnt – kein berauschender Höhenflug, sondern bei der Betrachtung der Ladezeit einzelner Seiten eher <em>naja, nett</em>. Sichtbar werden die Vorteile von HTTP 2 bei hohen Besucherzahlen in der Gesamtbeurteilung.</p>
|
||||
<p>Ob die Seiten über HTTP 1.1 oder HTTP 2 geliefert werden, kann man in der Chrome-Console testen:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<pre>
|
||||
console.log(performance.getEntries()[0].nextHopProtocol)
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Bei HTTP2 ist die Antwort kurz und bündig h2, ansonsten http/1.1.</p>
|
||||
<div style="display:none" class="headers"></div>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
|
||||
<section data-title="Cookies und Query-Strings">
|
||||
<h2>Cookies und Query-Strings</h2>
|
||||
<p>Aber auch mit HTTP/2 hat das HTTP-Protokoll kein Gedächtnis. Um Informationen von einer HTML-Seite auf die nächste Seite zu schaffen (z.B. bei mehrseitigen Formularen) müssen Verfahren wie <a href="/javascript/cookies.html">Cookies</a>, Query-Strings oder PHP-Session eingesetzt werden.</p>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
|
||||
<nav>
|
||||
<h3>Mehr zum HTTP-Request</h3>
|
||||
<ul itemscope itemtype="http://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement">
|
||||
<li itemprop="name"><a itemprop="url" href="/javascript/formulare-http.html">Wie funktionieren Formulare in Webseiten?</a> HTML alleine reicht nicht für die Formularverarbeitung.</li>
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<li itemprop="name"><a itemprop="url" href="/javascript/XmlHttp-Request.html">Javascript XMLHttpRequest und Ajax</a> Datenaustausch zwischen Client und Server, ohne die Seite neu zu laden.</li>
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<li itemprop="name"><a itemprop="url" href="/javascript/data-attribute.html">Javascript data-attribute</a> speichern alles, was in einem String stehen kann – ähnlich wie JSON.</li>
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2">HTTP 2</a> auf Wikipedia</li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.sitepoint.com/what-is-http2/">What is HTTP/2?</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://http2.github.io/http2-spec/">Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2)</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://http2.github.io/faq/">HTTP/2 Frequently Asked Questions</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.nginx.com/blog/nginx-1-13-9-http2-server-push/">Introducing HTTP/2 Server Push with NGINX 1.13.9</a></li>
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<li><a href="/tutorial/css-keyframes-slideshow.html"><i>Simple CSS Slideshow</i> einfach nur CSS</a></li>
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<li><a href="/tutorial/http-request.html">Der HTTP-Request</a>
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90
m239/40 - Protokolle/Protokoll HTTP/12 - How the web works
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90
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966
m239/40 - Protokolle/Protokoll HTTP/50 - HTTP-Statuscodes
Normal file
966
m239/40 - Protokolle/Protokoll HTTP/50 - HTTP-Statuscodes
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,966 @@
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html>
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||||
<html class="client-nojs" lang="de" dir="ltr">
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|
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"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.flaggedRevs.icons":"ready","oojs-ui-core.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.indicators":"ready","mediawiki.widgets.styles":"ready","oojs-ui-core.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.eventLogging",
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=de&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%2Cicons%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cmediawiki.widgets.styles%7Coojs-ui-core.icons%2Cstyles%7Coojs-ui.styles.indicators%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector"/>
|
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<script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=de&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script>
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||||
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/>
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<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/>
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<meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/HTTP_404.png"/>
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||||
<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/>
|
||||
<meta property="og:image:height" content="781"/>
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||||
<meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/HTTP_404.png"/>
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||||
<meta property="og:image:width" content="800"/>
|
||||
<meta property="og:image:height" content="521"/>
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||||
<meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/HTTP_404.png/640px-HTTP_404.png"/>
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||||
<meta property="og:image:width" content="640"/>
|
||||
<meta property="og:image:height" content="417"/>
|
||||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=1000"/>
|
||||
<meta property="og:title" content="HTTP-Statuscode – Wikipedia"/>
|
||||
<meta property="og:type" content="website"/>
|
||||
<link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"/>
|
||||
<link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 720px)" href="//de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP-Statuscode"/>
|
||||
<link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Seite bearbeiten" href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&action=edit"/>
|
||||
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|
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||||
<link rel="canonical" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP-Statuscode"/>
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<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" />
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<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"/>
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|
||||
<body class="skin-vector-legacy mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-HTTP-Statuscode rootpage-HTTP-Statuscode skin-vector action-view vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-language-alert-in-sidebar-enabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-edit-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-enabled vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div>
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||||
<div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div>
|
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<div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">
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<a id="top"></a>
|
||||
<div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> </div>
|
||||
<div class="mw-indicators">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">HTTP-Statuscode</span></h1>
|
||||
<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body">
|
||||
<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie</div>
|
||||
<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div>
|
||||
<div id="contentSub2"></div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="jump-to-nav"></div>
|
||||
<a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Zur Navigation springen</a>
|
||||
<a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Zur Suche springen</a>
|
||||
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p>Ein <b>HTTP-Statuscode</b> wird von einem <a href="/wiki/Server" title="Server">Server</a> auf jede <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a>-Anfrage als Antwort geliefert. Auf der anfragenden Seite steht dabei ein <a href="/wiki/Client" title="Client">Client</a> wie beispielsweise ein <a href="/wiki/Webbrowser" title="Webbrowser">Webbrowser</a>. Der Server teilt durch den HTTP-Statuscode dem Client mit, ob die Anfrage erfolgreich bearbeitet wurde. Im Fehlerfall gibt der Statuscode Auskunft darüber, wo (beispielsweise über eine Umleitung) oder wie (zum Beispiel mit <a href="/wiki/HTTP-Authentifizierung" title="HTTP-Authentifizierung">Authentifizierung</a>) er die gewünschten Informationen erhalten kann. Am bekanntesten sind dabei die Codes 404: „Nicht gefunden“, 403: „Fehlende Zugriffsberechtigung“ und 400: „Fehlerhafte Anfrage“.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/Datei:HTTP_404.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/HTTP_404.png/220px-HTTP_404.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/HTTP_404.png/330px-HTTP_404.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/HTTP_404.png/440px-HTTP_404.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="468" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/Datei:HTTP_404.png" class="internal" title="vergrößern und Informationen zum Bild anzeigen"></a></div>Beispiel einer Webseite, die von einem Webserver zusätzlich zum 404 Statuscode gesendet wurde.</div></div></div>
|
||||
<p>Die erste Ziffer eines Statuscodes stellt die Statusklasse dar. Sie sind in <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231">RFC 7231</a> (ersetzt <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616">RFC 2616</a>), sowie <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2518">RFC 2518</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2817">RFC 2817</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2295">RFC 2295</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2774">RFC 2774</a> und <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4918">RFC 4918</a> spezifiziert. Einige gehören zum <a href="/wiki/WebDAV" title="WebDAV">Distributed Authoring (WebDAV)</a>.
|
||||
</p><p>Neben den in <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> standardisierten Statuscodes verwenden manche Softwarehersteller auch <a href="/wiki/Propriet%C3%A4r" title="Proprietär">proprietäre</a> Codes für eigens definierte Status- und Fehlermeldungen. Andere Software kann dem Benutzer diese Codes nur als allgemeinen unbekannten Fehler anzeigen; nicht aber eine Übersetzung und Hinweise zum weiteren Vorgehen. Teilweise können die Server den Begleitumständen der Anfrage bereits entnehmen, dass es sich um die zugehörige Spezialsoftware handelt, und geben nur dann die proprietären Codes zurück. In diesem Artikel sind einige proprietäre Codes aufgeführt und entsprechend gekennzeichnet.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="de" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Inhaltsverzeichnis</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Liste_der_HTTP-Statuscodes"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Liste der HTTP-Statuscodes</span></a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#1xx_–_Informationen"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">1xx – Informationen</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#2xx_–_Erfolgreiche_Operation"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">2xx – Erfolgreiche Operation</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#3xx_–_Umleitung"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">3xx – Umleitung</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#4xx_–_Client-Fehler"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">4xx – Client-Fehler</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#5xx_–_Server-Fehler"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">5xx – Server-Fehler</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#9xx_–_Proprietäre_Fehler"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">9xx – Proprietäre Fehler</span></a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Siehe_auch"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Siehe auch</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Weblinks"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Weblinks</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Einzelnachweise"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Einzelnachweise</span></a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Liste_der_HTTP-Statuscodes">Liste der HTTP-Statuscodes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&veaction=edit&section=1" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Liste der HTTP-Statuscodes">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&action=edit&section=1" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Liste der HTTP-Statuscodes">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||||
<h3><span id="1xx_.E2.80.93_Informationen"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1xx_–_Informationen"><span id="g1xx"></span> 1xx – Informationen</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&veaction=edit&section=2" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: 1xx – Informationen">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&action=edit&section=2" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: 1xx – Informationen">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
|
||||
<p>Die Bearbeitung der Anfrage dauert noch an.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<table class="wikitable">
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody><tr>
|
||||
<th>Code
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th>Nachricht
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th>Bedeutung
|
||||
</th></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code100"></span>100
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Continue</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die laufende Anfrage an den Server wurde noch nicht zurückgewiesen. (Wird im Zusammenhang mit dem „Expect 100-continue“-Header-Feld verwendet.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>) Der Client kann nun mit der potentiell sehr großen Anfrage fortfahren.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code101"></span>101
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Switching Protocols</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Wird verwendet, wenn der Server eine Anfrage mit gesetztem „Upgrade“-Header-Feld empfangen hat und mit dem Wechsel zu einem anderen Protokoll einverstanden ist. Anwendung findet dieser Status-Code beispielsweise im Wechsel von HTTP zu <a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a>.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code102"></span>102
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Processing</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Wird verwendet, um ein Timeout zu vermeiden, während der Server eine zeitintensive Anfrage bearbeitet.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> Dies ist eine Interim-Antwort, auf die auf derselben Verbindung ohne weitere Client-Anfrage eine endgültige Antwort folgen muss.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code103"></span>103
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Early Hints</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Wird zusammen mit dem „Link“ Header verwendet, um das Vorladen von Ressourcen zu ermöglichen, während der Server die finale Antwort noch vorbereitet.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
|
||||
</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||||
<h3><span id="2xx_.E2.80.93_Erfolgreiche_Operation"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="2xx_–_Erfolgreiche_Operation"><span id="g2xx"></span> 2xx – Erfolgreiche Operation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&veaction=edit&section=3" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: 2xx – Erfolgreiche Operation">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&action=edit&section=3" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: 2xx – Erfolgreiche Operation">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
|
||||
<p>Die Anfrage war erfolgreich, die Antwort kann verwertet werden.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<table class="wikitable">
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody><tr>
|
||||
<th>Code
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th>Nachricht
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th>Bedeutung
|
||||
</th></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code200"></span>200
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>OK</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die Anfrage wurde erfolgreich bearbeitet und das Ergebnis der Anfrage wird in der Antwort übertragen.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code201"></span>201
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Created</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die Anfrage wurde erfolgreich bearbeitet. Die angeforderte Ressource wurde vor dem Senden der Antwort erstellt. Das „Location“-Header-Feld enthält eventuell die Adresse der erstellten Ressource.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code202"></span>202
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Accepted</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die Anfrage wurde akzeptiert, wird aber zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt ausgeführt. Das Gelingen der Anfrage kann nicht garantiert werden.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code203"></span>203
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Non-Authoritative Information</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Der Server agiert als „Transforming <a href="/wiki/Proxy_(Rechnernetz)" title="Proxy (Rechnernetz)">Proxy</a>“, erhielt eine <i>200 OK</i> Antwort von der Quelle und antwortet mit einem veränderten Dokument der Quelle.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code204"></span>204
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>No Content</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die Anfrage wurde erfolgreich durchgeführt, die Antwort enthält jedoch bewusst keine Daten.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code205"></span>205
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Reset Content</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die Anfrage wurde erfolgreich durchgeführt; der Client soll das Dokument neu aufbauen und Formulareingaben zurücksetzen.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code206"></span>206
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Partial Content</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Der angeforderte Teil wurde erfolgreich übertragen (wird im Zusammenhang mit einem „Content-Range“-Header-Feld oder dem Content-Type multipart/byteranges verwendet). Kann einen Client über Teil-Downloads informieren (wird zum Beispiel von <a href="/wiki/Wget" title="Wget">Wget</a> genutzt, um den Downloadfortschritt zu überwachen oder einen Download in mehrere Streams aufzuteilen).
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code207"></span>207
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Multi-Status</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>WebDAV <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4918">RFC 4918</a> – Die Antwort enthält ein in WebDAV spezifiziertes XML-Dokument, das mehrere Statuscodes zu unabhängig voneinander durchgeführten Operationen enthält.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code208"></span>208
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Already Reported</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>WebDAV <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5842">RFC 5842</a> – Die Mitglieder einer WebDAV-Bindung wurden bereits zuvor aufgezählt und sind in dieser Anfrage nicht mehr vorhanden.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code226"></span>226
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>IM Used</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3229">RFC 3229</a> – Der Server hat eine GET-Anforderung für die Ressource erfüllt, die Antwort ist eine Darstellung des Ergebnisses von einer oder mehrerer Instanz-Manipulationen, bezogen auf die aktuelle Instanz.
|
||||
</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||||
<h3><span id="3xx_.E2.80.93_Umleitung"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="3xx_–_Umleitung"><span id="g3xx"></span> 3xx – Umleitung</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&veaction=edit&section=4" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: 3xx – Umleitung">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&action=edit&section=4" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: 3xx – Umleitung">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
|
||||
<p>Um eine erfolgreiche Bearbeitung der Anfrage sicherzustellen, sind weitere Schritte seitens des Clients erforderlich.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<table class="wikitable">
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody><tr>
|
||||
<th>Code
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th>Nachricht
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th>Bedeutung
|
||||
</th></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code300"></span>300
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Multiple Choices</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die angeforderte Ressource steht in verschiedenen Arten zur Verfügung. Die Antwort enthält eine Liste der verfügbaren Arten. Das „Location“-Header-Feld enthält eventuell die Adresse der vom Server bevorzugten Repräsentation.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code301"></span>301
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Moved Permanently</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die angeforderte Ressource steht ab sofort unter der im „Location“-Header-Feld angegebenen Adresse bereit (auch Redirect genannt). Die alte Adresse ist nicht länger gültig.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code302"></span>302
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Found</i></span> (<span lang="en"><i>Moved Temporarily</i></span>)
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die angeforderte Ressource steht vorübergehend unter der im „Location“-Header-Feld angegebenen Adresse bereit.<sup id="cite_ref-RFC1945_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC1945-6">[6]</a></sup> Die alte Adresse bleibt gültig. Die Browser folgen meist mit einem GET, auch wenn der ursprüngliche Request ein POST war. Wird in HTTP/1.1 je nach Anwendungsfall durch die Statuscodes 303 oder 307 ersetzt. 302-Weiterleitung ist aufgrund eines Suchmaschinen-Fehlers, des <a href="/wiki/URL-Hijacking" title="URL-Hijacking">URL-Hijackings</a>, in Kritik geraten.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code303"></span>303
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>See Other</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die Antwort auf die durchgeführte Anfrage lässt sich unter der im „Location“-Header-Feld angegebenen Adresse beziehen. Der Browser soll mit einem GET folgen, auch wenn der ursprüngliche Request ein POST war.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code304"></span>304
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Not Modified</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Der Inhalt der angeforderten Ressource hat sich seit der letzten Abfrage des Clients nicht verändert und wird deshalb nicht übertragen. Zu den Einzelheiten siehe <a href="/wiki/Browser-Cache#Versionsvergleich" title="Browser-Cache">Browser-Cache-Versionsvergleich</a>.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code305"></span>305
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Use Proxy</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die angeforderte Ressource ist nur über einen Proxy erreichbar. Das „Location“-Header-Feld enthält die Adresse des Proxys.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code306"></span>306
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>(reserviert)</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>306 wird nicht mehr verwendet, ist aber reserviert. Es wurde für „Switch Proxy“ verwendet.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code307"></span>307
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Temporary Redirect</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die angeforderte Ressource steht vorübergehend unter der im „Location“-Header-Feld angegebenen Adresse bereit. Die alte Adresse bleibt gültig. Der Browser soll mit <i>derselben</i> Methode folgen wie beim ursprünglichen Request (d. h. einem POST folgt ein POST). Dies ist der wesentliche Unterschied zu 302/303.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code308"></span>308
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Permanent Redirect</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die angeforderte Ressource steht ab sofort unter der im „Location“-Header-Feld angegebenen Adresse bereit, die alte Adresse ist nicht länger gültig. Der Browser soll mit <i>derselben</i> Methode folgen wie beim ursprünglichen Request (d. h. einem POST folgt ein POST). Dies ist der wesentliche Unterschied zu 301.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
|
||||
</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||||
<h3><span id="4xx_.E2.80.93_Client-Fehler"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="4xx_–_Client-Fehler"><span id="g4xx"></span> 4xx – Client-Fehler</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&veaction=edit&section=5" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: 4xx – Client-Fehler">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&action=edit&section=5" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: 4xx – Client-Fehler">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
|
||||
<p>Die Ursache des Scheiterns der Anfrage liegt (eher) im Verantwortungsbereich des Clients.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<table class="wikitable">
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody><tr>
|
||||
<th>Code
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th>Nachricht
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th>Bedeutung
|
||||
</th></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code400"></span>400
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Bad Request</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die Anfrage-Nachricht war fehlerhaft aufgebaut.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code401"></span>401
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Unauthorized</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die Anfrage kann nicht ohne gültige Authentifizierung durchgeführt werden. Wie die Authentifizierung durchgeführt werden soll, wird im „WWW-Authenticate“-Header-Feld der Antwort übermittelt.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code402"></span>402
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Payment Required</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Bezahlung benötigt. Dieser Status ist für zukünftige HTTP-Protokolle reserviert.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code403"></span>403
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Forbidden</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die Anfrage wurde mangels Berechtigung des Clients nicht durchgeführt, bspw. weil der authentifizierte Benutzer nicht berechtigt ist oder eine als HTTPS konfigurierte URL nur mit HTTP aufgerufen wurde.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code404"></span>404
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Not Found</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die angeforderte Ressource wurde nicht gefunden. Dieser Statuscode kann ebenfalls verwendet werden, um eine Anfrage ohne näheren Grund abzuweisen. Links, die auf solche Fehlerseiten verweisen, werden auch als <a href="/wiki/Toter_Link" title="Toter Link">Tote Links</a> bezeichnet. „404“ gilt zudem als verbreitetes <a href="/wiki/Memes" class="mw-redirect" title="Memes">Meme</a>.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code405"></span>405
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Method Not Allowed</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die Anfrage darf nur mit anderen HTTP-Methoden (zum Beispiel GET statt POST) gestellt werden. Gültige Methoden für die betreffende Ressource werden im „Allow“-Header-Feld der Antwort übermittelt.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code406"></span>406
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Not Acceptable</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die angeforderte Ressource steht nicht in der gewünschten Form zur Verfügung. Gültige „Content-Type“-Werte können in der Antwort übermittelt werden.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code407"></span>407
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Proxy Authentication Required</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Analog zum Statuscode 401 ist hier zunächst eine Authentifizierung des Clients gegenüber dem verwendeten Proxy erforderlich. Wie die Authentifizierung durchgeführt werden soll, wird im „Proxy-Authenticate“-Header-Feld der Antwort übermittelt.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code408"></span>408
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Request Timeout</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Innerhalb der vom Server erlaubten Zeitspanne wurde keine vollständige Anfrage des Clients empfangen.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code409"></span>409
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Conflict</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die Anfrage wurde unter falschen Annahmen gestellt. Im Falle einer PUT-Anfrage kann dies zum Beispiel auf eine zwischenzeitliche Veränderung der Ressource durch Dritte zurückgehen.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code410"></span>410
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Gone</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die angeforderte Ressource wird nicht länger bereitgestellt und wurde dauerhaft entfernt.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code411"></span>411
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Length Required</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die Anfrage kann ohne ein „Content-Length“-Header-Feld nicht bearbeitet werden.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code412"></span>412
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Precondition Failed</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Eine in der Anfrage übertragene Voraussetzung, zum Beispiel in Form eines „If-Match“-Header-Felds, traf nicht zu.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code413"></span>413
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Payload Too Large</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die gestellte Anfrage war zu groß, um vom Server bearbeitet werden zu können. Ein „Retry-After“-Header-Feld in der Antwort kann den Client darauf hinweisen, dass die Anfrage eventuell zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt bearbeitet werden könnte.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code414"></span>414
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>URI Too Long</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die URL der Anfrage war zu lang. Ursache ist oft eine Endlosschleife aus Redirects.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code415"></span>415
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Unsupported Media Type</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Der Inhalt der Anfrage wurde mit ungültigem oder nicht erlaubtem Medientyp übermittelt.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code416"></span>416
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Range Not Satisfiable</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Der angeforderte Teil einer Ressource war ungültig oder steht auf dem Server nicht zur Verfügung.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code417"></span>417
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Expectation Failed</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Verwendet im Zusammenhang mit einem „Expect“-Header-Feld. Das im „Expect“-Header-Feld geforderte Verhalten des Servers kann nicht erfüllt werden.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code421"></span>421
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Misdirected Request</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die Anfrage wurde an einen Server gesendet, der nicht in der Lage ist, eine Antwort zu senden. Eingeführt in <a href="/wiki/HTTP/2" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP/2">HTTP/2</a>.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code422"></span>422
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Unprocessable Entity</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Verwendet, wenn weder die Rückgabe von Statuscode 415 noch 400 gerechtfertigt wäre, eine Verarbeitung der Anfrage jedoch zum Beispiel wegen <a href="/wiki/Semantik" title="Semantik">semantischer</a> Fehler abgelehnt wird.<sup id="cite_ref-RFC4918_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC4918-8">[8]</a></sup>
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code423"></span>423
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Locked</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die angeforderte Ressource ist zurzeit gesperrt.<sup id="cite_ref-RFC4918_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC4918-8">[8]</a></sup>
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code424"></span>424
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Failed Dependency</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die Anfrage konnte nicht durchgeführt werden, weil sie das Gelingen einer anderen Anfrage voraussetzt.<sup id="cite_ref-RFC4918_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC4918-8">[8]</a></sup>
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code425"></span>425
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Too Early</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Der Server bittet den Client die Anfrage erneut zu senden, da die TLS-Verbindung noch nicht vollständig hergestellt wurde.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Dies soll einen <a href="/wiki/Replay-Angriff" title="Replay-Angriff">Replay-Angriff</a> verhindern.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code426"></span>426
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Upgrade Required</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Der Server verlangt vom Client, dass er die Anfrage mit einem anderen Protokoll wiederholt.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Ein Anwendungsfall ist das Umschalten auf HTTP mit Transport Layer Security.<sup id="cite_ref-RFC2817_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC2817-11">[11]</a></sup>
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code428"></span>428
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Precondition Required</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Für die Anfrage waren nicht alle Vorbedingungen erfüllt. Dieser Statuscode soll Probleme durch <a href="/wiki/Race_Condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Race Condition">Race Conditions</a> verhindern, indem eine Manipulation oder Löschen nur erfolgt, wenn der Client dies auf Basis einer aktuellen Ressource anfordert (Beispielsweise durch Mitliefern eines aktuellen <a href="/wiki/HTTP_ETag" title="HTTP ETag">ETag-Header</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-RFC6585_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC6585-12">[12]</a></sup>
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code429"></span>429
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Too Many Requests</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Der Client hat zu viele Anfragen in einem bestimmten Zeitraum gesendet.<sup id="cite_ref-RFC6585_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC6585-12">[12]</a></sup>
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code431"></span>431
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Request Header Fields Too Large</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die Maximallänge eines Headerfelds oder des Gesamtheaders wurde überschritten.<sup id="cite_ref-RFC6585_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC6585-12">[12]</a></sup>
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code451"></span>451
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Unavailable For Legal Reasons</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Dieser Statuscode soll darauf hinweisen, dass die angeforderte Ressource aufgrund von gesetzlichen Bestimmungen (Copyrighteinschränkungen, Zensur etc., eventuell beschränkt auf ein bestimmtes Land) nicht verfügbar ist.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
|
||||
<p>Er wurde im Juni 2012 von Google-Mitarbeiter <a href="/wiki/Tim_Bray" title="Tim Bray">Tim Bray</a> bei der <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a> eingereicht<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> und gilt seit dem 17. Dezember 2015 als angenommen.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Bray schlug die Nummer 451 in Anspielung auf <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradburys</a> Roman <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_451" title="Fahrenheit 451">Fahrenheit 451</a> vor und fügte einen Dank an den Autor an.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td colspan="3">Beispiele für weitere, per Juli 2020 nicht in der <i>Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Status Code Registry</i><sup id="cite_ref-status-code-registry_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-code-registry-17">[17]</a></sup> aufgeführte Codes:
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code418"></span>418
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>I’m a teapot</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Dieser Code ist als <a href="/wiki/Aprilscherz" title="Aprilscherz">Aprilscherz</a> der <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a> zu verstehen. Innerhalb eines scherzhaften Protokolls zum Kaffeekochen, des <a href="/wiki/Hyper_Text_Coffee_Pot_Control_Protocol" title="Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol">Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocols</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> zeigt er an, dass fälschlicherweise eine <a href="/wiki/Teekanne" title="Teekanne">Teekanne</a> anstatt einer <a href="/wiki/Kaffeekanne" title="Kaffeekanne">Kaffeekanne</a> verwendet wurde. Dieser Scherz-Statuscode ist auf einigen Websites zu finden, obwohl er weder Bestandteil von HTTP ist noch in der <i>Status Code Registry</i><sup id="cite_ref-status-code-registry_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-code-registry-17">[17]</a></sup> definiert ist. Er soll zukünftig als „reserviert“ gelistet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code420"></span>420
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Policy Not Fulfilled</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>In <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> PEP (Working Draft 21. November 1997)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> wird dieser Code vorgeschlagen, um mitzuteilen, dass eine Bedingung nicht erfüllt wurde.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code444"></span>444
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>No Response</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>In <a href="/wiki/Nginx" title="Nginx">nginx</a>-Logs verwendet, um anzuzeigen, dass der Server keine Informationen zum Client zurückgesendet und die Verbindung geschlossen hat.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code449"></span>449
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>The request should be retried after doing the appropriate action</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Genutzt in Antworten des <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server">Microsoft Exchange Servers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code499"></span>499
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Client Closed Request</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Ein nicht standardmäßiger Statuscode, der von <a href="/wiki/Nginx" title="Nginx">nginx</a> für den Fall eingeführt wurde, dass ein Client die Verbindung schließt, während nginx die Anforderung verarbeitet.
|
||||
</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||||
<h3><span id="5xx_.E2.80.93_Server-Fehler"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="5xx_–_Server-Fehler"><span id="g5xx"></span> 5xx – Server-Fehler</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&veaction=edit&section=6" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: 5xx – Server-Fehler">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&action=edit&section=6" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: 5xx – Server-Fehler">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
|
||||
<p>Nicht klar von den so genannten <a href="/wiki/Client" title="Client">Client</a>-Fehlern abzugrenzen. Die Ursache des Scheiterns der Anfrage liegt jedoch eher im Verantwortungsbereich des Servers.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<table class="wikitable">
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody><tr>
|
||||
<th>Code
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th>Nachricht
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th>Bedeutung
|
||||
</th></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code500"></span>500
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Internal Server Error</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Dies ist ein „Sammel-Statuscode“ für unerwartete Serverfehler.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code501"></span>501
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Not Implemented</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die Funktionalität, um die Anfrage zu bearbeiten, wird von diesem Server nicht bereitgestellt. Ursache ist zum Beispiel eine unbekannte oder nicht unterstützte HTTP-Methode.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code502"></span>502
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Bad Gateway</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Der Server konnte seine Funktion als Gateway oder Proxy nicht erfüllen, weil er seinerseits eine ungültige Antwort erhalten hat.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code503"></span>503
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Service Unavailable</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Der Server steht temporär nicht zur Verfügung, zum Beispiel wegen Überlastung oder Wartungsarbeiten. Ein „Retry-After“-Header-Feld in der Antwort kann den Client auf einen Zeitpunkt hinweisen, zu dem die Anfrage eventuell bearbeitet werden könnte.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code504"></span>504
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Gateway Timeout</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Der Server konnte seine Funktion als Gateway oder Proxy nicht erfüllen, weil er innerhalb einer festgelegten Zeitspanne keine Antwort von seinerseits benutzten Servern oder Diensten erhalten hat.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code505"></span>505
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>HTTP Version not supported</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die benutzte HTTP-Version (gemeint ist die Zahl vor dem Punkt) wird vom Server nicht unterstützt oder abgelehnt.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code506"></span>506
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Variant Also Negotiates</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die <a href="/wiki/Inhaltsvereinbarung" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhaltsvereinbarung">Inhaltsvereinbarung</a> der Anfrage ergibt einen <a href="/wiki/Zirkelbezug" title="Zirkelbezug">Zirkelbezug</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RFC2295_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC2295-22">[22]</a></sup>
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code507"></span>507
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Insufficient Storage</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die Anfrage konnte nicht bearbeitet werden, weil der Speicherplatz des Servers dazu derzeit nicht mehr ausreicht.<sup id="cite_ref-RFC4918_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC4918-8">[8]</a></sup>
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code508"></span>508
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Loop Detected</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die Operation wurde nicht ausgeführt, weil die Ausführung in eine <a href="/wiki/Endlosschleife" title="Endlosschleife">Endlosschleife</a> gelaufen wäre. Definiert in der Binding-Erweiterung für WebDAV gemäß <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5842">RFC 5842</a>, weil durch Bindings zyklische Pfade zu WebDAV-Ressourcen entstehen können.
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code509"></span>509
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Bandwidth Limit Exceeded</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die Anfrage wurde verworfen, weil sonst die verfügbare Bandbreite überschritten würde (inoffizielle Erweiterung einiger Server).
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code510"></span>510
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Not Extended</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Die Anfrage enthält nicht alle Informationen, welche die angefragte Server-Extension zwingend erwartet.<sup id="cite_ref-RFC2774_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC2774-23">[23]</a></sup>
|
||||
</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th><span id="code511"></span>511
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td><span lang="en"><i>Network Authentication Required</i></span>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>Der Client muss sich zuerst authentifizieren, um Zugang zum Netzwerk zu erhalten.<sup id="cite_ref-RFC6585_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC6585-12">[12]</a></sup>
|
||||
</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||||
<h3><span id="9xx_.E2.80.93_Propriet.C3.A4re_Fehler"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="9xx_–_Proprietäre_Fehler"><span id="g9xx"></span> 9xx – Proprietäre Fehler</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&veaction=edit&section=7" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: 9xx – Proprietäre Fehler">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&action=edit&section=7" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: 9xx – Proprietäre Fehler">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
|
||||
<p>Manche Softwarehersteller verwenden den Bereich ab 900 für <a href="/wiki/Propriet%C3%A4r" title="Proprietär">proprietäre</a> Statuscodes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
|
||||
Dieser Zahlenbereich wurde in den RFC-Dokumenten nie erwähnt und liegt offensichtlich jenseits der standardisierten Codes. Dadurch ist er leicht als Sonderfall erkennbar.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&veaction=edit&section=8" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Siehe auch">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&action=edit&section=8" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Siehe auch">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fehlerseite" title="Fehlerseite">Fehlerseite</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/wiki/Header" title="Header">Header</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/wiki/Liste_der_HTTP-Headerfelder" title="Liste der HTTP-Headerfelder">Liste der HTTP-Headerfelder</a></li></ul>
|
||||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Weblinks">Weblinks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&veaction=edit&section=9" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Weblinks">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&action=edit&section=9" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Weblinks">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||||
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes">Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Status Code Registry</a> auf der Website der <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.microsoft.com/?id=318380">Microsoft Internet Information Server Status Codes and Sub-Codes</a> bei <i>support.microsoft.com</i></li>
|
||||
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100130150919/http://livedocs.adobe.com/fms/2/docs/wwhelp/wwhimpl/common/html/wwhelp.htm?context=LiveDocs_Parts&file=00000338.html">Adobe Flash status code definitions (ie 408)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Web-Archivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Web-Archivierung"><span style="color:#303030!important">Memento</span></a> vom 30. Januar 2010 im <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>) auf der Website von <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe Inc.</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.askapache.com/htaccess/apache-status-code-headers-errordocument/">apache-status-code-headers</a> bei <i>askapache.com</i></li>
|
||||
<li>Roy Fielding, Julian Reschke: <a href="//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6.3.4" class="extiw" title="rfc:7231">Section 6.3.4 – <i>Response Status Codes</i></a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231">RFC 7231</a> – <i>Hypertext Transfer Protocol</i> (HTTP/1.1), <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>, Juni 2014</li></ul>
|
||||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&veaction=edit&section=10" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Einzelnachweise">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&action=edit&section=10" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Einzelnachweise">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||||
<ol class="references">
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616">RFC 2616</a> – <i>Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP/1.1</i></span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2518">RFC 2518</a></span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8297">RFC 8297</a></span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Fielding, Julian Reschke: <a href="//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6.3.4" class="extiw" title="rfc:7231">6.3.4 – <i>Semantics and Content</i></a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231">RFC 7231</a> – <i>Hypertext Transfer Protocol</i> (HTTP/1.1), Juni 2014</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Fielding, Julian Reschke: <a href="//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-5.7.2" class="extiw" title="rfc:7230">5.7.2 – <i>Transformations</i></a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230">RFC 7230</a> – <i>Message Syntax and Routing</i>, Juni 2014</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-RFC1945-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-RFC1945_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1945">RFC 1945</a></span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian Reschke: <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7538">RFC 7538</a> – The Hypertext Transfer Protocol Status Code 308 (Permanent Redirect), <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>, April 2015.</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-RFC4918-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RFC4918_8-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RFC4918_8-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RFC4918_8-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RFC4918_8-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4918">RFC 4918</a> HTTP Extensions for Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV)</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8470">RFC 8470</a></span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231">RFC 7231</a>. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content. Abschnitt 6.5.15.</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-RFC2817-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-RFC2817_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2817">RFC 2817</a>. Upgrading to TLS within HTTP/1.1.</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-RFC6585-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RFC6585_12-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RFC6585_12-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RFC6585_12-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RFC6585_12-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6585">RFC 6585</a> Additional HTTP Status Codes</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-tbray-http-legally-restricted-status-00">A New HTTP Status Code for Legally-restricted Resources</a></span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-tbray-http-legally-restricted-status-00">tools.ietf.org</a></span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-httpbis-legally-restricted-status/">datatracker.ietf.org</a></span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-tbray-http-legally-restricted-status-00#page-5">Appendix A</a></span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-status-code-registry-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-status-code-registry_17-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-status-code-registry_17-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes.xhtml">iana.org</a></span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Error 418 I’m a Teapot</i>. It started in 1998, described in the <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2324">RFC 2324</a> of 1998.</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-nottingham-thanks-larry-00">Reserving the 418 HTTP Status Code draft-nottingham-thanks-larry-00</a></span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WD-http-pep">w3.org</a> W3C PEP (Working Draft 21. November 1997)</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/openspecification/2011/06/09/exchange-activesync-provisioning/">Microsoft Open Specifications Support Team Blog</a> auf <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Developer_Network" title="Microsoft Developer Network">MSDN</a>. Abgerufen am 2. Mrz. 2016</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-RFC2295-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-RFC2295_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2295">RFC 2295</a></span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-RFC2774-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-RFC2774_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2774">RFC 2774</a></span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beispielsweise liefert Linkedin bei Zugriff via <code>curl</code> den Code 999: <code style="white-space:nowrap">curl -kI https://www.linkedin.com/company/linkedin/</code> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/27231113/999-error-code-on-head-request-to-linkedin">vgl. Stackoverflow</a>)</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ol></div><noscript><img src="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" /></noscript>
|
||||
<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Abgerufen von „<a dir="ltr" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&oldid=228405533">https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HTTP-Statuscode&oldid=228405533</a>“</div></div>
|
||||
<div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorien" title="Wikipedia:Kategorien">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:HTTP" title="Kategorie:HTTP">HTTP</a></li></ul></div></div>
|
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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<div id="mw-navigation">
|
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<h2>Navigationsmenü</h2>
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<div id="mw-head">
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<nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" >
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<h3
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id="p-personal-label"
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class="vector-menu-heading "
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<span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Meine Werkzeuge</span>
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<div class="vector-menu-content">
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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-anonuserpage" class="mw-list-item"><span title="Benutzerseite der IP-Adresse von der aus du Änderungen durchführst">Nicht angemeldet</span></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Meine_Diskussionsseite" title="Diskussion über Änderungen von dieser IP-Adresse [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussionsseite</span></a></li><li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Meine_Beitr%C3%A4ge" title="Eine Liste der Bearbeitungen, die von dieser IP-Adresse gemacht wurden [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Beiträge</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Benutzerkonto_anlegen&returnto=HTTP-Statuscode" title="Wir ermutigen dich dazu, ein Benutzerkonto zu erstellen und dich anzumelden. Es ist jedoch nicht zwingend erforderlich."><span>Benutzerkonto erstellen</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Anmelden&returnto=HTTP-Statuscode" title="Anmelden ist zwar keine Pflicht, wird aber gerne gesehen. [o]" accesskey="o"><span>Anmelden</span></a></li></ul>
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116
m239/40 - Protokolle/Protokoll HTTP/80 - HTTP2
Normal file
116
m239/40 - Protokolle/Protokoll HTTP/80 - HTTP2
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
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<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Specifications<b class="caret"></b></a>
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<li><a href="https://httpwg.github.io/specs/rfc7540.html">RFC7540: HTTP/2</a></li>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="twtr-icon twtr-color-fill--blue-dark has-hover">
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<path opacity="0" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path>
|
||||
<path d="M23.643 4.937c-.835.37-1.732.62-2.675.733.962-.576 1.7-1.49 2.048-2.578-.9.534-1.897.922-2.958 1.13-.85-.904-2.06-1.47-3.4-1.47-2.572 0-4.658 2.086-4.658 4.66 0 .364.042.718.12 1.06-3.873-.195-7.304-2.05-9.602-4.868-.4.69-.63 1.49-.63 2.342 0 1.616.823 3.043 2.072 3.878-.764-.025-1.482-.234-2.11-.583v.06c0 2.257 1.605 4.14 3.737 4.568-.392.106-.803.162-1.227.162-.3 0-.593-.028-.877-.082.593 1.85 2.313 3.198 4.352 3.234-1.595 1.25-3.604 1.995-5.786 1.995-.376 0-.747-.022-1.112-.065 2.062 1.323 4.51 2.093 7.14 2.093 8.57 0 13.255-7.098 13.255-13.254 0-.2-.005-.402-.014-.602.91-.658 1.7-1.477 2.323-2.41z"></path>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
|
||||
<li><a href="https://httpwg.github.io/">IETF HTTP WG</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="container">
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="container-fluid">
|
||||
<div class="row jumbotron">
|
||||
<div class="col-lg-2"></div>
|
||||
<div class="col-lg-5">
|
||||
<img src="/asset/http2.svg" class="img-fluid">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="col-lg-3">
|
||||
<p>This is the home page for HTTP/2, a major revision of
|
||||
the Web's protocol. It is maintained by the <a href="https://httpwg.github.io/">IETF HTTP Working
|
||||
Group</a>.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="col-lg-2"></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 id="what-is-http2">What is HTTP/2?</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>HTTP/2 is a replacement for how HTTP is expressed “on the wire.” It is
|
||||
<strong>not</strong> a ground-up rewrite of the protocol; HTTP methods, status codes and
|
||||
semantics are the same, and it should be possible to use the same APIs as
|
||||
HTTP/1.x (possibly with some small additions) to represent the protocol.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The focus of the protocol is on performance; specifically, end-user perceived
|
||||
latency, network and server resource usage. One major goal is to allow the use
|
||||
of a single connection from browsers to a Web site.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The basis of the work was
|
||||
<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-mbelshe-httpbis-spdy-00">SPDY</a>, but HTTP/2
|
||||
has evolved to take the community’s input into account, incorporating several
|
||||
improvements in the process.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>See <a href="http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/charter/">our charter</a> for more
|
||||
details of the scope of the work, as well as our <a href="/faq/">Frequently Asked
|
||||
Questions</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><em>See also <a href="https://github.com/http2jp">HTTP/2 JP</a>, maintained by the Japanese HTTP/2 community.</em></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 id="specifications">Specifications</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>HTTP/2 is comprised of two specifications:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>Hypertext Transfer Protocol version 2 - <a href="https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc9113.html">RFC9113</a></li>
|
||||
<li>HPACK - Header Compression for HTTP/2 - <a href="https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc7541.html">RFC7541</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 id="implementations">Implementations</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>We track <a href="https://github.com/http2/http2-spec/wiki/Implementations">known
|
||||
implementations</a> of
|
||||
HTTP/2 on our wiki.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<script src="/components/jquery/dist/jquery.min.js"></script>
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||||
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|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
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|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Test der Methoden "GET" und "POST"</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Als "method" kann nachfolgend "GET" oder "POST" verwendet werden.
|
||||
Beachten Sie, wie die URL im Browser anders aussieht.
|
||||
In beiden Fällen werden die Suchangaben auf der Webseite richtig übernommen.
|
||||
|
||||
Auf welche Weise (wo) werden die Suchangaben an die Webseite tel.search.ch weitergegeben?
|
||||
!-->
|
||||
|
||||
<form action="http://tel.search.ch" method="get">
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<label for="say">Nach welchem Namen suchen?</label>
|
||||
<input name="was" id="was" value="meier">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<label for="wo">Innerhalb welcher Ortschaft?</label>
|
||||
<input name="wo" value="neuenburg">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<label for="private">Nur Privatadressen suchen?</label>
|
||||
<input type="checkbox" name="privat" checked="" value="1">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<button>Adressen suchen</button>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</form>
|
||||
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- nachfolgend eine völlig identische Form. Einziger Unterschied: Methode "post" -->
|
||||
|
||||
<form action="http://tel.search.ch" method="post">
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<label for="say">Nach welchem Namen suchen?</label>
|
||||
<input name="was" id="was" value="meier">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<label for="wo">Innerhalb welcher Ortschaft?</label>
|
||||
<input name="wo" value="neuenburg">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<label for="private">Nur Privatadressen suchen?</label>
|
||||
<input type="checkbox" name="privat" checked="" value="1">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<button>Adressen suchen</button>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</form>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
HELO local.domain.com
|
||||
MAIL FROM: someone@example.org
|
||||
RCPT TO: someone@example.org
|
||||
DATA
|
||||
SUBJECT: Mein Betreff
|
||||
|
||||
Mein I&hellip;">
|
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|
||||
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Um eine E-Mail-Nachricht per Telnet zu versenden, folgende Befehle verwenden: telnet mymailserver 25 HELO local.domain.com MAIL FROM: someone@example.org RCPT TO: someone@example.org DATA SUBJECT: Mein Betreff Mein Inhalt . QUIT Jede Zeile mit der Eingabe-Taste abschließen, bis auf SUBJECT, dort zwei mal die Eingabe-Taste betätigen. mymailserver ist der entsprechende Name oder die IP-Adresse des Mailserver. Z.B. localhost, wenn auf dem lokalen Server der Mailserver läuft." />
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|
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|
||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
Entwicklergate
|
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|
||||
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||||
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|
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|
||||
<h1>
|
||||
<a href="/t/e-mail-nachricht-per-telnet-versenden/118">E-Mail-Nachricht per Telnet versenden</a>
|
||||
</h1>
|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<meta itemprop="position" content="1" />
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|
||||
<div class='discourse-tags list-tags'>
|
||||
<a href='https://entwicklergate.de/tag/smtp' class='discourse-tag' rel="tag">smtp</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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<time itemprop='datePublished' datetime='2015-12-29T11:25:02Z' class='post-time'>
|
||||
29. Dezember 2015 um 11:25
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<div class='post' itemprop='articleBody'>
|
||||
<p>Um eine E-Mail-Nachricht per Telnet zu versenden, folgende Befehle verwenden:</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-auto">telnet mymailserver 25
|
||||
HELO local.domain.com
|
||||
MAIL FROM: someone@example.org
|
||||
RCPT TO: someone@example.org
|
||||
DATA
|
||||
SUBJECT: Mein Betreff
|
||||
|
||||
Mein Inhalt
|
||||
.
|
||||
QUIT
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p>Jede Zeile mit der <kbd>Eingabe</kbd>-Taste abschließen, bis auf <code>SUBJECT</code>, dort zwei mal die <kbd>Eingabe</kbd>-Taste betätigen.</p>
|
||||
<p><code>mymailserver</code> ist der entsprechende Name oder die IP-Adresse des Mailserver. Z.B. <code>localhost</code>, wenn auf dem lokalen Server der Mailserver läuft.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
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|
||||
<link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="https://entwicklergate.de/t/e-mail-nachricht-per-telnet-versenden/118">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="crawler-post-infos">
|
||||
<time itemprop='datePublished' datetime='2016-08-05T08:49:56Z' class='post-time'>
|
||||
5. August 2016 um 08:49
|
||||
</time>
|
||||
<meta itemprop='dateModified' content='2016-08-05T08:49:56Z'>
|
||||
<span itemprop='position'>#2</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class='post' itemprop='articleBody'>
|
||||
<p>Hier eine Lösung in C#:</p>
|
||||
<pre><code>using System;
|
||||
using System.Net.Mail;
|
||||
|
||||
class CMain
|
||||
{
|
||||
public static void Main()
|
||||
{
|
||||
string host = "smtp.gmail.com";
|
||||
string hostid = "from@gmail.com";
|
||||
string hostpw = "password";
|
||||
|
||||
try
|
||||
{
|
||||
SmtpClient smtp = new SmtpClient();
|
||||
smtp.Credentials = new System.Net.NetworkCredential(hostid, hostpw);
|
||||
smtp.Host = host;
|
||||
smtp.Port = 587;
|
||||
smtp.EnableSsl = true;
|
||||
|
||||
MailMessage mm = new MailMessage(hostid, "to@test.com", "Test-Subject", "Test-Body");
|
||||
smtp.Send(mm);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("Email sent");
|
||||
}
|
||||
catch (Exception ex)
|
||||
{
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("ERROR: " + ex);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}</code></pre>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<meta itemprop='headline' content='E-Mail-Nachricht per Telnet versenden'>
|
||||
|
||||
<div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/InteractionCounter">
|
||||
<meta itemprop="interactionType" content="http://schema.org/LikeAction"/>
|
||||
<meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="1" />
|
||||
<span class='post-likes'>1 „Gefällt mir“</span>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/InteractionCounter">
|
||||
<meta itemprop="interactionType" content="http://schema.org/CommentAction"/>
|
||||
<meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="1" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id='post_3' itemscope itemtype='http://schema.org/DiscussionForumPosting' class='topic-body crawler-post'>
|
||||
<div class='crawler-post-meta'>
|
||||
<div itemprop='publisher' itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
|
||||
<meta itemprop='name' content='Entwicklergate'>
|
||||
<div itemprop='logo' itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
|
||||
<meta itemprop='url' content='https://entwicklergate.de/uploads/default/original/1X/fe25e06e8994a8f4797ea5b6e1eaf8a84438d8e4.png'>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<span class="creator" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
|
||||
<a itemprop="url" href='https://entwicklergate.de/u/UweKeim'><span itemprop='name'>UweKeim</span></a>
|
||||
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="https://entwicklergate.de/t/e-mail-nachricht-per-telnet-versenden/118">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="crawler-post-infos">
|
||||
<time itemprop='datePublished' datetime='2016-08-05T09:07:28Z' class='post-time'>
|
||||
5. August 2016 um 09:07
|
||||
</time>
|
||||
<meta itemprop='dateModified' content='2016-08-05T09:07:28Z'>
|
||||
<span itemprop='position'>#3</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class='post' itemprop='articleBody'>
|
||||
<p>Danke!</p>
|
||||
<p>Bei SMTP ist es in C# auch immer <em>sehr</em> sinnvoll, die <code>InnerException</code> abzurufen, da dort meistens die eigentliche Serverantwort steht.</p>
|
||||
<p>Also z.B. so was wie:</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="lang-cs">catch (Exception ex)
|
||||
{
|
||||
while ( ex != null )
|
||||
{
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("ERROR: " + ex);
|
||||
ex = ex.InnerException;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<meta itemprop='headline' content='E-Mail-Nachricht per Telnet versenden'>
|
||||
|
||||
<div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/InteractionCounter">
|
||||
<meta itemprop="interactionType" content="http://schema.org/LikeAction"/>
|
||||
<meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="0" />
|
||||
<span class='post-likes'></span>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/InteractionCounter">
|
||||
<meta itemprop="interactionType" content="http://schema.org/CommentAction"/>
|
||||
<meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="0" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id='post_4' itemscope itemtype='http://schema.org/DiscussionForumPosting' class='topic-body crawler-post'>
|
||||
<div class='crawler-post-meta'>
|
||||
<div itemprop='publisher' itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
|
||||
<meta itemprop='name' content='Entwicklergate'>
|
||||
<div itemprop='logo' itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
|
||||
<meta itemprop='url' content='https://entwicklergate.de/uploads/default/original/1X/fe25e06e8994a8f4797ea5b6e1eaf8a84438d8e4.png'>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<span class="creator" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
|
||||
<a itemprop="url" href='https://entwicklergate.de/u/TcError'><span itemprop='name'>TcError</span></a>
|
||||
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="https://entwicklergate.de/t/e-mail-nachricht-per-telnet-versenden/118">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="crawler-post-infos">
|
||||
<time itemprop='datePublished' datetime='2021-05-16T08:28:22Z' class='post-time'>
|
||||
16. Mai 2021 um 08:28
|
||||
</time>
|
||||
<meta itemprop='dateModified' content='2021-05-16T08:28:22Z'>
|
||||
<span itemprop='position'>#4</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class='post' itemprop='articleBody'>
|
||||
<p>Hallo ich bin ganz neu hier und bin hier zufällig drauf gestosen.<br>
|
||||
Ich bin ein absoluter Noob in domain usw. aber könnte mir jemand weiterhelfen mit local Domain ich versteh irgendwie nicht ganz was ich dafür einsetzen muss.<br>
|
||||
L.G.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<meta itemprop='headline' content='E-Mail-Nachricht per Telnet versenden'>
|
||||
|
||||
<div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/InteractionCounter">
|
||||
<meta itemprop="interactionType" content="http://schema.org/LikeAction"/>
|
||||
<meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="1" />
|
||||
<span class='post-likes'>1 „Gefällt mir“</span>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/InteractionCounter">
|
||||
<meta itemprop="interactionType" content="http://schema.org/CommentAction"/>
|
||||
<meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="0" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<footer class="container wrap">
|
||||
<nav class='crawler-nav'>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li itemscope itemtype='http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement'>
|
||||
<span itemprop='name'>
|
||||
<a href='/' itemprop="url">Startseite </a>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li itemscope itemtype='http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement'>
|
||||
<span itemprop='name'>
|
||||
<a href='/categories' itemprop="url">Kategorien </a>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li itemscope itemtype='http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement'>
|
||||
<span itemprop='name'>
|
||||
<a href='/guidelines' itemprop="url">FAQ/Richtlinien </a>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li itemscope itemtype='http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement'>
|
||||
<span itemprop='name'>
|
||||
<a href='/tos' itemprop="url">Nutzungsbedingungen </a>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li itemscope itemtype='http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement'>
|
||||
<span itemprop='name'>
|
||||
<a href='/privacy' itemprop="url">Datenschutzerklärung </a>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
<p class='powered-by-link'>Angetrieben von <a href="https://www.discourse.org">Discourse</a>, beste Erfahrung mit aktiviertem JavaScript</p>
|
||||
</footer>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
|
||||
<link href="/css/apsite.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" />
|
||||
<meta name="author" content="Documentation Group" /><meta name="email" content="docs@httpd.apache.org" />
|
||||
<title>Welcome! - The Apache HTTP Server Project</title>
|
||||
<style>
|
||||
.headerlink {
|
||||
visibility: hidden;
|
||||
}
|
||||
h1:hover > .headerlink, h2:hover > .headerlink, h3:hover > .headerlink, h4:hover > .headerlink, h5:hover > .headerlink, h6:hover > .headerlink, li:hover > .headerlink {
|
||||
visibility: visible
|
||||
}
|
||||
</style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div id="page-header">
|
||||
<p class="menu"> </p>
|
||||
<p class="apache"> </p>
|
||||
<a href="/">
|
||||
<img alt="" width="800" height="72" src="/images/httpd_logo_wide_new.png" />
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
<a class="badge" href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/contributing.html">
|
||||
<img src="https://www.apache.org/images/SupportApache-small.png">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="apmenu">
|
||||
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.apachecon.com/event-images/snippet.js"></script>
|
||||
<p style="margin-top: -10px;">
|
||||
<!-- Apachecon! -->
|
||||
<a class="acevent" data-format="wide" data-mode="light" data-width="160"></a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h1 id="essentials">Essentials<a class="headerlink" href="#essentials" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="/download.cgi">Download!</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/ABOUT_APACHE.html">About</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/">License</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/security_report.html">Security Reports</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 id="source-repositories">Source Repositories<a class="headerlink" href="#source-repositories" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="/dev/devnotes.html">General Information</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://svn.apache.org/viewvc/httpd/httpd/trunk/">Trunk</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://svn.apache.org/viewvc/httpd/httpd/branches/2.4.x/">2.4</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 id="documentation"><a href="/docs/">Documentation</a><a class="headerlink" href="#documentation" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="/docs/2.4/">Version 2.4</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/docs/trunk/">Trunk (dev)</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://wiki.apache.org/httpd/">Wiki</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 id="get-involved"><a href="/contribute/">Get Involved</a><a class="headerlink" href="#get-involved" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="/lists.html">Mailing Lists</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/bug_report.html">Bug Reports</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/dev/">Developer Info</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/support.html">User Support</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 id="subprojects">Subprojects<a class="headerlink" href="#subprojects" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="/docs-project/">Docs</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/test/">Test</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/test/flood/">Flood</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/apreq/">libapreq</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/modules">Modules</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/mod_fcgid/">mod_fcgid</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/mod_ftp/">mod_ftp</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 id="related-projects">Related Projects<a class="headerlink" href="#related-projects" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://trafficserver.apache.org/">Apache Traffic Server</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://trafficcontrol.apache.org/">Apache Traffic Control</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://tomcat.apache.org/">Tomcat</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://apr.apache.org/">APR</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="http://perl.apache.org/">mod_perl</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 id="miscellaneous"><a href="/info/">Miscellaneous</a><a class="headerlink" href="#miscellaneous" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="/contributors/">Contributors</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/thanks.html">Thanks!</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/sponsorship.html">Sponsorship</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- RIGHT SIDE INFORMATION -->
|
||||
<div id="apcontents">
|
||||
<h1 id="the-number-one-http-server-on-the-internet">The Number One HTTP Server On The Internet<a class="headerlink" href="#the-number-one-http-server-on-the-internet" title="Permalink">¶</a></h1>
|
||||
<p>The Apache HTTP Server Project is an effort to develop and maintain an
|
||||
open-source HTTP server for modern operating systems including UNIX and
|
||||
Windows. The goal of this project is to provide a secure, efficient and
|
||||
extensible server that provides HTTP services in sync with the current HTTP
|
||||
standards.</p>
|
||||
<p>The Apache HTTP Server ("httpd") was launched in 1995 and it has been the most popular web server on the Internet since
|
||||
April 1996. It has celebrated its 25th birthday as a project in February 2020.</p>
|
||||
<p>The Apache HTTP Server is a project of <a href="http://www.apache.org/">The Apache Software
|
||||
Foundation</a>.</p>
|
||||
<h1 id="apache-httpd-2454-released-2022-06-08">Apache httpd 2.4.54 Released <span>2022-06-08</span><a class="headerlink" href="#apache-httpd-2454-released-2022-06-08" title="Permalink">¶</a></h1>
|
||||
<p>The Apache Software Foundation and the Apache HTTP Server Project are
|
||||
pleased to
|
||||
<a href="http://downloads.apache.org/httpd/Announcement2.4.html">announce</a> the
|
||||
release of version 2.4.54 of the Apache HTTP Server ("httpd").</p>
|
||||
<p>This latest release from the 2.4.x stable branch represents the best available
|
||||
version of Apache HTTP Server.</p>
|
||||
<p>Apache HTTP Server version 2.<span>4</span>.43 or newer is required in order to operate a TLS 1.3 web server with OpenSSL 1.1.1.</p>
|
||||
<p class="centered"><a href="download.cgi#apache24">Download</a> | <a href="http://downloads.apache.org/httpd/CHANGES_2.4.54">ChangeLog for
|
||||
2.4.54</a> | <a href="http://downloads.apache.org/httpd/CHANGES_2.4">Complete ChangeLog for
|
||||
2.4</a> | <a href="docs/trunk/new_features_2_4.html">New Features in httpd
|
||||
2.4</a></p>
|
||||
<h1 id="apache-httpd-22-end-of-life-2018-01-01">Apache httpd 2.2 End-of-Life <span>2018-01-01</span><a class="headerlink" href="#apache-httpd-22-end-of-life-2018-01-01" title="Permalink">¶</a></h1>
|
||||
<p>As previously announced, the Apache HTTP Server Project has discontinued
|
||||
all development and patch review of the 2.2.x series of releases.</p>
|
||||
<p>The Apache HTTP Server Project had long committed to provide maintenance
|
||||
releases of the 2.2.x flavor through June of 2017. The final release 2.2.34
|
||||
was published in July 2017, and no further evaluation of bug reports or
|
||||
security risks will be considered or published for 2.2.x releases.</p>
|
||||
<h1 id="want-to-try-out-the-apache-http-server">Want to try out the Apache HTTP Server?<a class="headerlink" href="#want-to-try-out-the-apache-http-server" title="Permalink">¶</a></h1>
|
||||
<p>Great! We have updated our <a href="/download.cgi">download page</a> in an effort to
|
||||
better utilize our mirrors. We hope that by making it easier to use our mirrors, we will be able to provide a better download experience.</p>
|
||||
<p>Please ensure that you <a href="/download.cgi#verify">verify</a> your downloads using
|
||||
PGP or MD5 signatures.</p>
|
||||
<h1 id="want-to-contribute-to-the-apache-http-server">Want to contribute to the Apache HTTP Server?<a class="headerlink" href="#want-to-contribute-to-the-apache-http-server" title="Permalink">¶</a></h1>
|
||||
<p>Awesome! Have a look at our current 'Help Wanted' listings then:</p>
|
||||
<div description="the Apache HTTP Server Project" project="httpd" style="width: 100%; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" type="helpwanted"></div>
|
||||
<script src="https://helpwanted.apache.org/widget.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- FOOTER -->
|
||||
<div id="footer">
|
||||
<p>Copyright © 1997-2022 The Apache Software Foundation.<br />
|
||||
Apache HTTP Server, Apache, and the Apache feather logo are trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head>
|
||||
<meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" />
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
|
||||
This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT
|
||||
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
|
||||
-->
|
||||
<title>ab - Apache HTTP server benchmarking tool - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</title>
|
||||
<link href="../style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" />
|
||||
<link href="../style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" />
|
||||
<link href="../style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style/css/prettify.css" />
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<script src="../style/scripts/prettify.min.js" type="text/javascript">
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</script>
|
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|
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<link href="../images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head>
|
||||
<body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header">
|
||||
<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
|
||||
<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</p>
|
||||
<img alt="" src="../images/feather.png" /></div>
|
||||
<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div id="path">
|
||||
<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.4</a> > <a href="./">Programs</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>ab - Apache HTTP server benchmarking tool</h1>
|
||||
<div class="toplang">
|
||||
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/programs/ab.html" title="English"> en </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../fr/programs/ab.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../ko/programs/ab.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../tr/programs/ab.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe"> tr </a></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><code>ab</code> is a tool for benchmarking your Apache Hypertext
|
||||
Transfer Protocol (HTTP) server. It is designed to give you an impression
|
||||
of how your current Apache installation performs. This especially shows
|
||||
you how many requests per second your Apache installation is capable of
|
||||
serving.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="quickview"><a href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/contributing.html" class="badge"><img src="https://www.apache.org/images/SupportApache-small.png" alt="Support Apache!" /></a><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#synopsis">Synopsis</a></li>
|
||||
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#options">Options</a></li>
|
||||
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#output">Output</a></li>
|
||||
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#bugs">Bugs</a></li>
|
||||
</ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><code class="program"><a href="../programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code></li><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
|
||||
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<h2><a name="synopsis" id="synopsis">Synopsis</a></h2>
|
||||
<p><code><strong>ab</strong>
|
||||
[ -<strong>A</strong> <var>auth-username</var>:<var>password</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>b</strong> <var>windowsize</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>B</strong> <var>local-address</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>c</strong> <var>concurrency</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>C</strong> <var>cookie-name</var>=<var>value</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>d</strong> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>e</strong> <var>csv-file</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>E</strong> <var>client-certificate file</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>f</strong> <var>protocol</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>g</strong> <var>gnuplot-file</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>h</strong> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>H</strong> <var>custom-header</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>i</strong> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>k</strong> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>l</strong> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>m</strong> <var>HTTP-method</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>n</strong> <var>requests</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>p</strong> <var>POST-file</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>P</strong> <var>proxy-auth-username</var>:<var>password</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>q</strong> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>r</strong> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>s</strong> <var>timeout</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>S</strong> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>t</strong> <var>timelimit</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>T</strong> <var>content-type</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>u</strong> <var>PUT-file</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>v</strong> <var>verbosity</var>]
|
||||
[ -<strong>V</strong> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>w</strong> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>x</strong> <var><table>-attributes</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>X</strong> <var>proxy</var>[:<var>port</var>] ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>y</strong> <var><tr>-attributes</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>z</strong> <var><td>-attributes</var> ]
|
||||
[ -<strong>Z</strong> <var>ciphersuite</var> ]
|
||||
[http[s]://]<var>hostname</var>[:<var>port</var>]/<var>path</var></code></p>
|
||||
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<h2><a name="options" id="options">Options</a></h2>
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><code>-A <var>auth-username</var>:<var>password</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Supply BASIC Authentication credentials to the server. The username and
|
||||
password are separated by a single <code>:</code> and sent on the wire
|
||||
base64 encoded. The string is sent regardless of whether the server needs
|
||||
it (<em>i.e.</em>, has sent an 401 authentication needed).</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-b <var>windowsize</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Size of TCP send/receive buffer, in bytes.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-B <var>local-address</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Address to bind to when making outgoing connections.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-c <var>concurrency</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Number of multiple requests to perform at a time. Default is one
|
||||
request at a time.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-C <var>cookie-name</var>=<var>value</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Add a <code>Cookie:</code> line to the request. The argument is
|
||||
typically in the form of a <code><var>name</var>=<var>value</var></code>
|
||||
pair. This field is repeatable.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-d</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Do not display the "percentage served within XX [ms] table". (legacy
|
||||
support).</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-e <var>csv-file</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Write a Comma separated value (CSV) file which contains for each
|
||||
percentage (from 1% to 100%) the time (in milliseconds) it took to serve
|
||||
that percentage of the requests. This is usually more useful than the
|
||||
'gnuplot' file; as the results are already 'binned'.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-E <var>client-certificate-file</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>When connecting to an SSL website, use the provided client certificate
|
||||
in PEM format to authenticate with the server. The file is expected to
|
||||
contain the client certificate, followed by intermediate certificates,
|
||||
followed by the private key. Available in 2.4.36 and later.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-f <var>protocol</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Specify SSL/TLS protocol (SSL2, SSL3, TLS1, TLS1.1, TLS1.2, or ALL).
|
||||
TLS1.1 and TLS1.2 support available in 2.4.4 and later.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-g <var>gnuplot-file</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Write all measured values out as a 'gnuplot' or TSV (Tab separate
|
||||
values) file. This file can easily be imported into packages like Gnuplot,
|
||||
IDL, Mathematica, Igor or even Excel. The labels are on the first line of
|
||||
the file. </dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-h</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Display usage information.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-H <var>custom-header</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Append extra headers to the request. The argument is typically in
|
||||
the form of a valid header line, containing a colon-separated field-value
|
||||
pair (<em>i.e.</em>, <code>"Accept-Encoding: zip/zop;8bit"</code>).</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-i</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Do <code>HEAD</code> requests instead of <code>GET</code>.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-k</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Enable the HTTP KeepAlive feature, <em>i.e.</em>, perform multiple
|
||||
requests within one HTTP session. Default is no KeepAlive.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Do not report errors if the length of the responses is not constant. This
|
||||
can be useful for dynamic pages.
|
||||
Available in 2.4.7 and later.
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-m <var>HTTP-method</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Custom HTTP method for the requests.
|
||||
Available in 2.4.10 and later.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-n <var>requests</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Number of requests to perform for the benchmarking session. The default
|
||||
is to just perform a single request which usually leads to
|
||||
non-representative benchmarking results.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-p <var>POST-file</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>File containing data to POST. Remember to also set <code>-T</code>.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-P <var>proxy-auth-username</var>:<var>password</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Supply BASIC Authentication credentials to a proxy en-route. The
|
||||
username and password are separated by a single <code>:</code> and sent on
|
||||
the wire base64 encoded. The string is sent regardless of whether the
|
||||
proxy needs it (<em>i.e.</em>, has sent an 407 proxy authentication
|
||||
needed).</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-q</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>When processing more than 150 requests, <code>ab</code> outputs a
|
||||
progress count on <code>stderr</code> every 10% or 100 requests or so. The
|
||||
<code>-q</code> flag will suppress these messages.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Don't exit on socket receive errors.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-s <var>timeout</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Maximum number of seconds to wait before the socket times out.
|
||||
Default is 30 seconds.
|
||||
Available in 2.4.4 and later.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-S</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Do not display the median and standard deviation values, nor display
|
||||
the warning/error messages when the average and median are more than
|
||||
one or two times the standard deviation apart. And default to the
|
||||
min/avg/max values. (legacy support).</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-t <var>timelimit</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Maximum number of seconds to spend for benchmarking. This implies a
|
||||
<code>-n 50000</code> internally. Use this to benchmark the server within a
|
||||
fixed total amount of time. Per default there is no timelimit.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-T <var>content-type</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Content-type header to use for POST/PUT data, eg.
|
||||
<code>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</code>.
|
||||
Default is <code>text/plain</code>.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-u <var>PUT-file</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>File containing data to PUT. Remember to also set <code>-T</code>.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-v <var>verbosity</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Set verbosity level - <code>4</code> and above prints information on
|
||||
headers, <code>3</code> and above prints response codes (404, 200, etc.),
|
||||
<code>2</code> and above prints warnings and info.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-V</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Display version number and exit.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-w</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Print out results in HTML tables. Default table is two columns wide,
|
||||
with a white background.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-x <var><table>-attributes</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>String to use as attributes for <code><table></code>. Attributes
|
||||
are inserted <code><table <var>here</var> ></code>.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-X <var>proxy</var>[:<var>port</var>]</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Use a proxy server for the requests.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-y <var><tr>-attributes</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>String to use as attributes for <code><tr></code>.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-z <var><td>-attributes</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>String to use as attributes for <code><td></code>.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><code>-Z <var>ciphersuite</var></code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>Specify SSL/TLS cipher suite (See openssl ciphers)</dd>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<h2><a name="output" id="output">Output</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>The following list describes the values returned by <code>ab</code>:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt>Server Software</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The value, if any, returned in the <var>server</var> HTTP header
|
||||
of the first successful response. This includes all characters in the
|
||||
header from beginning to the point a character with decimal value of 32
|
||||
(most notably: a space or CR/LF) is detected.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Server Hostname</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The DNS or IP address given on the command line</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Server Port</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The port to which ab is connecting. If no port is given on the
|
||||
command line, this will default to 80 for http and 443 for
|
||||
https.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>SSL/TLS Protocol</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The protocol parameters negotiated between the client and server.
|
||||
This will only be printed if SSL is used.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Document Path</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The request URI parsed from the command line string.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Document Length</dt>
|
||||
<dd>This is the size in bytes of the first successfully returned document.
|
||||
If the document length changes during testing, the response is
|
||||
considered an error.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Concurrency Level</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The number of concurrent clients used during the test</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Time taken for tests</dt>
|
||||
<dd>This is the time taken from the moment the first socket connection
|
||||
is created to the moment the last response is received</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Complete requests</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The number of successful responses received</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Failed requests</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The number of requests that were considered a failure. If the
|
||||
number is greater than zero, another line will be printed showing the
|
||||
number of requests that failed due to connecting, reading, incorrect
|
||||
content length, or exceptions.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Write errors</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The number of errors that failed during write (broken pipe).</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Non-2xx responses</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The number of responses that were not in the 200 series of response
|
||||
codes. If all responses were 200, this field is not printed.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Keep-Alive requests</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The number of connections that resulted in Keep-Alive requests</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Total body sent</dt>
|
||||
<dd>If configured to send data as part of the test, this is the total
|
||||
number of bytes sent during the tests. This field is omitted if the test
|
||||
did not include a body to send.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Total transferred</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The total number of bytes received from the server. This number
|
||||
is essentially the number of bytes sent over the wire.</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>HTML transferred</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The total number of document bytes received from the server. This
|
||||
number excludes bytes received in HTTP headers</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Requests per second</dt>
|
||||
<dd>This is the number of requests per second. This value is the result
|
||||
of dividing the number of requests by the total time taken</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Time per request</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The average time spent per request. The first value is calculated
|
||||
with the formula <code>concurrency * timetaken * 1000 / done</code>
|
||||
while the second value is calculated with the formula
|
||||
<code>timetaken * 1000 / done</code></dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>Transfer rate</dt>
|
||||
<dd>The rate of transfer as calculated by the formula
|
||||
<code>totalread / 1024 / timetaken</code></dd>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<h2><a name="bugs" id="bugs">Bugs</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>There are various statically declared buffers of fixed length. Combined
|
||||
with the lazy parsing of the command line arguments, the response headers
|
||||
from the server and other external inputs, this might bite you.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>It does not implement HTTP/1.x fully; only accepts some 'expected' forms
|
||||
of responses. The rather heavy use of <code>strstr(3)</code> shows up top
|
||||
in profile, which might indicate a performance problem; <em>i.e.</em>, you
|
||||
would measure the <code>ab</code> performance rather than the server's.</p>
|
||||
</div></div>
|
||||
<div class="bottomlang">
|
||||
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/programs/ab.html" title="English"> en </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../fr/programs/ab.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../ko/programs/ab.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../tr/programs/ab.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe"> tr </a></p>
|
||||
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="../images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comments</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. Questions on how to manage the Apache HTTP Server should be directed at either our IRC channel, #httpd, on Libera.chat, or sent to our <a href="https://httpd.apache.org/lists.html">mailing lists</a>.</div>
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prettyPrint();
|
||||
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|
||||
//--><!]]></script>
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
|
||||
<!--[if IE 7]><html class="ie7" lang="en"><![endif]-->
|
||||
<!--[if IE 8]><html class="ie8" lang="en"><![endif]-->
|
||||
<!--[if gt IE 8]><!-->
|
||||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<!--<![endif]-->
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<!-- build date: Tue, 20 Dec 2022 12:34:40 GMT -->
|
||||
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=10,chrome=1" />
|
||||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
|
||||
<title>
|
||||
Home
|
||||
:
|
||||
The Official Microsoft IIS Site
|
||||
</title>
|
||||
<!--[if IE]><script src='https://www-iis.azureedge.net/v-2022-12-20-01/scripts-bundle/html5.js'></script><![endif]-->
|
||||
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="Learn, download, & discuss IIS7 and more on the official Microsoft IIS site for the IIS.NET development community." />
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/ico" href="/favicon.ico">
|
||||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/touch-icon-iphone-precomposed.png" />
|
||||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="/touch-icon-ipad-precomposed.png" />
|
||||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="/touch-icon-iphone4-precomposed.png" />
|
||||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="/touch-icon-ipad3-precomposed.png" />
|
||||
<meta name="application-name" content="The Official Microsoft IIS Site" />
|
||||
<meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#474747" />
|
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<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content='https://www-iis.azureedge.net/v-2022-12-20-01/images/iis_tile.png' />
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|
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|
||||
<style id="antiClickjack">
|
||||
body {
|
||||
display: none !important;
|
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|
||||
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|
||||
<script type="text/javascript">if (self === top) { var antiClickjack = document.getElementById("antiClickjack"); antiClickjack.parentNode.removeChild(antiClickjack) } else top.location = self.location;</script>
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|
||||
|
||||
<link href='https://www-iis.azureedge.net/v-2022-12-20-01/css-bundle/home.css' rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" />
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<script type="text/javascript">var isConsentAdvertising = true;</script>
|
||||
<script src="https://consentdeliveryfd.azurefd.net/mscc/lib/v2/wcp-consent.js"></script>
|
||||
|
||||
<script>
|
||||
var siteConsent = null;
|
||||
|
||||
window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
|
||||
function onConsentChanged(categoryPreferences) { console.log("onConsentChanged", categoryPreferences); }
|
||||
WcpConsent.init("en-US", "cookie-banner", function (err, _siteConsent) {
|
||||
if (err != undefined) {
|
||||
return error;
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
siteConsent = _siteConsent; //siteConsent is used to get the current consent
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
if (siteConsent.isConsentRequired) {
|
||||
isConsentAdvertising = siteConsent.getConsentFor(WcpConsent.consentCategories.Advertising);
|
||||
document.getElementsByClassName('manageCookieChoice')[0].style.display = 'inline-block';
|
||||
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|
||||
else {
|
||||
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|
||||
document.getElementsByClassName('manageCookieChoice')[0].style.display = 'none';
|
||||
isConsentAdvertising = true;
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
if (siteConsent.getConsentFor(WcpConsent.consentCategories.Analytics)) {
|
||||
(function (i, s, o, g, r, a, m) {
|
||||
i['GoogleAnalyticsObject'] = r; i[r] = i[r] || function () {
|
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(i[r].q = i[r].q || []).push(arguments)
|
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|
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m = s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0]; a.async = 1; a.src = g; m.parentNode.insertBefore(a, m)
|
||||
})(window, document, 'script', '//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js', 'ga');
|
||||
|
||||
ga('create', 'UA-61337531-2', {
|
||||
'cookieExpires': 60 * 60 * 24 * 365
|
||||
});
|
||||
ga('send', 'pageview');
|
||||
}
|
||||
else {
|
||||
dropAnalyticsCookies();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
//console.log(siteConsent.getConsentFor(WcpConsent.consentCategories.))
|
||||
function watchConsentChanges(consents) {
|
||||
manageNonAdvertise();
|
||||
//scan through the categories and take action based on user consent.
|
||||
if (siteConsent.getConsentFor(WcpConsent.consentCategories.Analytics)) {
|
||||
(function (i, s, o, g, r, a, m) {
|
||||
i['GoogleAnalyticsObject'] = r; i[r] = i[r] || function () {
|
||||
(i[r].q = i[r].q || []).push(arguments)
|
||||
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|
||||
m = s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0]; a.async = 1; a.src = g; m.parentNode.insertBefore(a, m)
|
||||
})(window, document, 'script', '//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js', 'ga');
|
||||
|
||||
ga('create', 'UA-61337531-2', {
|
||||
'cookieExpires': 60 * 60 * 24 * 365
|
||||
});
|
||||
ga('send', 'pageview');
|
||||
}
|
||||
else {
|
||||
dropAnalyticsCookies();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function getUserConsent() {
|
||||
var userConsent = siteConsent.getConsent();
|
||||
//response will look like this
|
||||
//{"Required":true,"Analytics":true,"SocialMedia":false,"Advertising":false}
|
||||
}
|
||||
function dropSocialMediaCookies() {
|
||||
if (siteConsent.getConsentFor(WcpConsent.consentCategories.SocialMedia)) {
|
||||
//Drop social media cookies
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
manageNonAdvertise();
|
||||
});
|
||||
function manageConsent() {
|
||||
if (siteConsent.isConsentRequired) {
|
||||
siteConsent.manageConsent();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function dropAnalyticsCookies() {
|
||||
var domainVal = document.domain.replace("www", "");
|
||||
clearCookie('_ga', domainVal, '/');
|
||||
clearCookie('_gid', domainVal, '/');
|
||||
clearCookie('_gat', domainVal, '/');
|
||||
clearCookie('_ga', document.domain, '/');
|
||||
clearCookie('_gid', document.domain, '/');
|
||||
clearCookie('_gat', document.domain, '/');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function manageNonAdvertise() {
|
||||
var userDocument = document.getElementsByTagName("body");
|
||||
if (siteConsent.getConsentFor(WcpConsent.consentCategories.Advertising)) {
|
||||
$(userDocument).removeClass("no-ad");
|
||||
}
|
||||
else {
|
||||
$(userDocument).addClass("no-ad");
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function clearCookie(name, domain, path) {
|
||||
try {
|
||||
function Get_Cookie(check_name) {
|
||||
// first we'll split this cookie up into name/value pairs
|
||||
// note: document.cookie only returns name=value, not the other components
|
||||
var a_all_cookies = document.cookie.split(';'),
|
||||
a_temp_cookie = '',
|
||||
cookie_name = '',
|
||||
cookie_value = '',
|
||||
b_cookie_found = false;
|
||||
|
||||
for (i = 0; i < a_all_cookies.length; i++) {
|
||||
// now we'll split apart each name=value pair
|
||||
a_temp_cookie = a_all_cookies[i].split('=');
|
||||
|
||||
// and trim left/right whitespace while we're at it
|
||||
cookie_name = a_temp_cookie[0].replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, '');
|
||||
|
||||
// if the extracted name matches passed check_name
|
||||
if (cookie_name == check_name) {
|
||||
b_cookie_found = true;
|
||||
// we need to handle case where cookie has no value but exists (no = sign, that is):
|
||||
if (a_temp_cookie.length > 1) {
|
||||
cookie_value = unescape(a_temp_cookie[1].replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, ''));
|
||||
}
|
||||
// note that in cases where cookie is initialized but no value, null is returned
|
||||
return cookie_value;
|
||||
break;
|
||||
}
|
||||
a_temp_cookie = null;
|
||||
cookie_name = '';
|
||||
}
|
||||
if (!b_cookie_found) {
|
||||
return null;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
if (Get_Cookie(name)) {
|
||||
var domain = domain || document.domain;
|
||||
var path = path || "/";
|
||||
var today = new Date();
|
||||
var expiryDate = new Date();
|
||||
expiryDate.setDate(today.getDate() - 2);
|
||||
document.cookie = name + "=; expires=" + expiryDate + "; domain=" + domain + "; path=" + path;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
catch (err) { }
|
||||
};
|
||||
</script>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class=''>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="cookie-banner"></div>
|
||||
<div id="skiptocontent"><a href="#hero" class="skip-content">skip to main content</a></div>
|
||||
<div style="background-color: #672D79;padding:10px;font-size:16px;text-align:center;color:#fff;">We are excited to announce that the IIS.NET Forums are moving to the new Microsoft Q&A experience. <a href="https://forums.iis.net/t/1252649.aspx?IIS+NET+Forums+are+Moving+to+Microsoft+Q+A" style="color:#fff;">Learn more ></a></div>
|
||||
<header id="header-site" class='full-width single-nav'>
|
||||
<div class="ms-logo"><a href="javascript:0" class="icon-menu" aria-label="Expand to view navigation menu"><span class="icon-bar" /><span class="icon-bar" /><span class="icon-bar" /></a><a id="logo" href="https://www.microsoft.com">Microsoft</a></div><p id="search-site"><input type="text" name="search" id="txt-search" placeholder="Search all of IIS.NET" aria-label="Search through site content" /><button type="submit" id="btn-search-submit" aria-label="Search"><svg version="1.1" width="16" height="16" id="Layer_1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 18 18" enable-background="new 0 0 18 18" xml:space="preserve" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
|
||||
<path fill="#FFFFFF" stroke="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="1.5" d="M5.89,11.594c1.32,0,2.532-0.461,3.49-1.229l7.267,7.268c0.122,0.119,0.28,0.182,0.439,0.182s0.319-0.063,0.44-0.182c0.242-0.244,0.242-0.639,0-0.881L10.26,9.486c0.767-0.958,1.229-2.17,1.229-3.49c0-3.087-2.511-5.598-5.599-5.598c-3.087,0-5.598,2.511-5.598,5.598S2.803,11.594,5.89,11.594 M5.89,1.642c2.401,0,4.354,1.953,4.354,4.354S8.291,10.35,5.89,10.35c-2.4,0-4.354-1.953-4.354-4.354S3.489,1.642,5.89,1.642" /></svg></button></p>
|
||||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||||
var currentUsername = '';
|
||||
</script><ul id="nav-user"><li><a href="https://login.iis.net/login/signin.aspx?ReturnUrl=https://www.iis.net/">Sign In</a></li></ul>
|
||||
<nav id="nav-primary" aria-label="Primary navigation menu"><a href="https://www.iis.net/" class="iis-logo">IIS</a><ul class="menu"><li><a href="https://www.iis.net/" class="current">
|
||||
Home
|
||||
</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/IIS-Administration/">
|
||||
Manage
|
||||
</a></li><li><a href="https://www.iis.net/downloads">
|
||||
Downloads
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</li><li><a href="https://www.iis.net/learn">
|
||||
Learn
|
||||
</a></li><li><a href="https://www.iis.net/configreference">
|
||||
Reference
|
||||
</a></li>
|
||||
<li id="solutions-menu"><a href="javascript:;" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Solutions <span></span></a>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>Technologies</li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/net">.NET Framework</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="//www.asp.net">ASP.NET</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://php.iis.net/">PHP</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/cloud-platform/windows-server">Windows Server</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/sql-server/">SQL Server</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://webgallery.microsoft.com/gallery">Web App Gallery</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://azure.microsoft.com/">Microsoft Azure</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>Tools</li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/">Visual Studio</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://code.visualstudio.com/">Visual Studio Code</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/web/downloads/platform.aspx">Web Platform Installer</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>Get Help:</li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://forums.iis.net/">Ask a Question in our Forums</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.iis.net/contact">More Help Resources</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://blogs.iis.net/">
|
||||
Blogs
|
||||
</a></li><li class="last-child"><a href="https://forums.iis.net/">Forums</a></li></ul></nav>
|
||||
</header>
|
||||
<div class="full-width">
|
||||
|
||||
<section id="hero" class="hero-home">
|
||||
<header>
|
||||
<h1>A flexible & easy-to-manage web server...</h1>
|
||||
</header>
|
||||
<p>Internet Information Services (IIS) for Windows® Server is a flexible, secure and manageable Web server for hosting anything on the Web. From media streaming to web applications, IIS's scalable and open architecture is ready to handle the most demanding tasks.</p>
|
||||
<p class="actions"><a class="btn" href="/overview">Get Started with IIS</a> <a class="btn" href="https://manage.iis.net">Manage IIS</a></p>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="parentDiv">
|
||||
<div id="headerContentDiv1">
|
||||
<div id="HHS1" data-adzoneid="668682" class="ad-home" data-adwidth="320px" data-adheight="55px" style="width: 320px; height: 55px;">
|
||||
<iframe title="advertisement" width="320" height="55" scrolling="No" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="https://effectus.nui.media/pipeline/668682/0/vh?z=effectus&dim=668296&kw=&click=">
|
||||
<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="https://effectus.nui.media/pipeline/668682/0/vj?z=effectus&dim=668296&kw=&click=&abr=$scriptiniframe"></script>
|
||||
<noscript>
|
||||
<a href="https://effectus.nui.media/pipeline/668682/0/cc?z=effectus">
|
||||
<img src="https://effectus.nui.media/pipeline/668682/0/vc?z=effectus&dim=668296&kw=&click=&abr=$imginiframe" width="320" height="55" alt="" border="0"></a>
|
||||
</noscript>
|
||||
</iframe>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="headerContentDiv2">
|
||||
<div id="HHS2" data-adzoneid="680043" class="ad-home" data-adwidth="320px" data-adheight="55px" style="width: 320px; height: 55px;">
|
||||
<iframe title="advertisement" width="320" height="55" scrolling="No" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="https://effectus.nui.media/pipeline/680043/0/vh?z=effectus&dim=668296&kw=&click=">
|
||||
<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="https://effectus.nui.media/pipeline/680043/0/vj?z=effectus&dim=668296&kw=&click=&abr=$scriptiniframe"></script>
|
||||
<noscript>
|
||||
<a href="https://effectus.nui.media/pipeline/680043/0/cc?z=effectus">
|
||||
<img src="https://effectus.nui.media/pipeline/680043/0/vc?z=effectus&dim=668296&kw=&click=&abr=$imginiframe" width="320" height="55" alt="" border="0"></a>
|
||||
</noscript>
|
||||
</iframe>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="headerContentDiv3">
|
||||
<div id="HHS3" data-adzoneid="680044" class="ad-home" data-adwidth="320px" data-adheight="55px" style="width: 320px; height: 55px;">
|
||||
<iframe title="advertisement" width="320" height="55" scrolling="No" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="https://effectus.nui.media/pipeline/680044/0/vh?z=effectus&dim=668296&kw=&click=">
|
||||
<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="https://effectus.nui.media/pipeline/680044/0/vj?z=effectus&dim=668296&kw=&click=&abr=$scriptiniframe"></script>
|
||||
<noscript><a href="https://effectus.nui.media/pipeline/680044/0/cc?z=effectus">
|
||||
<img src="https://effectus.nui.media/pipeline/680044/0/vc?z=effectus&dim=668296&kw=&click=&abr=$imginiframe" width="320" height="55" alt="" border="0"></a></noscript>
|
||||
</iframe>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<section class="announcments"><strong>ANNOUNCEMENTS:</strong><ul><li><a href="https://www.iis.net/downloads/microsoft/iis-compression">IIS Compression module released</a></li><li><a href="https://blogs.iis.net/iisteam/introducing-iis-cors-1-0">Introducing IIS CORS 1.0</a></li><li><a href="https://blogs.iis.net/iisteam/url-rewrite-v2-1">URL Rewrite 2.1</a></li><li><a href="https://blogs.iis.net/adminapi">manage.iis.net</a></li><li><a href="https://blogs.iis.net/bariscaglar/iisadministration-powershell-cmdlets-new-feature-in-windows-10-server-2016">IIS PowerShell Cmdlets</a></li><li><a href="https://blogs.iis.net/davidso/http2">HTTP/2 Support for IIS</a></li></ul></section>
|
||||
<div class="page two-right">
|
||||
<div class="col-mid">
|
||||
<div id="azk52365" data-adzoneid="668290" class="ad ad-home2" data-adwidth="610px" data-adheight="48px" style="width: 610px; height: 48px;">
|
||||
<iframe title="advertisement" width="610" height="48" scrolling="No" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="https://effectus.nui.media/pipeline/668290/0/vh?z=effectus&dim=668283&kw=&click=">
|
||||
<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="https://effectus.nui.media/pipeline/668290/0/vj?z=effectus&dim=668283&kw=&click=&abr=$scriptiniframe"></script>
|
||||
<noscript>
|
||||
<a href="https://effectus.nui.media/pipeline/668290/0/cc?z=effectus">
|
||||
<img src="https://effectus.nui.media/pipeline/668290/0/vc?z=effectus&dim=668283&kw=&click=&abr=$imginiframe" width="610" height="48" alt="" border="0"></a>
|
||||
</noscript>
|
||||
</iframe>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
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<li><a href="//blogs.iis.net/roman/archive/2013/07/26/application-request-router-arr-3-0-rtm-is-now-available.aspx">Application Request Routing (ARR) 3.0</a></li>
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<h2 class="iconed"><span class="icon icon-user">User</span>Featured Community Downloads</h2>
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<li><a href="/downloads/community/2011/07/rtr-frontpage-server-extensions-for-iis-75-on-windows-server-2008-r2-and-windows-7">RTR FrontPage Server Extensions for IIS 7.5</a></li>
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<li><a href="/downloads/community/2013/05/servant-for-iis">Servant for IIS</a></li>
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<li><a href="/downloads/community/2013/05/iispeed">IISpeed</a></li>
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</html>
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||||
409
m239/50 - Internetserver/01 - Webserver/NGINX/Website für NGINX
Normal file
409
m239/50 - Internetserver/01 - Webserver/NGINX/Website für NGINX
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
|
||||
<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><title>nginx</title><style type="text/css">body { background: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: center; margin: 0; padding: 0; } #banner { background: black; color: #F2F2F2; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .3em 0; box-shadow: 0 5px 10px black; } #banner a { color: #00B140; } #main { text-align: left; margin: 0 auto; min-width: 32em; max-width: 64em; } #menu { float: right; width: 11em; padding: 0 .5em 1em .5em; border-left: 2px solid #DDD; } #content { margin-right: 13.5em; padding: 0 .2em 0 1.5em; } h1 { display: block; font-size: 3em; text-align: left; height: .7em; margin: 0; margin-bottom: .5em; } h1 img { width: 100%; } h2 { text-align: center; } p { text-align: justify; } table.news p { margin-top: 0; } table.news td { vertical-align: baseline; } table.news .date { text-align: right; padding-right: 0.5em; white-space: nowrap; } table.donors td { vertical-align: baseline; } table.donors li { text-align: left; } div.directive { background: #F2F2F2; line-height: 1em; margin: 1em 0 1em -1em; padding: .7em .7em .7em 1em; border-top: 2px solid #DDD; } div.directive th { padding-left: 0; padding-right: .5em; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; } div.directive td { vertical-align: baseline; } div.directive pre { padding: 0; margin: 0; } div.directive p { margin: .5em 0 0 .1em; font-size: .8em; } a.notrans { color: gray; text-decoration:none; } span.initial { font-size: 200%; float: left; padding-right: 10pt;} ul, ol { margin: .5em 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 .5em; } ol { list-style-position: inside; } li { text-align: justify; padding: .5em 0 0 1px; } .compact li { padding-top: 0; } dl { margin: .5em 0 1em 0; } dt { margin: .5em 0; } .compact dt { margin-bottom: .2em; } dd { margin-left: 1.5em; padding-left: 1px; text-align: justify; } td.list { background: #F2F2F2; } blockquote { margin: 1em 0 1em 1em; padding: .5em; } li blockquote, dd blockquote { margin: .7em 0; } blockquote.note { border: 1px dotted #999; line-height: 1.2em; text-align: justify; } blockquote.example { line-height: 1em; border-left: 1px solid #BBB; } blockquote.example pre { padding: 0; margin: 0; } sup { font-size: 50%; } .video { position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; overflow: hidden; } .video iframe, .video object, .video embed { position: absolute; top:0; left:0; width:100%; height:100%; }</style><script>
|
||||
window.addEventListener("load", function(e) {
|
||||
fetch("../banner/banner.html")
|
||||
.then((response) => response.text())
|
||||
.then((resp) => {
|
||||
document.getElementById("banner").innerHTML = resp;
|
||||
})
|
||||
.catch((error) => {
|
||||
console.warn(error);
|
||||
});
|
||||
});
|
||||
</script></head><body><div id="banner"></div><div id="main"><div id="menu"><h1><a href="/"><img src="/nginx.png" alt="nginx"></a></h1><div>english<br><a href="../ru/">русский</a><br><br><a href="../">news</a><br>about<br><a href="download.html">download</a><br><a href="security_advisories.html">security</a><br><a href="docs/">documentation</a><br><a href="docs/faq.html">faq</a><br><a href="books.html">books</a><br><a href="support.html">support</a><br><br><a href="http://trac.nginx.org/nginx">trac</a><br><a href="http://twitter.com/nginxorg">twitter</a><br><a href="https://www.nginx.com/blog/">blog</a><br><br><a href="https://unit.nginx.org/">unit</a><br><a href="docs/njs/">njs</a><br></div></div><div id="content"><h2>nginx</h2><table width="100%"><tr><td align="left"><a href="#basic_http_features">Basic HTTP server features</a><br><a href="#other_http_features">Other HTTP server features</a><br><a href="#mail_proxy_server_features">Mail proxy server features</a><br><a href="#generic_proxy_server_features">TCP/UDP proxy server features</a><br><a href="#architecture_and_scalability">Architecture and scalability</a><br><a href="#tested_os_and_platforms">Tested OS and platforms</a><br></td></tr></table><p>
|
||||
nginx [engine x] is an HTTP and reverse proxy server,
|
||||
a mail proxy server,
|
||||
and a generic TCP/UDP proxy server,
|
||||
originally written by <a href="http://sysoev.ru/en/">Igor Sysoev</a>.
|
||||
For a long time, it has been running
|
||||
on many heavily loaded Russian sites including
|
||||
<a href="http://www.yandex.ru">Yandex</a>,
|
||||
<a href="http://mail.ru">Mail.Ru</a>,
|
||||
<a href="http://vk.com">VK</a>, and
|
||||
<a href="http://www.rambler.ru">Rambler</a>.
|
||||
According to Netcraft, nginx served or proxied
|
||||
<a href="https://news.netcraft.com/archives/2022/12/20/december-2022-web-server-survey.html">21.25%
|
||||
busiest sites in December 2022</a>.
|
||||
Here are some of the success stories:
|
||||
<a href="https://blogs.dropbox.com/tech/2017/09/optimizing-web-servers-for-high-throughput-and-low-latency/">Dropbox</a>,
|
||||
<a href="https://openconnect.netflix.com/en/software/">Netflix</a>,
|
||||
<a href="https://www.nginx.com/case-studies/nginx-wordpress-com/">Wordpress.com</a>,
|
||||
<a href="http://blog.fastmail.fm/2007/01/04/webimappop-frontend-proxies-changed-to-nginx/">FastMail.FM</a>.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
The sources and documentation are distributed under the
|
||||
<a href="../LICENSE">2-clause BSD-like license</a>.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Commercial support is available from
|
||||
<a href="https://www.nginx.com">Nginx, Inc.</a>
|
||||
</p><a name="basic_http_features"></a><center><h4>Basic HTTP server features</h4></center><p>
|
||||
</p> <ul class="compact">
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Serving static and
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_index_module.html">index</a>
|
||||
files,
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_autoindex_module.html">autoindexing</a>;
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#open_file_cache">open file descriptor cache</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_proxy_module.html">Accelerated
|
||||
reverse proxying with caching</a>;
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_upstream_module.html">load balancing
|
||||
and fault tolerance</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Accelerated support with caching of
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_fastcgi_module.html">FastCGI</a>,
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_uwsgi_module.html">uwsgi</a>,
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_scgi_module.html">SCGI</a>, and
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_memcached_module.html">memcached</a>
|
||||
servers;
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_upstream_module.html">load balancing
|
||||
and fault tolerance</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Modular architecture.
|
||||
Filters include
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_gzip_module.html">gzipping</a>,
|
||||
byte ranges, chunked responses,
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_xslt_module.html">XSLT</a>,
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_ssi_module.html">SSI</a>,
|
||||
and <a href="docs/http/ngx_http_image_filter_module.html">image
|
||||
transformation</a> filter.
|
||||
Multiple SSI inclusions within a single page can be processed in
|
||||
parallel if they are handled by proxied or FastCGI/uwsgi/SCGI servers;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_ssl_module.html">SSL and
|
||||
TLS SNI support</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Support for <a href="docs/http/ngx_http_v2_module.html">HTTP/2</a>
|
||||
with weighted and dependency-based prioritization.
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul><p>
|
||||
</p><a name="other_http_features"></a><center><h4>Other HTTP server features</h4></center><p>
|
||||
</p> <ul class="compact">
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Name-based and IP-based
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/request_processing.html">virtual servers</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#keepalive_timeout">Keep-alive</a>
|
||||
and pipelined connections support;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_log_module.html#log_format">Access
|
||||
log formats</a>,
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_log_module.html#access_log">buffered
|
||||
log writing</a>,
|
||||
<a href="docs/control.html#logs">fast log rotation</a>, and
|
||||
<a href="docs/syslog.html">syslog logging</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
3xx-5xx error codes
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#error_page">redirection</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
The rewrite module:
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_rewrite_module.html">URI changing
|
||||
using regular expressions</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_rewrite_module.html#if">Executing
|
||||
different functions</a> depending on the
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_geo_module.html">client address</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Access control based on
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_access_module.html">client IP address</a>,
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_auth_basic_module.html">by password (HTTP
|
||||
Basic authentication)</a> and by the
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_auth_request_module.html">result of
|
||||
subrequest</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Validation of
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_referer_module.html">HTTP referer</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
The <a href="docs/http/ngx_http_dav_module.html">PUT, DELETE, MKCOL, COPY,
|
||||
and MOVE</a> methods;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_flv_module.html">FLV</a>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_mp4_module.html">MP4</a>
|
||||
streaming;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#limit_rate">Response rate limiting</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Limiting the number of simultaneous
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_limit_conn_module.html">connections</a>
|
||||
or
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_limit_req_module.html">requests</a>
|
||||
coming from one address;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_geoip_module.html">IP-based geolocation</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_split_clients_module.html">A/B testing</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_mirror_module.html">Request mirroring</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Embedded <a href="docs/http/ngx_http_perl_module.html">Perl</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/njs/index.html">njs</a> scripting language.
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul><p>
|
||||
</p><a name="mail_proxy_server_features"></a><center><h4>Mail proxy server features</h4></center><p>
|
||||
</p> <ul class="compact">
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
User redirection to
|
||||
<a href="docs/mail/ngx_mail_imap_module.html">IMAP</a>
|
||||
or
|
||||
<a href="docs/mail/ngx_mail_pop3_module.html">POP3</a>
|
||||
server using an external HTTP
|
||||
<a href="docs/mail/ngx_mail_auth_http_module.html">authentication</a>
|
||||
server;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
User authentication using an external HTTP
|
||||
<a href="docs/mail/ngx_mail_auth_http_module.html">authentication</a>
|
||||
server and connection redirection to an internal
|
||||
<a href="docs/mail/ngx_mail_smtp_module.html">SMTP</a> server;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Authentication methods:
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="compact">
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/mail/ngx_mail_pop3_module.html#pop3_auth">POP3</a>:
|
||||
USER/PASS, APOP, AUTH LOGIN/PLAIN/CRAM-MD5;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/mail/ngx_mail_imap_module.html#imap_auth">IMAP</a>:
|
||||
LOGIN, AUTH LOGIN/PLAIN/CRAM-MD5;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/mail/ngx_mail_smtp_module.html#smtp_auth">SMTP</a>:
|
||||
AUTH LOGIN/PLAIN/CRAM-MD5;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/mail/ngx_mail_ssl_module.html">SSL</a> support;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/mail/ngx_mail_ssl_module.html#starttls">STARTTLS
|
||||
and STLS</a> support.
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul><p>
|
||||
</p><a name="generic_proxy_server_features"></a><center><h4>TCP/UDP proxy server features</h4></center><p>
|
||||
</p> <ul class="compact">
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_proxy_module.html">Generic proxying</a>
|
||||
of TCP and UDP;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_ssl_module.html">SSL</a> and
|
||||
TLS <a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_ssl_preread_module.html">SNI</a> support
|
||||
for TCP;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_upstream_module.html">Load balancing
|
||||
and fault tolerance</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Access control based on
|
||||
<a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_access_module.html">client address</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Executing different functions depending on the
|
||||
<a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_geo_module.html">client address</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Limiting the number of simultaneous
|
||||
<a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_limit_conn_module.html">connections</a>
|
||||
coming from one address;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_log_module.html#log_format">Access
|
||||
log formats</a>,
|
||||
<a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_log_module.html#access_log">buffered
|
||||
log writing</a>,
|
||||
<a href="docs/control.html#logs">fast log rotation</a>, and
|
||||
<a href="docs/syslog.html">syslog logging</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_geoip_module.html">IP-based geolocation</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/stream/ngx_stream_split_clients_module.html">A/B testing</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/njs/index.html">njs</a> scripting language.
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul><p>
|
||||
</p><a name="architecture_and_scalability"></a><center><h4>Architecture and scalability</h4></center><p>
|
||||
</p> <ul class="compact">
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
One master and several worker processes;
|
||||
worker processes run under an unprivileged user;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/example.html">Flexible configuration</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/control.html#reconfiguration">Reconfiguration</a>
|
||||
and <a href="docs/control.html#upgrade">upgrade of an
|
||||
executable</a> without interruption of the client servicing;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/events.html">Support</a> for
|
||||
kqueue (FreeBSD 4.1+),
|
||||
epoll (Linux 2.6+),
|
||||
/dev/poll (Solaris 7 11/99+), event ports (Solaris 10),
|
||||
select, and poll;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
The support of the various kqueue features including EV_CLEAR, EV_DISABLE
|
||||
(to temporarily disable events), NOTE_LOWAT, EV_EOF, number of available data,
|
||||
error codes;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
The support of various epoll features including
|
||||
EPOLLRDHUP (Linux 2.6.17+, glibc 2.8+) and
|
||||
EPOLLEXCLUSIVE (Linux 4.5+, glibc 2.24+);
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
sendfile (FreeBSD 3.1+, Linux 2.2+, macOS 10.5+), sendfile64 (Linux 2.4.21+),
|
||||
and sendfilev (Solaris 8 7/01+) support;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#aio">File AIO</a>
|
||||
(FreeBSD 4.3+, Linux 2.6.22+);
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#directio">DIRECTIO</a>
|
||||
(FreeBSD 4.4+, Linux 2.4+, Solaris 2.6+, macOS);
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Accept-filters (FreeBSD 4.1+, NetBSD 5.0+) and TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT (Linux 2.4+)
|
||||
<a href="docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#listen">support</a>;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
10,000 inactive HTTP keep-alive connections take about 2.5M memory;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Data copy operations are kept to a minimum.
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul><p>
|
||||
</p><a name="tested_os_and_platforms"></a><center><h4>Tested OS and platforms</h4></center><p>
|
||||
</p> <ul class="compact">
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
FreeBSD 3 — 12 / i386;
|
||||
FreeBSD 5 — 12 / amd64;
|
||||
FreeBSD 11 / ppc;
|
||||
FreeBSD 12 / ppc64;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Linux 2.2 — 4 / i386;
|
||||
Linux 2.6 — 5 / amd64;
|
||||
Linux 3 — 4 / armv6l, armv7l, aarch64, ppc64le;
|
||||
Linux 4 — 5 / s390x;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Solaris 9 / i386, sun4u;
|
||||
Solaris 10 / i386, amd64, sun4v;
|
||||
Solaris 11 / x86;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
AIX 7.1 / powerpc;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
HP-UX 11.31 / ia64;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
macOS / ppc, i386, x86_64;
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
Windows XP,
|
||||
Windows Server 2003,
|
||||
Windows 7,
|
||||
Windows 10.
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul><p>
|
||||
</p></div></div></body></html>
|
||||
281
m239/50 - Internetserver/02 - Fileserver/Apache WebDAV-Modul
Normal file
281
m239/50 - Internetserver/02 - Fileserver/Apache WebDAV-Modul
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head>
|
||||
<meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" />
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
|
||||
This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT
|
||||
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
|
||||
-->
|
||||
<title>mod_dav - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</title>
|
||||
<link href="../style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" />
|
||||
<link href="../style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" />
|
||||
<link href="../style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style/css/prettify.css" />
|
||||
<script src="../style/scripts/prettify.min.js" type="text/javascript">
|
||||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<link href="../images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div id="page-header">
|
||||
<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
|
||||
<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</p>
|
||||
<img alt="" src="../images/feather.png" /></div>
|
||||
<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div id="path">
|
||||
<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.4</a> > <a href="./">Modules</a></div>
|
||||
<div id="page-content">
|
||||
<div id="preamble"><h1>Apache Module mod_dav</h1>
|
||||
<div class="toplang">
|
||||
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/mod/mod_dav.html" title="English"> en </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../fr/mod/mod_dav.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../ja/mod/mod_dav.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../ko/mod/mod_dav.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<table class="module"><tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Distributed Authoring and Versioning
|
||||
(<a href="http://www.webdav.org/">WebDAV</a>) functionality</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#ModuleIdentifier">Module Identifier:</a></th><td>dav_module</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#SourceFile">Source File:</a></th><td>mod_dav.c</td></tr></table>
|
||||
<h3>Summary</h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This module provides class 1 and class 2 <a href="http://www.webdav.org">WebDAV</a> ('Web-based Distributed
|
||||
Authoring and Versioning') functionality for Apache. This
|
||||
extension to the HTTP protocol allows creating, moving,
|
||||
copying, and deleting resources and collections on a remote web
|
||||
server.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="quickview"><a href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/contributing.html" class="badge"><img src="https://www.apache.org/images/SupportApache-small.png" alt="Support Apache!" /></a><h3>Topics</h3>
|
||||
<ul id="topics">
|
||||
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#example">Enabling WebDAV</a></li>
|
||||
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#security">Security Issues</a></li>
|
||||
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#complex">Complex Configurations</a></li>
|
||||
</ul><h3 class="directives">Directives</h3>
|
||||
<ul id="toc">
|
||||
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dav">Dav</a></li>
|
||||
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#davdepthinfinity">DavDepthInfinity</a></li>
|
||||
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#davmintimeout">DavMinTimeout</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h3>Bugfix checklist</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="https://www.apache.org/dist/httpd/CHANGES_2.4">httpd changelog</a></li><li><a href="https://bz.apache.org/bugzilla/buglist.cgi?bug_status=__open__&list_id=144532&product=Apache%20httpd-2&query_format=specific&order=changeddate%20DESC%2Cpriority%2Cbug_severity&component=mod_dav">Known issues</a></li><li><a href="https://bz.apache.org/bugzilla/enter_bug.cgi?product=Apache%20httpd-2&component=mod_dav">Report a bug</a></li></ul><h3>See also</h3>
|
||||
<ul class="seealso">
|
||||
<li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_dav_fs.html#davlockdb">DavLockDB</a></code></li>
|
||||
<li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#limitxmlrequestbody">LimitXMLRequestBody</a></code></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="http://www.webdav.org">WebDAV Resources</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
|
||||
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<h2><a name="example" id="example">Enabling WebDAV</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>To enable <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dav.html">mod_dav</a></code>, add the following to a
|
||||
container in your <code>httpd.conf</code> file:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Dav On</pre>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This enables the DAV file system provider, which is implemented
|
||||
by the <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dav_fs.html">mod_dav_fs</a></code> module. Therefore, that module
|
||||
must be compiled into the server or loaded at runtime using the
|
||||
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_so.html#loadmodule">LoadModule</a></code> directive.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In addition, a location for the DAV lock database must be
|
||||
specified in the global section of your <code>httpd.conf</code>
|
||||
file using the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_dav_fs.html#davlockdb">DavLockDB</a></code>
|
||||
directive:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">DavLockDB /usr/local/apache2/var/DavLock</pre>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The directory containing the lock database file must be
|
||||
writable by the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_unixd.html#user">User</a></code>
|
||||
and <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_unixd.html#group">Group</a></code> under which
|
||||
Apache is running.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You may wish to add a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#limit"><Limit></a></code> clause inside the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#location"><Location></a></code> directive to limit access to
|
||||
DAV-enabled locations. If you want to set the maximum amount of
|
||||
bytes that a DAV client can send at one request, you have to use
|
||||
the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#limitxmlrequestbody">LimitXMLRequestBody</a></code>
|
||||
directive. The "normal" <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#limitrequestbody">LimitRequestBody</a></code> directive has no effect on DAV
|
||||
requests.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="example"><h3>Full Example</h3><pre class="prettyprint lang-config">DavLockDB "/usr/local/apache2/var/DavLock"
|
||||
|
||||
<Directory "/usr/local/apache2/htdocs/foo">
|
||||
Require all granted
|
||||
Dav On
|
||||
|
||||
AuthType Basic
|
||||
AuthName DAV
|
||||
AuthUserFile "user.passwd"
|
||||
|
||||
<LimitExcept GET POST OPTIONS>
|
||||
Require user admin
|
||||
</LimitExcept>
|
||||
</Directory></pre>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<h2><a name="security" id="security">Security Issues</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Since DAV access methods allow remote clients to manipulate
|
||||
files on the server, you must take particular care to assure that
|
||||
your server is secure before enabling <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dav.html">mod_dav</a></code>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Any location on the server where DAV is enabled should be
|
||||
protected by authentication. The use of HTTP Basic Authentication
|
||||
is not recommended. You should use at least HTTP Digest
|
||||
Authentication, which is provided by the
|
||||
<code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_auth_digest.html">mod_auth_digest</a></code> module. Nearly all WebDAV clients
|
||||
support this authentication method. An alternative is Basic
|
||||
Authentication over an <a href="../ssl/">SSL</a> enabled
|
||||
connection.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In order for <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dav.html">mod_dav</a></code> to manage files, it must
|
||||
be able to write to the directories and files under its control
|
||||
using the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_unixd.html#user">User</a></code> and
|
||||
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_unixd.html#group">Group</a></code> under which
|
||||
Apache is running. New files created will also be owned by this
|
||||
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_unixd.html#user">User</a></code> and <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_unixd.html#group">Group</a></code>. For this reason, it is
|
||||
important to control access to this account. The DAV repository
|
||||
is considered private to Apache; modifying files outside of Apache
|
||||
(for example using FTP or filesystem-level tools) should not be
|
||||
allowed.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dav.html">mod_dav</a></code> may be subject to various kinds of
|
||||
denial-of-service attacks. The <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#limitxmlrequestbody">LimitXMLRequestBody</a></code> directive can be
|
||||
used to limit the amount of memory consumed in parsing large DAV
|
||||
requests. The <code class="directive"><a href="#davdepthinfinity">DavDepthInfinity</a></code> directive can be
|
||||
used to prevent <code>PROPFIND</code> requests on a very large
|
||||
repository from consuming large amounts of memory. Another
|
||||
possible denial-of-service attack involves a client simply filling
|
||||
up all available disk space with many large files. There is no
|
||||
direct way to prevent this in Apache, so you should avoid giving
|
||||
DAV access to untrusted users.</p>
|
||||
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<h2><a name="complex" id="complex">Complex Configurations</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>One common request is to use <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dav.html">mod_dav</a></code> to
|
||||
manipulate dynamic files (PHP scripts, CGI scripts, etc). This is
|
||||
difficult because a <code>GET</code> request will always run the
|
||||
script, rather than downloading its contents. One way to avoid
|
||||
this is to map two different URLs to the content, one of which
|
||||
will run the script, and one of which will allow it to be
|
||||
downloaded and manipulated with DAV.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Alias "/phparea" "/home/gstein/php_files"
|
||||
Alias "/php-source" "/home/gstein/php_files"
|
||||
<Location "/php-source">
|
||||
Dav On
|
||||
ForceType text/plain
|
||||
</Location></pre>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<p>With this setup, <code>http://example.com/phparea</code> can be
|
||||
used to access the output of the PHP scripts, and
|
||||
<code>http://example.com/php-source</code> can be used with a DAV
|
||||
client to manipulate them.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="Dav" id="Dav">Dav</a> <a name="dav" id="dav">Directive</a></h2>
|
||||
<table class="directive">
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Enable WebDAV HTTP methods</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>Dav On|Off|<var>provider-name</var></code></td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>Dav Off</code></td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>directory</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dav</td></tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
<p>Use the <code class="directive">Dav</code> directive to enable the
|
||||
WebDAV HTTP methods for the given container:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><Location "/foo">
|
||||
Dav On
|
||||
</Location></pre>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The value <code>On</code> is actually an alias for the default
|
||||
provider <code>filesystem</code> which is served by the <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dav_fs.html">mod_dav_fs</a></code> module. Note, that once you have DAV enabled
|
||||
for some location, it <em>cannot</em> be disabled for sublocations.
|
||||
For a complete configuration example have a look at the <a href="#example">section above</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="warning">
|
||||
Do not enable WebDAV until you have secured your server. Otherwise
|
||||
everyone will be able to distribute files on your system.
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DavDepthInfinity" id="DavDepthInfinity">DavDepthInfinity</a> <a name="davdepthinfinity" id="davdepthinfinity">Directive</a></h2>
|
||||
<table class="directive">
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Allow PROPFIND, Depth: Infinity requests</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DavDepthInfinity on|off</code></td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>DavDepthInfinity off</code></td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host, directory</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dav</td></tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
<p>Use the <code class="directive">DavDepthInfinity</code> directive to
|
||||
allow the processing of <code>PROPFIND</code> requests containing the
|
||||
header 'Depth: Infinity'. Because this type of request could constitute
|
||||
a denial-of-service attack, by default it is not allowed.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
||||
<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DavMinTimeout" id="DavMinTimeout">DavMinTimeout</a> <a name="davmintimeout" id="davmintimeout">Directive</a></h2>
|
||||
<table class="directive">
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Minimum amount of time the server holds a lock on
|
||||
a DAV resource</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DavMinTimeout <var>seconds</var></code></td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>DavMinTimeout 0</code></td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host, directory</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dav</td></tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
<p>When a client requests a DAV resource lock, it can also
|
||||
specify a time when the lock will be automatically removed by
|
||||
the server. This value is only a request, and the server can
|
||||
ignore it or inform the client of an arbitrary value.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Use the <code class="directive">DavMinTimeout</code> directive to specify, in
|
||||
seconds, the minimum lock timeout to return to a client.
|
||||
Microsoft Web Folders defaults to a timeout of 120 seconds; the
|
||||
<code class="directive">DavMinTimeout</code> can override this to a higher value
|
||||
(like 600 seconds) to reduce the chance of the client losing
|
||||
the lock due to network latency.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="example"><h3>Example</h3><pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><Location "/MSWord">
|
||||
DavMinTimeout 600
|
||||
</Location></pre>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="bottomlang">
|
||||
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/mod/mod_dav.html" title="English"> en </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../fr/mod/mod_dav.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../ja/mod/mod_dav.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> |
|
||||
<a href="../ko/mod/mod_dav.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a></p>
|
||||
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="../images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comments</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. Questions on how to manage the Apache HTTP Server should be directed at either our IRC channel, #httpd, on Libera.chat, or sent to our <a href="https://httpd.apache.org/lists.html">mailing lists</a>.</div>
|
||||
<script type="text/javascript"><!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
|
||||
var comments_shortname = 'httpd';
|
||||
var comments_identifier = 'http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_dav.html';
|
||||
(function(w, d) {
|
||||
if (w.location.hostname.toLowerCase() == "httpd.apache.org") {
|
||||
d.write('<div id="comments_thread"><\/div>');
|
||||
var s = d.createElement('script');
|
||||
s.type = 'text/javascript';
|
||||
s.async = true;
|
||||
s.src = 'https://comments.apache.org/show_comments.lua?site=' + comments_shortname + '&page=' + comments_identifier;
|
||||
(d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0] || d.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(s);
|
||||
}
|
||||
else {
|
||||
d.write('<div id="comments_thread">Comments are disabled for this page at the moment.<\/div>');
|
||||
}
|
||||
})(window, document);
|
||||
//--><!]]></script></div><div id="footer">
|
||||
<p class="apache">Copyright 2022 The Apache Software Foundation.<br />Licensed under the <a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License, Version 2.0</a>.</p>
|
||||
<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p></div><script type="text/javascript"><!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
|
||||
if (typeof(prettyPrint) !== 'undefined') {
|
||||
prettyPrint();
|
||||
}
|
||||
//--><!]]></script>
|
||||
</body></html>
|
||||
181
m239/50 - Internetserver/03 - Mailserver/HMailServer (Windows)
Normal file
181
m239/50 - Internetserver/03 - Mailserver/HMailServer (Windows)
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
|
||||
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
|
||||
<head >
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
|
||||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="hMailServer - Free open source email server for Microsoft Windows">
|
||||
<meta name="author" content="Martin Knafve">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<title>hMailServer - Free open source email server for Microsoft Windows</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Bootstrap Core CSS -->
|
||||
<link href="/css/bootstrap-in-div.css" rel="stylesheet">
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Custom CSS -->
|
||||
<link href="/css/site.css" rel="stylesheet">
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- HTML5 Shim and Respond.js IE8 support of HTML5 elements and media queries -->
|
||||
<!-- WARNING: Respond.js doesn't work if you view the page via file:// -->
|
||||
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
|
||||
<script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/html5shiv/3.7.0/html5shiv.js"></script>
|
||||
<script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/respond.js/1.4.2/respond.min.js"></script>
|
||||
<![endif]-->
|
||||
<!-- jQuery -->
|
||||
<script src="/js/jquery.js"></script>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
|
||||
<body >
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="bootstrap">
|
||||
<!-- Navigation -->
|
||||
<nav class="navbar navbar-default navbar-static-top navbar-top navbar-shadow" role="navigation">
|
||||
<div class="container">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Brand and toggle get grouped for better mobile display -->
|
||||
<div class="navbar-header">
|
||||
<button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#bs-example-navbar-collapse-1">
|
||||
<span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span>
|
||||
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
|
||||
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
|
||||
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
|
||||
</button>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- Collect the nav links, forms, and other content for toggling -->
|
||||
<div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="bs-example-navbar-collapse-1">
|
||||
<ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-left">
|
||||
<li class="active">
|
||||
<a href="/">Welcome</a>
|
||||
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li >
|
||||
<a href="/functionality">Functionality</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li >
|
||||
<a href="/download">Download</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<!--<li >
|
||||
<a href="/services">Services</a>
|
||||
</li>-->
|
||||
<li >
|
||||
<a href="/docs">Documentation</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li >
|
||||
<a href="/community">Community</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="/forum">Forum</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li >
|
||||
<a href="/contact">Contact</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- /.navbar-collapse -->
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- /.container -->
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Page Content -->
|
||||
<div class="container" >
|
||||
<div class="row" >
|
||||
<div class="col-lg-12">
|
||||
<h1 class="page-header">Welcome</h1>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- Page Content -->
|
||||
<div class="container">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Marketing Icons Section -->
|
||||
<div class="row">
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="col-md-6">
|
||||
|
||||
<p>hMailServer is a free, open source, e-mail server for Microsoft Windows. It's used by Internet service providers, companies, governments, schools and enthusiasts in all parts of the world.
|
||||
<br/><br/>
|
||||
It supports the common e-mail protocols (IMAP, SMTP and POP3) and can easily be integrated with many existing web mail systems. It has flexible score-based spam protection and can attach to your virus scanner to scan all incoming and outgoing email.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="col-md-6" align="center">
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<br/>
|
||||
<img src="images/top_picture.png" alt="hMailServer" style="margin: 10px; max-width:100%; max-height:100%;">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="row">
|
||||
<div class="col-md2">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- /.row -->
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Portfolio Section -->
|
||||
<div class="row">
|
||||
<div class="col-lg-12">
|
||||
<h3 class="page-header">Core features</h3>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="col-md-4">
|
||||
<div class="panel panel-default">
|
||||
<div class="panel-heading">
|
||||
<h4><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check"></i> Free & Open Source</h4>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="panel-body">
|
||||
<p>Licensed under AGPLv3, hMailServer can be used for free in most commercial scenarios. It's source code is available for anyone to <a href="https://github.com/hmailserver/hmailserver/">read or extend at GitHub</a>.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="col-md-4">
|
||||
<div class="panel panel-default">
|
||||
<div class="panel-heading">
|
||||
<h4><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check"></i> Built-in Anti-Spam</h4>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="panel-body">
|
||||
<p>hMailServer comes with a set of built-in anti spam features such as SPF, SURBL. It can also be integrated with 3rd party anti spam systems such as <a href="http://www.jam-software.com/spamassassin/">SpamAssassin</a> and <a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/assp/">ASSP</a>.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="col-md-4">
|
||||
<div class="panel panel-default">
|
||||
<div class="panel-heading">
|
||||
<h4><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check"></i> Webmail</h4>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="panel-body">
|
||||
<p>Any webmail system which supports IMAP and SMTP can be used with hMailServer. <a href="http://roundcube.net/">RoundCube</a> and <a href="http://squirrelmail.org/">SquirrelMail</a> are popular webmail systems which are often used with hMailServer.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- /.container -->
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- jQuery -->
|
||||
<script src="/js/jquery.js"></script>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Bootstrap Core JavaScript -->
|
||||
<script src="/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
559
m239/50 - Internetserver/05 - Groupware und CMS/41 - Wordpress
Normal file
559
m239/50 - Internetserver/05 - Groupware und CMS/41 - Wordpress
Normal file
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
3922
m239/50 - Internetserver/05 - Groupware und CMS/42 - Typo3
Normal file
3922
m239/50 - Internetserver/05 - Groupware und CMS/42 - Typo3
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
554
m239/50 - Internetserver/05 - Groupware und CMS/43 - Joomla
Normal file
554
m239/50 - Internetserver/05 - Groupware und CMS/43 - Joomla
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,554 @@
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||||
<html lang="en-gb" dir="ltr">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||||
<base href="https://www.joomla.org/announcements/release-news/5664-joomla-3-6-is-here.html" />
|
||||
<meta name="keywords" content="joomla, cms, php, release" />
|
||||
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.joomla.org/images/release-images/joomla_3_6_stable_release.png" />
|
||||
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Release announcement for the Joomla! 3.6 Stable Release" />
|
||||
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Joomla! 3.6 is Here" />
|
||||
<meta name="author" content="George Wilson" />
|
||||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
|
||||
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" />
|
||||
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="blue" />
|
||||
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
|
||||
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@joomla" />
|
||||
<meta name="referrer" content="unsafe-url" />
|
||||
<meta property="og:image" content="https://www.joomla.org/images/release-images/joomla_3_6_stable_release.png" />
|
||||
<meta property="og:image:width" content="869" />
|
||||
<meta property="og:image:height" content="360" />
|
||||
<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" />
|
||||
<meta property="og:description" content="Release announcement for the Joomla! 3.6 Stable Release" />
|
||||
<meta property="og:title" content="Joomla! 3.6 is Here" />
|
||||
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
|
||||
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.joomla.org/announcements/release-news/5664-joomla-3-6-is-here.html" />
|
||||
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Joomla!" />
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="Release announcement for the Joomla! 3.6 Stable Release" />
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="Joomla! - Open Source Content Management" />
|
||||
<title>Joomla! 3.6 is Here</title>
|
||||
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans&display=swap" rel="preload" as="style" />
|
||||
<link href="/templates/joomla/images/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" />
|
||||
<link href="/templates/joomla/images/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" />
|
||||
<link href="/templates/joomla/images/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" />
|
||||
<link href="/templates/joomla/images/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" />
|
||||
<link href="/templates/joomla/images/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" />
|
||||
<link href="/templates/joomla/images/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" />
|
||||
<link href="/templates/joomla/images/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" />
|
||||
<link href="/templates/joomla/images/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" />
|
||||
<link href="/templates/joomla/images/apple-touch-icon.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" />
|
||||
<link href="/templates/joomla/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
|
||||
<link href="/media/joomlarrssb/css/rrssb.css?0db2c2d6c34c3d706a1fa394b9700322" rel="stylesheet" />
|
||||
<link href="/media/joomlarrssb/css/joomla.css?0db2c2d6c34c3d706a1fa394b9700322" rel="stylesheet" />
|
||||
<link href="/plugins/system/jce/css/content.css?badb4208be409b1335b815dde676300e" rel="stylesheet" />
|
||||
<link href="https://cdn.joomla.org/template/css/template_3.1.0.min.css" rel="stylesheet" />
|
||||
<link href="/templates/joomla/css/custom.css?0db2c2d6c34c3d706a1fa394b9700322" rel="stylesheet" />
|
||||
<link href="/media/jui/css/chosen.css?0db2c2d6c34c3d706a1fa394b9700322" rel="stylesheet" />
|
||||
<link href="/media/com_finder/css/finder.css?0db2c2d6c34c3d706a1fa394b9700322" rel="stylesheet" />
|
||||
<style>
|
||||
</style>
|
||||
<script type="application/json" class="joomla-script-options new">{"csrf.token":"f2d95e5227f1f681740c953087625476","system.paths":{"root":"","base":""}}</script>
|
||||
<script src="/media/jui/js/jquery.min.js?0db2c2d6c34c3d706a1fa394b9700322"></script>
|
||||
<script src="/media/jui/js/jquery-noconflict.js?0db2c2d6c34c3d706a1fa394b9700322"></script>
|
||||
<script src="/media/jui/js/jquery-migrate.min.js?0db2c2d6c34c3d706a1fa394b9700322"></script>
|
||||
<script src="/media/joomlarrssb/js/rrssb.min.js?0db2c2d6c34c3d706a1fa394b9700322"></script>
|
||||
<script src="/media/system/js/caption.js?0db2c2d6c34c3d706a1fa394b9700322"></script>
|
||||
<script src="/media/jui/js/bootstrap.min.js?0db2c2d6c34c3d706a1fa394b9700322"></script>
|
||||
<script src="/media/system/js/core.js?0db2c2d6c34c3d706a1fa394b9700322"></script>
|
||||
<script src="/templates/joomla/js/template.js?0db2c2d6c34c3d706a1fa394b9700322"></script>
|
||||
<script src="/templates/joomla/js/blockadblock.js?0db2c2d6c34c3d706a1fa394b9700322"></script>
|
||||
<script src="/templates/joomla/js/js.cookie.js?0db2c2d6c34c3d706a1fa394b9700322"></script>
|
||||
<!--[if lt IE 9]><script src="/media/jui/js/html5.js?0db2c2d6c34c3d706a1fa394b9700322"></script><![endif]-->
|
||||
<script src="/media/jui/js/chosen.jquery.min.js?0db2c2d6c34c3d706a1fa394b9700322"></script>
|
||||
<script src="/media/jui/js/jquery.autocomplete.min.js?0db2c2d6c34c3d706a1fa394b9700322"></script>
|
||||
<script>
|
||||
jQuery(window).on('load', function() {
|
||||
new JCaption('img.caption');
|
||||
});
|
||||
jQuery(function ($) {
|
||||
initChosen();
|
||||
$("body").on("subform-row-add", initChosen);
|
||||
|
||||
function initChosen(event, container)
|
||||
{
|
||||
container = container || document;
|
||||
$(container).find(".advancedSelect").chosen({"disable_search_threshold":10,"search_contains":true,"allow_single_deselect":true,"placeholder_text_multiple":"Type or select some options","placeholder_text_single":"Select an option","no_results_text":"No results match"});
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
jQuery(function($){ initTooltips(); $("body").on("subform-row-add", initTooltips); function initTooltips (event, container) { container = container || document;$(container).find(".hasTooltip").tooltip({"html": true,"container": "body"});} });
|
||||
jQuery(document).ready(function() {
|
||||
var value, searchword = jQuery('#mod-finder-searchword315');
|
||||
|
||||
// Get the current value.
|
||||
value = searchword.val();
|
||||
|
||||
// If the current value equals the default value, clear it.
|
||||
searchword.on('focus', function ()
|
||||
{
|
||||
var el = jQuery(this);
|
||||
|
||||
if (el.val() === 'Search ...')
|
||||
{
|
||||
el.val('');
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
// If the current value is empty, set the previous value.
|
||||
searchword.on('blur', function ()
|
||||
{
|
||||
var el = jQuery(this);
|
||||
|
||||
if (!el.val())
|
||||
{
|
||||
el.val(value);
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
jQuery('#mod-finder-searchform315').on('submit', function (e)
|
||||
{
|
||||
e.stopPropagation();
|
||||
var advanced = jQuery('#mod-finder-advanced315');
|
||||
|
||||
// Disable select boxes with no value selected.
|
||||
if (advanced.length)
|
||||
{
|
||||
advanced.find('select').each(function (index, el)
|
||||
{
|
||||
var el = jQuery(el);
|
||||
|
||||
if (!el.val())
|
||||
{
|
||||
el.attr('disabled', 'disabled');
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
var suggest = jQuery('#mod-finder-searchword315').autocomplete({
|
||||
serviceUrl: '/component/finder/?task=suggestions.suggest&format=json&tmpl=component',
|
||||
paramName: 'q',
|
||||
minChars: 1,
|
||||
maxHeight: 400,
|
||||
width: 300,
|
||||
zIndex: 9999,
|
||||
deferRequestBy: 500
|
||||
});});
|
||||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="site com_content view-article layout-blog task-display itemid-156 fluid">
|
||||
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
|
||||
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WWC8WL" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
|
||||
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WWC8WL');</script>
|
||||
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
|
||||
<!-- Top Nav -->
|
||||
<nav class="navigation" role="navigation">
|
||||
<div id="mega-menu" class="navbar navbar-inverse navbar-fixed-top">
|
||||
<div class="navbar-inner">
|
||||
<div class="container-fluid">
|
||||
<a class="btn btn-navbar" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".nav-collapse">
|
||||
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
|
||||
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
|
||||
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="nav-collapse collapse">
|
||||
<ul id="nav-joomla" class="nav">
|
||||
<li class="dropdown">
|
||||
<a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#">
|
||||
<span dir="ltr"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-joomla"></span> Joomla!<sup>®</sup></span> <span class="caret"></span>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
<ul class="dropdown-menu">
|
||||
<li class="nav-header"><span>About us</span></li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.joomla.org">
|
||||
<span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-joomla"></span> Joomla Home
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.joomla.org/about-joomla.html">What is Joomla?</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.joomla.org/core-features.html">Benefits & Features</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.joomla.org/about-joomla/the-project.html">Project & Leadership</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://tm.joomla.org">Trademark & Licensing</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://joomlafoundation.org">The Joomla Foundation</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="divider"></li>
|
||||
<li class="nav-header"><span>Support us</span></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.joomla.org/contribute-to-joomla.html">Contribute</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.joomla.org/sponsor.html">Sponsor</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.joomla.org/about-joomla/partners.html">Partner</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://shop.joomla.org">Shop</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="dropdown">
|
||||
<a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#">Download & Extend <span class="caret"></span></a>
|
||||
<ul class="dropdown-menu">
|
||||
<li><a href="https://downloads.joomla.org">Downloads</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://extensions.joomla.org">Extensions</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://downloads.joomla.org/language-packs">Languages</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://launch.joomla.org">Get a free site</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://domains.joomla.org">Get a domain</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="dropdown">
|
||||
<a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#">Discover & Learn <span class="caret"></span></a>
|
||||
<ul class="dropdown-menu">
|
||||
<li><a href="https://docs.joomla.org">Documentation</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://community.joomla.org/joomla-training.html">Training</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://certification.joomla.org">Certification</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://showcase.joomla.org">Site Showcase</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.joomla.org/announcements.html">Announcements</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://community.joomla.org/blogs.html">Blogs</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://magazine.joomla.org">Magazine</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="dropdown">
|
||||
<a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#">Community & Support <span class="caret"></span></a>
|
||||
<ul class="dropdown-menu">
|
||||
<li><a href="https://community.joomla.org">Community Portal</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://community.joomla.org/events.html">Events</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://community.joomla.org/user-groups.html">User Groups</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://forum.joomla.org">Forum</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://community.joomla.org/service-providers-directory.html">Service Providers Directory</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://volunteers.joomla.org">Volunteers Portal</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://extensions.joomla.org/vulnerable-extensions/vulnerable/">Vulnerable Extensions List</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="dropdown">
|
||||
<a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#">Developer Resources <span class="caret"></span></a>
|
||||
<ul class="dropdown-menu">
|
||||
<li><a href="https://developer.joomla.org">Developer Network</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://developer.joomla.org/security.html">Security Centre</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://issues.joomla.org">Issue Tracker</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://github.com/joomla">GitHub</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://api.joomla.org">API Documentation</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://framework.joomla.org"><span dir="ltr">Joomla!</span> Framework</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<div id="nav-search" class="navbar-search pull-right">
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="finder">
|
||||
<form id="mod-finder-searchform315" action="/search.html" method="get" class="form-search" role="search">
|
||||
<label for="mod-finder-searchword315" class="element-invisible finder">Search</label><input type="text" name="q" id="mod-finder-searchword315" class="search-query input-medium" size="25" value="" placeholder="Search ..."/>
|
||||
</form>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
<!-- Header -->
|
||||
<header class="header">
|
||||
<div class="container-fluid">
|
||||
<div class="row-fluid">
|
||||
<div class="span7">
|
||||
<h1 class="page-title">
|
||||
<a href="/"><img alt="Joomla CMS" width="40" height="40" src="https://cdn.joomla.org/images/Joomla_logo.png">Joomla!</a>
|
||||
</h1>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="span5">
|
||||
<div class="btn-toolbar row-fluid">
|
||||
<div class="span6">
|
||||
<a href="https://downloads.joomla.org/" class="btn btn-block btn-large btn-warning">Download</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="span6">
|
||||
<a href="https://launch.joomla.org" class="btn btn-block btn-large btn-primary">Launch <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-rocket"></span></a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</header>
|
||||
<nav class="subnav-wrapper">
|
||||
<div class="subnav">
|
||||
<div class="container-fluid">
|
||||
<ul class="nav menu nav-pills mod-list">
|
||||
<li class="item-122 default"><a href="/" >Home</a></li><li class="item-153 parent"><a href="/about-joomla.html" >About Joomla!</a></li><li class="item-195"><a href="/core-features.html" >Benefits & Features</a></li><li class="item-466"><a href="https://www.joomla.org/4/en/" >Joomla! 4</a></li><li class="item-154 active parent"><a href="/announcements.html" >News</a></li><li class="item-348"><a href="/contribute-to-joomla.html" >Contribute</a></li><li class="item-220"><a href="/media-contact.html" >Press Enquiries</a></li></ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
<!-- Body -->
|
||||
<div class="body">
|
||||
<div class="container-fluid">
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="row-fluid">
|
||||
<main id="content" class="span9">
|
||||
<!-- Begin Content -->
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="system-message-container">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="item-page" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article">
|
||||
<meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="en-GB" />
|
||||
<div class="page-header">
|
||||
<h1> Release News </h1>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="page-header">
|
||||
<h2 itemprop="headline">
|
||||
Joomla! 3.6 is Here </h2>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<dl class="article-info muted">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<dt class="article-info-term">
|
||||
Details </dt>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<dd class="create">
|
||||
<span class="icon-calendar" aria-hidden="true"></span>
|
||||
<time datetime="2016-07-12T16:00:00+00:00" itemprop="dateCreated">
|
||||
Created: 12 July 2016 </time>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div itemprop="articleBody">
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="share-container">
|
||||
<ul class="rrssb-buttons clearfix">
|
||||
<li class="rrssb-facebook">
|
||||
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fjoom.la%2F36released" class="popup">
|
||||
<span class="rrssb-icon">
|
||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid" width="29" height="29" viewBox="0 0 29 29">
|
||||
<path d="M26.4 0H2.6C1.714 0 0 1.715 0 2.6v23.8c0 .884 1.715 2.6 2.6 2.6h12.393V17.988h-3.996v-3.98h3.997v-3.062c0-3.746 2.835-5.97 6.177-5.97 1.6 0 2.444.173 2.845.226v3.792H21.18c-1.817 0-2.156.9-2.156 2.168v2.847h5.045l-.66 3.978h-4.386V29H26.4c.884 0 2.6-1.716 2.6-2.6V2.6c0-.885-1.716-2.6-2.6-2.6z" class="cls-2" fill-rule="evenodd" />
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<span class="rrssb-text">facebook</span>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="rrssb-twitter">
|
||||
<a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Joomla%21+3.6+is+Here%3A+https%3A%2F%2Fjoom.la%2F36released" class="popup">
|
||||
<span class="rrssb-icon">
|
||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28">
|
||||
<path d="M24.253 8.756C24.69 17.08 18.297 24.182 9.97 24.62c-3.122.162-6.22-.646-8.86-2.32 2.702.18 5.375-.648 7.507-2.32-2.072-.248-3.818-1.662-4.49-3.64.802.13 1.62.077 2.4-.154-2.482-.466-4.312-2.586-4.412-5.11.688.276 1.426.408 2.168.387-2.135-1.65-2.73-4.62-1.394-6.965C5.574 7.816 9.54 9.84 13.802 10.07c-.842-2.738.694-5.64 3.434-6.48 2.018-.624 4.212.043 5.546 1.682 1.186-.213 2.318-.662 3.33-1.317-.386 1.256-1.248 2.312-2.4 2.942 1.048-.106 2.07-.394 3.02-.85-.458 1.182-1.343 2.15-2.48 2.71z" />
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<span class="rrssb-text">twitter</span>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="rrssb-linkedin">
|
||||
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fjoom.la%2F36released&title=Joomla%21+3.6+is+Here&summary=The+Joomla%21+Project+and+the+Production+Leadership..." class="popup">
|
||||
<span class="rrssb-icon">
|
||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28">
|
||||
<path d="M25.424 15.887v8.447h-4.896v-7.882c0-1.98-.71-3.33-2.48-3.33-1.354 0-2.158.91-2.514 1.802-.13.315-.162.753-.162 1.194v8.216h-4.9s.067-13.35 0-14.73h4.9v2.087c-.01.017-.023.033-.033.05h.032v-.05c.65-1.002 1.812-2.435 4.414-2.435 3.222 0 5.638 2.106 5.638 6.632zM5.348 2.5c-1.676 0-2.772 1.093-2.772 2.54 0 1.42 1.066 2.538 2.717 2.546h.032c1.71 0 2.77-1.132 2.77-2.546C8.056 3.593 7.02 2.5 5.344 2.5h.005zm-2.48 21.834h4.896V9.604H2.867v14.73z" />
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<span class="rrssb-text">linkedin</span>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="rrssb-pinterest">
|
||||
<a href="https://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fjoom.la%2F36released&media=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joomla.org%2Fimages%2Frelease-images%2Fjoomla_3_6_stable_release.png&description=Joomla%21+3.6+is+Here">
|
||||
<span class="rrssb-icon">
|
||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28">
|
||||
<path d="M14.02 1.57c-7.06 0-12.784 5.723-12.784 12.785S6.96 27.14 14.02 27.14c7.062 0 12.786-5.725 12.786-12.785 0-7.06-5.724-12.785-12.785-12.785zm1.24 17.085c-1.16-.09-1.648-.666-2.558-1.22-.5 2.627-1.113 5.146-2.925 6.46-.56-3.972.822-6.952 1.462-10.117-1.094-1.84.13-5.545 2.437-4.632 2.837 1.123-2.458 6.842 1.1 7.557 3.71.744 5.226-6.44 2.924-8.775-3.324-3.374-9.677-.077-8.896 4.754.19 1.178 1.408 1.538.49 3.168-2.13-.472-2.764-2.15-2.683-4.388.132-3.662 3.292-6.227 6.46-6.582 4.008-.448 7.772 1.474 8.29 5.24.58 4.254-1.815 8.864-6.1 8.532v.003z" />
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<span class="rrssb-text">pinterest</span>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<figure class="center"><img src="/images/release-images/joomla_3_6_stable_release.png" alt="joomla 3 6 stable release" width="869" height="360" /></figure>
|
||||
<p class="lead">The Joomla! Project and the Production Leadership Team are proud to announce the release of <a href="/3/" title="Joomla! 3.6">Joomla! 3.6</a> as the latest in the 3.x series. <br />Joomla! 3.6 introduces more than 400 improvements, including many features which make administration of Joomla! Web sites easier and more feature-rich, as well as many UX (user experience) improvements.</p>
|
||||
<p>Joomla! 3 is the latest major release of the Joomla! CMS, with 3.6 the seventh standard-term support release in this series. Please note that going from 3.5 to 3.6 is a one-click update and is not a migration. The same is true for any subsequent versions in the 3 series of the CMS.</p>
|
||||
<h2>What's new in Joomla! 3.6</h2>
|
||||
<p>Here are some highlights of the 3.6 release:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><strong>Joomla! Update</strong> has been improved and now allows you to reinstall Joomla’s core files at the click of a button, overwriting any modified file(s) and reverting them back to the default.</li>
|
||||
<li>Joomla! 3.6 contains a lot of <strong>UX improvements</strong>. Now you can find your modules faster, have tasks done by dropdown, improved user management and so much more...</li>
|
||||
<li>With the <strong>new Sub Form Field function</strong> in Joomla! 3.6, we added some extra additional functionality next to Repeatable fields. Now you can nest XML forms inside each other or reuse your existing forms inside your current form.</li>
|
||||
<li><strong>Create categories on the fly</strong>: It can get frustrating when you create a new item, and you realise that you haven’t created a category yet. Joomla! 3.6 now lets you create a category on the fly for articles, contacts, newsfeeds and banners.</li>
|
||||
<li><strong>Menu type ACL</strong>: ACL in the backend did not exist at the menu level, now we have improved that. Give or block certain user groups access to a specific menu, and therefore also all menu items of that menu.</li>
|
||||
<li><strong>See what's in your menus with All Menu Items</strong>: The new option to show all items from all menus gives you a quick overview of what is displayed where on your website. It has never been easier to spot duplicated links, missing menu items or just get an overview of every menu on your site.</li>
|
||||
<li>And much more... To have a full list of the 3.6 features, please visit our <a href="https://github.com/joomla/joomla-cms/issues?q=milestone%3A%22Joomla+3.6.0%22+" target="_blank" title="Joomla repository on Github" rel="noopener noreferrer">GitHub Repository.</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Download</h2>
|
||||
<div class="download center">
|
||||
<h3>New Installations:</h3>
|
||||
<a class="btn btn-primary btn-lg active" href="https://downloads.joomla.org/cms/joomla3/3-6-0/joomla_3-6-0-stable-full_package-zip?format=zip" rel="alternate">Download Joomla! 3.6.0<br /> English (UK), 3.6.0 Full Package</a>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://docs.joomla.org/J3.x:Installing_Joomla">New installation instructions</a> and <a href="https://downloads.joomla.org/technical-requirements">technical requirements</a></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="download center">
|
||||
<h3>Upgrade Packages:</h3>
|
||||
<a class="btn btn-success btn-lg active" href="https://downloads.joomla.org/cms/joomla3/3-6-0" rel="alternate">Upgrade Packages<br />Joomla! 3 upgrade packages</a>
|
||||
<p>Note: Please read the <a href="https://docs.joomla.org/J3.x:Updating_from_an_existing_version">update instructions</a> before updating.</p>
|
||||
<p>Please remember to clear your browser's cache after upgrading.<br />If you find a bug in Joomla! Please report it on the<a target="_blank" href="https://issues.joomla.org" taarget="_blank" title="Joomla! Issue Tracker" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Joomla! Issue Tracker</a>.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<h2>How can you help Joomla! development?</h2>
|
||||
<p>The Production Leadership Team's goal is to continue to provide regular, frequent updates to the Joomla! community. You can learn more about Joomla! development at the <a href="https://developer.joomla.org/" target="_blank" title="" joolma="" developer="" network="" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Joomla! Developer Network.</a></p>
|
||||
<p>There are a variety of ways in which you can get actively involved with Joomla. It doesn't matter if you are a coder, an integrator, or merely a user of Joomla. You can contact anyone on the <a href="https://volunteers.joomla.org/departments/production">Production Department</a>, to get more information, or if you are ready you can jump right into the Joomla! Bug Squad.</p>
|
||||
<p>The <a href="https://docs.joomla.org/Portal:Bug_Squad">Joomla! Bug Squad</a> is one of the most active teams in the Joomla! development process and is always looking for people (not just developers) that can help with sorting bug reports, coding patches and testing solutions. It’s a great way for increasing your working knowledge of Joomla, and also a great way to meet new people from all around the world.</p>
|
||||
<p>If you are interested, please read about us on the Joomla! Documentation Wiki and, if you wish to join, email <span id="cloak4d49b57f1fdfb11a6566fd099613aa2e">This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.</span><script type='text/javascript'>
|
||||
document.getElementById('cloak4d49b57f1fdfb11a6566fd099613aa2e').innerHTML = '';
|
||||
var prefix = 'ma' + 'il' + 'to';
|
||||
var path = 'hr' + 'ef' + '=';
|
||||
var addy4d49b57f1fdfb11a6566fd099613aa2e = 'bugsquad' + '@';
|
||||
addy4d49b57f1fdfb11a6566fd099613aa2e = addy4d49b57f1fdfb11a6566fd099613aa2e + 'community' + '.' + 'joomla' + '.' + 'org';
|
||||
var addy_text4d49b57f1fdfb11a6566fd099613aa2e = 'The Bug Squad Coordinator';document.getElementById('cloak4d49b57f1fdfb11a6566fd099613aa2e').innerHTML += '<a ' + path + '\'' + prefix + ':' + addy4d49b57f1fdfb11a6566fd099613aa2e + '\'>'+addy_text4d49b57f1fdfb11a6566fd099613aa2e+'<\/a>';
|
||||
</script>.</p>
|
||||
<p>You can also help Joomla! development by thanking those involved in the many areas of the process. Since Joomla! 3.5.1, released on April 5th, 2016, no less than 1,659 commits have been made and 755 bugs fixed!</p>
|
||||
<p>The Project also wants to thank all of the contributors who have taken the time to prepare and submit work to be included in the Joomla! CMS and Framework.</p>
|
||||
<h2>A Huge Thank You to Our Volunteers!</h2>
|
||||
<p>A big thank you goes out to everyone that contributed to the Joomla! 3.6 release! Find a list of contributors on <a href="/3/thank-you" title="Thanks to the volunteers">https://www.joomla.org/3/thank-you</a></p>
|
||||
<h2>Spread the Joomla! Love</h2>
|
||||
<p>Are you looking for the official imagery for your blogpost, a banner on your site or an image to share on social media? You can find them all in many languages <a href="https://docs.joomla.org/J3.x:Joomla_3.6_Imagery" target="_blank" title="Joomla! 3.6 Imagery" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a>.</p> </div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div aria-label="Breadcrumbs" role="navigation">
|
||||
<ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList" class="breadcrumb">
|
||||
<li class="active">
|
||||
<span class="divider icon-location"></span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem">
|
||||
<a itemprop="item" href="/" class="pathway"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a>
|
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|
||||
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|
||||
> </span>
|
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<meta itemprop="position" content="1">
|
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</li>
|
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<li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem">
|
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<a itemprop="item" href="/announcements.html" class="pathway"><span itemprop="name">News</span></a>
|
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|
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> </span>
|
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|
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|
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<li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="active">
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|
||||
Joomla! 3.6 is Here </span>
|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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</div>
|
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|
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|
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|
||||
<aside class="span3">
|
||||
<!-- Begin Right Sidebar -->
|
||||
<div class="moduletable">
|
||||
|
||||
<h3>About Joomla!</h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="nav menu nav-stacked nav-tabs mod-list">
|
||||
<li class="item-168"><a href="/about-joomla.html" >What is Joomla?</a></li><li class="item-169"><a href="/about-joomla/getting-started.html" >Getting Started</a></li><li class="item-170"><a href="/about-joomla/create-and-share.html" >Create and Share</a></li><li class="item-347"><a href="/contribute-to-joomla.html" >Get Involved</a></li><li class="item-174 deeper parent"><a href="/about-joomla/the-project.html" >About The Joomla! Project</a><ul class="nav-child unstyled small"><li class="item-194"><a href="/about-joomla/the-project/mission-vision-and-values.html" >Mission, Vision & Values</a></li><li class="item-187"><a href="/about-joomla/the-project/code-of-conduct.html" >Code of Conduct</a></li><li class="item-175"><a href="https://volunteers.joomla.org/board-of-directors" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Board of Directors</a></li><li class="item-178"><a href="/about-joomla/partners.html" >Partners</a></li><li class="item-757"><a href="/about-joomla/extension-partners.html" >Extension Partners</a></li><li class="item-602"><a href="/about-joomla/the-project/media-and-press-contact.html" >Media & Press</a></li><li class="item-192"><a href="https://docs.joomla.org/Special:MyLanguage/Joomla:Brand_Identity_Elements" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Conditional Use Logos</a></li></ul></li><li class="item-933"><a href="https://showcase.joomla.org/case-studies.html" >Joomla! Case Studies</a></li><li class="item-795"><a href="https://community.joomla.org/the-joomla-shop.html#!/" >Joomla! Shop</a></li><li class="item-232"><a href="https://docs.joomla.org/Special:MyLanguage/Joomla_info_page" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Joomla! In Your Language</a></li><li class="item-229"><a href="/mailing-lists.html" >Joomla! Mailing Lists</a></li><li class="item-658"><a href="https://community.joomla.org/general-newsletter.html" >Joomla! Newsletter</a></li><li class="item-431"><a href="/rss-news-feeds.html" >Joomla! RSS News Feeds</a></li><li class="item-184"><a href="https://downloads.joomla.org/technical-requirements" >Technical Requirements</a></li></ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="moduletable">
|
||||
|
||||
<h3>Contributing to Joomla!</h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="nav menu nav-stacked nav-tabs mod-list">
|
||||
<li class="item-375"><a href="/sponsor.html" >Corporate Sponsorships</a></li><li class="item-269"><a href="/current-sponsors.html" >Corporate Sponsors</a></li><li class="item-794"><a href="https://community.joomla.org/sponsorship-campaigns.html" >Community Sponsorships</a></li><li class="item-355"><a href="https://volunteers.joomla.org/" >Volunteers Portal</a></li></ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="custom center" >
|
||||
<a href="https://community.joomla.org/general-newsletter.html" class="btn btn-primary btn-large">Subscribe to our Newsletters</a></div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="custom center" >
|
||||
<a href="/3/" title="Joomla! 3.9"> <img src="/images/banners/joomla-39.png" alt="joomla 39" style="margin: 10px 0px;" width="300" height="250" /></a></div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="custom center" >
|
||||
<a href="https://community.joomla.org/joomla-training.html" title="Joomla! training videos"> <img src="/images/banners/joomla-training.png" alt="joomla training" style="margin: 10px 0px;" width="300" height="250" /></a></div>
|
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|
||||
<!-- End Right Sidebar -->
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|
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|
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</div>
|
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<!-- Footer -->
|
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<footer class="footer center">
|
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<hr />
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<div class="social">
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<ul class="soc">
|
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<li><a href="https://twitter.com/joomla" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="icon-twitter2" title="Joomla! on Twitter"><span class="element-invisible">Joomla! on Twitter</span></a></li>
|
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<li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/joomla" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="icon-facebook2" title="Joomla! on Facebook"><span class="element-invisible">Joomla! on Facebook</span></a></li>
|
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<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/joomla" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="icon-youtube3" title="Joomla! on YouTube"><span class="element-invisible">Joomla! on YouTube</span></a></li>
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<li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/joomla" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="icon-linkedin" title="Joomla! on LinkedIn"><span class="element-invisible">Joomla! on LinkedIn</span></a></li>
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|
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<li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/joomlaofficial/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="icon-instagram" title="Joomla! on Instagram"><span class="element-invisible">Joomla! on Instagram</span></a></li>
|
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<li><a href="https://github.com/joomla" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="icon-github3" title="Joomla! on GitHub"><span class="element-invisible">Joomla! on GitHub</span></a></li>
|
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|
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|
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|
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<li><a href="https://github.com/joomla/joomla-websites/issues/new?title=[joomla.org]%20&body=Please%20describe%20the%20problem%20or%20your%20issue">Report an Issue</a></li>
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<h1>A nonprofit Certificate Authority providing TLS certificates to <span>300 million</span> websites.</h1>
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<span class="post-meta">Dec 15, 2022</span>
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<h2>
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<a class="post-link" href="/2022/12/15/ocspcaching.html" hreflang="en-US">Let’s Encrypt improves how we manage OCSP responses</a>
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By deploying Redis, Let’s Encrypt has improved our OCSP responses and increased reliability.
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<a class="post-link" href="/2022/12/05/ed-letter-2022.html" hreflang="en-US">A Year-End Letter from our Executive Director</a>
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|
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It’s been an exciting year for ISRG and its projects: from Let’s Encrypt issuing its three billionth certificate to Prossimo supporting the efforts to get Rust into the Linux kernel.
|
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<p><a href="/2022/12/05/ed-letter-2022.html" hreflang="en-US">Read more</a></p>
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<a class="post-link" href="/2022/09/12/remembering-peter-eckersley.html" hreflang="en-US">Remembering Peter Eckersley</a>
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Peter Eckersley, a Let’s Encrypt co-founder, passed away unexpectedly on September 2, 2022.
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<a class="post-link" href="/2022/09/07/new-life-for-crls.html" hreflang="en-US">A New Life for Certificate Revocation Lists</a>
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|
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Let’s Encrypt has developed new infrastructure to make CRLs a practical tool for our 200M active certs.
|
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<p><a href="/2022/09/07/new-life-for-crls.html" hreflang="en-US">Read more</a></p>
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<a class="post-link" href="/2022/05/19/nurturing-ct-log-growth.html" hreflang="en-US">Nurturing Continued Growth of Our Oak CT Log</a>
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|
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Only five organizations run a Certificate Transparency log, and the Let’s Encrypt log is the only fully open source stack.
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<p><a href="/2022/05/19/nurturing-ct-log-growth.html" hreflang="en-US">Read more</a></p>
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<a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/digital-ocean-logo.png" alt="Digital Ocean" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.zendesk.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/zendesk-logo.png" alt="Zendesk" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.netlify.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/netlify-logo.png" alt="Netlify" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.hostpapa.com/lets-encrypt-hosting?utm_source=letsencrypt.org&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=us-seo&utm_term=web-hosting&utm_content=180x108-logo" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/hostpapa-logo.png" alt="HostPapa" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://pantheon.io/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/pantheon-logo.png" alt="Pantheon Website Management Platform" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://dnsimple.com/letsencrypt" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/dnsimple-logo.png" alt="dnsimple" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://shiguredo.jp/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/shiguredo-v2-logo.svg" alt="Shiguredo" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.discourse.org/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/discourse-logo.png" alt="Discourse" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://driving-tests.org/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/driving-tests-logo.png" alt="driving-tests.org" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.sakura.ad.jp/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/sakura-logo.png" alt="Sakura Internet" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.duocircle.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/duocircle-logo.png" alt="DuoCircle" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://brave.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/brave-logo.png" alt="Brave" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://serverpilot.io/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/serverpilot-logo.png" alt="ServerPilot" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://domainname.shop/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/domainnameshop-logo.png" alt="DomainName.Shop" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://github.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/github-logo.png" alt="GitHub" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://unraid.net/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/unraid-logo.png" alt="Lime Technology (Unraid)" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://keenetic.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/keenetic-logo.png" alt="Keenetic" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.haproxy.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/haproxy-logo.png" alt="HAProxy" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.datto.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/datto-logo.png" alt="Datto" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://axiom.co/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/axiom-logo.png" alt="Axiom" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.mongodb.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/mongodb-logo.png" alt="MongoDB" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.ibm.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/ibm-logo.png" alt="IBM" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.livesport.eu/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/livesport-logo.png" alt="Livesport" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.clever-cloud.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/clevercloud-logo.png" alt="Clever Cloud" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://render.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/render-logo.png" alt="Render" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://ipinfo.io/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/ipinfo-logo.png" alt="IPInfo" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.greengeeks.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/greengeeks-logo.png" alt="GreenGeeks" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.redhat.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/redhat-logo.png" alt="RedHat" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.nabucasa.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/nabu-casa-logo.png" alt="Nabu Casa" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.wix.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/wix-logo.png" alt="Wix" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.heroku.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/heroku-logo.png" alt="Heroku" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://snipeitapp.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/snipe-it-logo.png" alt="Snipe-IT" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://smallstep.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/smallstep-logo.png" alt="Smallstep" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.wpbeginner.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/wpbeginner-logo.png" alt="WPBeginner" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.hostscore.net/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/hostscore-logo.png" alt="HostScore" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.hoststar.ch/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/hoststar-logo.png" alt="Hoststar" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.redacted.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/redacted-logo.png" alt="Redacted" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.vmware.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/vmware-logo.png" alt="VMWare" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.one.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/one-com-logo.png" alt="one.com" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://dan.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/dan-com-logo.png" alt="Dan.com" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.cloudera.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/cloudera-logo.png" alt="Cloudera" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.hackthebox.eu/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/hackthebox-logo.png" alt="Hack the Box" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://cargo.site/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/cargo-logo.png" alt="Cargo" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://manualsbrain.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/manualsbrain-logo.png" alt="ManualsBrain" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://rackspeed.de/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/rack-speed-logo.png" alt="RACK::SPEED" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.duda.co/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/duda-logo.png" alt="Duda" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.ads.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/ads-com-logo.png" alt="Ads.com" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.cdmon.com/es/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/cdmon-logo.png" alt="cdmon" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://goteleport.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/teleport-logo.png" alt="Teleport" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.nginx.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/nginx-logo.png" alt="NGINX" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://vilros.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/vilros-logo.png" alt="Vilros" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://actonfamilygiving.org/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/acton-family-giving-logo.png" alt="Acton Family Giving" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://plat.ai/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/plat-ai-logo.svg" alt="Plat.ai" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://cryptotracker.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/cryptotracker-logo.svg" alt="Crypto Tracker" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://tailscale.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/tailscale-logo.svg" alt="Tailscale" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://bitlaunch.io/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/bitlaunch-logo.svg" alt="BitLaunch" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://iban.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/iban-logo.png" alt="IBAN" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://yubico.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/yubico-logo.png" alt="Yubico" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.4kdownload.com/-1uvr6/video-downloader" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/4kdownload-logo.png" alt="Video Downloader" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://www.vpsserver.com/" ><img src="/images/sponsors/small/VPSServer-logo.svg" alt="VPSServer.com" width="80" height="48" class="sponsor-logo-small"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="donate-footer">
|
||||
<div class="wrapper text-center">
|
||||
<h2>Support a more secure and privacy-respecting Web.</h2>
|
||||
<div class="buttons">
|
||||
<a class="accent" href="/donate/">Donate</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<footer class="site-footer">
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="wrapper">
|
||||
<div class="footer-col-wrapper">
|
||||
<div class="footer-col footer-col-1">
|
||||
<ul class="social-media-list">
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<i class="fab fa-github" aria-hidden="true"></i>
|
||||
<a href="https://github.com/letsencrypt">
|
||||
<span class="username">GitHub</span>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<i class="fab fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i>
|
||||
<a href="https://twitter.com/letsencrypt">
|
||||
<span class="username">Twitter</span>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
View our <a href="/privacy/">privacy policy</a>.<br>
|
||||
View our <a href="https://www.abetterinternet.org/trademarks">trademark policy</a>.
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="footer-col footer-col-2">
|
||||
<p> Let's Encrypt is a free, automated, and open certificate
|
||||
authority brought to you by the nonprofit <a href="https://www.abetterinternet.org/">Internet Security Research Group (ISRG)</a>.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<span itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/PostalAddress">
|
||||
<span itemprop="streetAddress">548 Market St, PMB 77519</span>,
|
||||
<span itemprop="addressLocality">San Francisco</span>,
|
||||
<span itemprop="addressRegion">CA</span>
|
||||
<span itemprop="postalCode">94104-5401</span>,
|
||||
<span itemprop="addressCountry">USA</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p>Send all mail or inquiries to:</p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<span itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/PostalAddress">
|
||||
<span itemprop="streetAddress">PO Box 18666</span>,
|
||||
<span itemprop="addressLocality">Minneapolis</span>,
|
||||
<span itemprop="addressRegion">MN</span>
|
||||
<span itemprop="postalCode">55418-0666</span>,
|
||||
<span itemprop="addressCountry">USA</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</footer>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<script src="/js/main.9c0b9add2dc0db21de0f695103830dbde01e31d77fa9a2db9ac3c1b9e09e4806f2e0d9a7281b06461b2e162a3560c605b038169b42ff376b4cd28cc71203c8f0.js" integrity="sha512-nAua3S3A2yHeD2lRA4MNveAeMdd/qaLbmsPBueCeSAby4NmnKBsGRhsuFio1YMYFsDgWm0L/N2tM0ozHEgPI8A=="></script>
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
1424
m239/60 - Zertifikate/35 - Zertifikate installieren
Normal file
1424
m239/60 - Zertifikate/35 - Zertifikate installieren
Normal file
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
201
m239/60 - Zertifikate/50 - Zertifikatsfehler forcieren
Normal file
201
m239/60 - Zertifikate/50 - Zertifikatsfehler forcieren
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
|
||||
<!doctype html>
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||||
<title>badssl.com</title>
|
||||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
|
||||
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/icons/favicon-blue.ico"/>
|
||||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/icons/icon-blue.png"/>
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="index.css">
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="github-ribbon.css">
|
||||
<script src="index.js"></script>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- fUnKy -->
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="funky/funky.css">
|
||||
<script src="funky/funky.js"></script>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="title-bar" title="badssl.com - a memorable site for HTTPS misconfiguration">
|
||||
badssl.com
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="links">
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="column">
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="dashboard"><span class="emoji">🎛</span>Dashboard</h2>
|
||||
<a href="/dashboard/" target="_blank" class="bullet-list"><span class="icon"></span>Dashboard</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="certificate"><span class="emoji">🎫</span>Certificate</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://expired.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>expired</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://wrong.host.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>wrong.host</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://self-signed.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>self-signed</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://untrusted-root.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>untrusted-root</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://revoked.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>revoked</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://pinning-test.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>pinning-test</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://no-common-name.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>no-common-name</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://no-subject.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>no-subject</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://incomplete-chain.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>incomplete-chain</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://sha256.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>sha256</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://sha384.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>sha384</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://sha512.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>sha512</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://1000-sans.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>1000-sans</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://10000-sans.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>10000-sans</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://ecc256.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>ecc256</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://ecc384.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>ecc384</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://rsa2048.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>rsa2048</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://rsa4096.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>rsa4096</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://rsa8192.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>rsa8192</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://extended-validation.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>extended-validation</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="client-certificate"><span class="emoji">🎟</span>Client Certificate</h2>
|
||||
<a href="/download/" target="_blank" class="bullet-list"><span class="icon"></span>Certificate Downloads</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://client.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>client</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://client-cert-missing.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>client-cert-missing</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="mixed-content"><span class="emoji">🖼</span>Mixed Content</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://mixed-script.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>mixed-script</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://very.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>very</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://mixed.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>mixed</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://mixed-favicon.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>mixed-favicon</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://mixed-form.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>mixed-form</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="http"><span class="emoji">✏️</span>HTTP</h2>
|
||||
<a href="http://http.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>http</a>
|
||||
<a href="http://http-textarea.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>http-textarea</a>
|
||||
<a href="http://http-password.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>http-password</a>
|
||||
<a href="http://http-login.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>http-login</a>
|
||||
<a href="http://http-dynamic-login.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>http-dynamic-login</a>
|
||||
<a href="http://http-credit-card.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>http-credit-card</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="cipher-suite"><span class="emoji">🔀</span>Cipher Suite</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://cbc.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>cbc</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://rc4-md5.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>rc4-md5</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://rc4.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>rc4</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://3des.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>3des</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://null.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>null</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://mozilla-old.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>mozilla-old</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://mozilla-intermediate.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>mozilla-intermediate</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://mozilla-modern.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>mozilla-modern</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div><!-- class="column" -->
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="column">
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="key-exchange"><span class="emoji">🔑</span>Key Exchange</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://dh480.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>dh480</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://dh512.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>dh512</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://dh1024.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>dh1024</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://dh2048.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>dh2048</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://dh-small-subgroup.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>dh-small-subgroup</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://dh-composite.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>dh-composite</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://static-rsa.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>static-rsa</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="protocol"><span class="emoji">↔️</span>Protocol</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://tls-v1-0.badssl.com:1010/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>tls-v1-0</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://tls-v1-1.badssl.com:1011/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>tls-v1-1</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://tls-v1-2.badssl.com:1012/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>tls-v1-2</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="certificate-transparency"><span class="emoji">🔍</span>Certificate Transparency</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://no-sct.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>no-sct</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="upgrade"><span class="emoji">⬆️</span>Upgrade</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://hsts.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>hsts</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://upgrade.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>upgrade</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://preloaded-hsts.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>preloaded-hsts</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://subdomain.preloaded-hsts.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>subdomain.preloaded-hsts</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://https-everywhere.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>https-everywhere</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="ui"><span class="emoji">👀</span>UI</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://spoofed-favicon.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>spoofed-favicon</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://lock-title.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>lock-title</a>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<a href="https://long-extended-subdomain-name-containing-many-letters-and-dashes.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>long-extended-subdomain-name-containing-many-letters-and-dashes</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://longextendedsubdomainnamewithoutdashesinordertotestwordwrapping.badssl.com/" class="good"><span class="icon"></span>longextendedsubdomainnamewithoutdashesinordertotestwordwrapping</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="known-bad"><span class="emoji">❌</span>Known Bad</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://superfish.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>(Lenovo) Superfish</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://edellroot.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>(Dell) eDellRoot</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://dsdtestprovider.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>(Dell) DSD Test Provider</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://preact-cli.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>preact-cli</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://webpack-dev-server.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>webpack-dev-server</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="chrome"><span class="emoji"><img class="chrome-icon" src="front-page-icons/chrome.svg"></span>Chrome Tests</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://captive-portal.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>captive-portal</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://mitm-software.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>mitm-software</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="defunct"><span class="emoji">☠️</span>Defunct</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://sha1-2016.badssl.com/" class="dubious"><span class="icon"></span>sha1-2016</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://sha1-2017.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>sha1-2017</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://sha1-intermediate.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>sha1-intermediate</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://invalid-expected-sct.badssl.com/" class="bad"><span class="icon"></span>invalid-expected-sct</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="group">
|
||||
<h2 id="test-suites"><span class="emoji">🛠</span>Test Suites</h2>
|
||||
<a href="https://testsafebrowsing.appspot.com/" target="_blank" class="external"><span class="icon"></span>Safe Browsing Tests</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/viewMyClient.html" target="_blank" class="external"><span class="icon"></span>SSL Labs Client Test</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="preload" style="width: 0; height: 0;">
|
||||
<!-- <link rel=preload> results in warnings in Chrome: https://crbug.com/661055 -->
|
||||
<!-- Workaround: Load the images in bogus elements. -->
|
||||
<script>
|
||||
window.addEventListener("load", function() {
|
||||
var parent = document.querySelector("#preload");
|
||||
var names = ["bad-white","dubious-white","good-white","page-white","bullet-list-white","external-white"]
|
||||
for (var i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
|
||||
var elem = document.createElement("span");
|
||||
elem.style.backgroundImage = "url(front-page-icons/" + names[i] + ".svg)";
|
||||
parent.appendChild(elem);
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
</script>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div><!-- class="column" -->
|
||||
|
||||
</div><!-- id="links" -->
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 class="your-browser">Your Browser:
|
||||
<div id="browser-info">
|
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<span class="highlight">
|
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<span id="ua"></span><br>
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<span id="os"></span><br>
|
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</span>
|
||||
<span id="click-to-copy">📋 Click to copy</span>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Start of GitHub ribbon. -->
|
||||
<div class="github-fork-ribbon-wrapper right-top-bottom">
|
||||
<div class="github-fork-ribbon">
|
||||
<a href="https://github.com/chromium/badssl.com"><span class="icon"></span>On GitHub</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- End of GitHub ribbon. -->
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
882
m239/60 - Zertifikate/85 - Man in the middle-Angriffe auf HTTPS
Normal file
882
m239/60 - Zertifikate/85 - Man in the middle-Angriffe auf HTTPS
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,882 @@
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<h1>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</h1>
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<h2><a href="/serendipity/207-Man-in-the-Middle-Angriffe-auf-HTTPS.html">Man-in-the-Middle-Angriffe auf HTTPS</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="serendipity_byline block_level"><span class="single_user">Geschrieben von <a href="https://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/autor/1/Carsten-Eilers">Carsten Eilers</a> am </span><time datetime="2012-03-01T08:40:00+01:00">Donnerstag, 1. März 2012</time> um 08:40</span>
|
||||
</header>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="clearfix content serendipity_entry_body">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Die CA Trustwave hat ein Zertifikat
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/206-SSL-Die-CAs-saegen-am-eigenen-Ast.html" target="_blank">verkauft</a>,
|
||||
dass Man-in-the-Middle-Angriffe erlaubt. Wie die funktionieren und warum
|
||||
es so schlimm ist, wenn ein offizielles Zertifikat zum Einsatz kommt,
|
||||
erfahren Sie hier.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>HTTPS im Einsatz</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="extended" class="clearfix content">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Bevor wir zum Man-in-the-Middle-Angriff kommen, muss erst mal HTTPS
|
||||
allgemein erklärt werden. Das ist eigentlich ganz einfach: Wenn Sie
|
||||
im Webbrowser durch den Aufruf eines https://-Links eine sichere Verbindung
|
||||
z.B. zu Ihrer Bank aufbauen, stellt Ihr Browser eine Verbindung zum
|
||||
angegebenen Server her, prüft dessen Identität und teilt ihm
|
||||
einen Schlüssel mit, mit dem die nachfolgende Kommunikation
|
||||
verschlüsselt werden soll.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Dabei kommen mehrere Kryptographische Verfahren zum Einsatz: Eine
|
||||
<a href="http://entwickler.de/zonen/portale/psecom,id,126,news,32829,p,0.html" target="_blank">Public-Key-Infrastruktur</a>,
|
||||
um die Identität des Servers zu prüfen und dessen öffentlichen Schlüssel
|
||||
zu erhalten, ein
|
||||
<a href="http://entwickler.de/zonen/portale/psecom,id,126,news,31788,p,0.html" target="_blank">asymmetrisches Kryptosystem</a>,
|
||||
mit dem der vom Webbrowser erzeugte Sitzungsschlüssel sicher an den Server
|
||||
gesendet wird, und ein
|
||||
<a href="http://entwickler.de/zonen/portale/psecom,id,126,news,31635,p,0.html" target="_blank">symmetrisches Kryptosystem</a>,
|
||||
mit dem danach alle übertragenen Daten verschlüsselt werden.
|
||||
Aufgeteilt in die einzelnen Schritte sieht das so aus, siehe auch Abb. 1:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li> Sie geben im Browser <code>https://www.ihre-bank.example</code> ein.
|
||||
<li> Ihr Browser baut eine Verbindung zum Webserver
|
||||
<code>www.ihre-bank.example</code> auf.
|
||||
<li> Der Webserver sendet sein Zertifikat mit seinem öffentlichen
|
||||
Schlüssel an Ihren Browser.
|
||||
<li> Ihr Browser prüft das Zertifikat. Dazu enthält er ab Werk
|
||||
eine Liste von aus Sicht des jeweiligen Browserherstellers
|
||||
vertrauenswürdigen CAs. Wurde das Zertifikat nicht von einer dieser
|
||||
CAs ausgestellt oder ist die Signatur nicht korrekt, gibt er eine Warnung
|
||||
aus und beendet den Verbindungsaufbau.
|
||||
<li> Verläuft die Prüfung erfolgreich, weiß der Browser,
|
||||
dass er wirklich mit dem Server <code>www.ihre-bank.example</code>
|
||||
verbunden ist und kennt dessen öffentlichen Schlüssel. Nun
|
||||
erzeugt er einen symmetrischen Schlüssel, der nur für die
|
||||
aktuelle Sitzung verwendet wird, den sog. Sitzungsschlüssel oder
|
||||
Session Key.
|
||||
<li> Der Sitzungsschlüssel wird mit dem öffentlichen
|
||||
Schlüssel des Webservers verschlüsselt und an den Webserver
|
||||
übertragen.
|
||||
<li> Der Webserver entschlüsselt den Sitzungsschlüssel mit seinem
|
||||
privaten Schlüssel.
|
||||
<li> Jetzt besitzen sowohl Webbrowser als auch Webserver einen gemeinsamen
|
||||
Schlüssel für das symmetrische Kryptosystem, mit dem sie alle
|
||||
weiteren zu übertragenen Daten verschlüsseln können.
|
||||
<li> Der Webserver baut seine Startseite auf, verschlüsselt sie mit
|
||||
dem Sitzungsschlüssel und sendet sie an den Browser.
|
||||
<li> Der Browser entschlüsselt die verschlüsselte Startseite und
|
||||
stellt sie dar.
|
||||
<li> Auch alle weiteren zu übertragenen Daten werden mit dem
|
||||
Sitzungsschlüssel verschlüsselt.
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/bilder/grundlagen/https/https.gif" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="https://www.ceilers-news.de/bilder/grundlagen/https/https-klein.gif" ALT="HTTPS"></a>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
Abb. 1: HTTPS (Klick öffnet ein größeres Bild in einem
|
||||
neuen Fenster)
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Man-in-the-Middle-Angriff auf HTTPS, allgemein</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Betrachten wir nun einen MitM-Angriff auf obiges Beispiel, z.B. durch ein
|
||||
Data Loss Prevention System (DLP-System) wie dass, für das Trustwaves
|
||||
"MitM-Zertifikat" verwendet wurde. Zuerst aber ohne das
|
||||
"MitM-Zertifikat". Damit der Man-in-the-Middle eine HTTPS-Verbindung
|
||||
aufbauen kann, braucht er aber ein passendes Zertifikat, in diesem Fall
|
||||
für <code>www.ihre-bank.example</code>. Das kann er sich selbst erstellen
|
||||
und auch selbst signieren, so dass es formal korrekt ist.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li> Sie geben im Browser <code>https://www.ihre-bank.example</code> ein
|
||||
<li> Ihr Browser baut eine Verbindung zum Webserver
|
||||
<code>www.ihre-bank.example</code> auf.
|
||||
<li> Der Man-in-the-Middle nimmt die Verbindungsanfrage entgegen. Er sendet
|
||||
sein gefälschtes Zertifikat für
|
||||
<code>https://www.ihre-bank.example</code> mit seinem öffentlichen
|
||||
Schlüssel an Ihren Browser. <br>
|
||||
Parallel baut er eine HTTPS-Verbindung zu
|
||||
<code>https://www.ihre-bank.example</code> auf, wie es oben beschrieben
|
||||
wurde.
|
||||
<li> Ihr Browser prüft das Zertifikat. Da es zwar zu
|
||||
<code>www.ihre-bank.example</code> gehört, aber von einer unbekannten
|
||||
CA unterzeichnet wurde, gibt er eine Warnung aus. Sie bemerken den Angriff
|
||||
und hören mit dem Surfen auf.<br>
|
||||
Oder sie fallen auf das gefälschte Zertifikat herein, halten es
|
||||
für echt und surfen weiter. Dann haben Sie Pech gehabt, denn der MitM
|
||||
kann alle übertragenen Daten ausspähen und/oder manipulieren,
|
||||
s.u..
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Im Fall eines DLP-Systems ist es üblich, eine eigene PKI aufzubauen und das
|
||||
zugehörige Root-Zertifikat, mit dem die ausgestellten Zertifikate geprüft
|
||||
werden, in den internen Webbrowsern zu installieren. Parallel werden die
|
||||
Benutzer über das Aufbrechen der geschützten Verbindung informiert. Dann
|
||||
würde der MitM-Angriff so ablaufen:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li> Sie geben im Browser <code>https://www.ihre-bank.example</code> ein
|
||||
<li> Ihr Browser baut eine Verbindung zum Webserver
|
||||
<code>www.ihre-bank.example</code> auf.
|
||||
<li> Das DLP-System nimmt die Verbindungsanfrage entgegen. Es erstellt ein
|
||||
Zertifikat für <code>www.ihre-bank.example</code> mit seinem
|
||||
öffentlichen Schlüssel, signiert es mit dem Root-Schlüssel
|
||||
der internen PKI und sendet es an Ihren Browser. <br>
|
||||
Parallel baut es eine HTTPS-Verbindung zu
|
||||
<code>https://www.ihre-bank.example</code> auf, wie es oben beschrieben
|
||||
wurde.
|
||||
<li> Ihr Browser prüft das Zertifikat. Da es zu
|
||||
<code>www.ihre-bank.example</code> gehört und von der ihm bekannten
|
||||
internen Zertifizierungsstelle ausgestellt wurde, gibt er keine Warnung
|
||||
aus, sondern baut die Verbindung weiter auf.
|
||||
<li> Ihr Browser tauscht mit dem DLP-System, den er für den
|
||||
Bank-Server hält, einen Sitzungsschlüssel aus.
|
||||
<li> Jetzt besitzen sowohl Webbrowser und DLP-System als auch DLP-System
|
||||
und Webserver jeweils einen gemeinsamen Schlüssel für das
|
||||
symmetrische Kryptosystem, mit dem sie alle weiteren zu übertragenen
|
||||
Daten verschlüsseln können.
|
||||
<li> Der Webserver baut seine Startseite auf, verschlüsselt sie mit
|
||||
dem mit dem DLP-System vereinbarten Sitzungsschlüssel und sendet sie
|
||||
an das DLP-System (das er für Ihren Browser hält).
|
||||
<li> Das DLP-System entschlüsselt die Daten und kann sie nun
|
||||
prüfen und ggf. manipulieren. Sollen die Daten das DLP-System
|
||||
passieren, werden sie mit dem zwischen DLP-System und Webbrowser
|
||||
ausgetauschten Schlüssel verschlüsselt und an den Browser
|
||||
gesendet. Der denkt, sie stammen von <code>www.ihre-bank.example</code>
|
||||
und sind unverändert!
|
||||
<li> Der Browser entschlüsselt die verschlüsselte Startseite und
|
||||
stellt sie dar.
|
||||
<li> Auch alle weiteren zu übertragenen Daten werden entsprechend
|
||||
verschlüsselt, vom DLP-System entschlüsselt und nach der
|
||||
Prüfung erneut verschlüsselt.
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Nehmen wir mal an, ein Gast benutzt Ihr lokales Netz und surft seine Bank
|
||||
an. Da sein Browser natürlich nicht das Root-Zertifikat der internen
|
||||
PKI kennt, passiert das gleiche wie im ersten Angriffs-Beispiel: Der
|
||||
Browser bemängelt die unbekannte Zertifizierungsstelle und die
|
||||
Verbindung wird abgebrochen.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>MitM-Angriff mit "MitM-Zertifikat"</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Kommen wir nun zu einem MitM-Angriff mit einem "MitM-Zertifikat" einer
|
||||
"offiziellen" Zertifizierungsstelle, deren Root-Zertifikat in allen
|
||||
Webbrowern enthalten ist, siehe auch Abb. 2:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li> Sie geben im Browser <code>https://www.ihre-bank.example</code> ein
|
||||
<li> Ihr Browser baut eine Verbindung zum Webserver
|
||||
<code>www.ihre-bank.example</code> auf.
|
||||
<li> Der MitM nimmt die Verbindungsanfrage entgegen. Es erstellt ein
|
||||
Zertifikat für <code>www.ihre-bank.example</code> mit seinem
|
||||
öffentlichen Schlüssel, signiert es mit dem Root-Schlüssel
|
||||
zum "MitM-Zertifikat" und sendet es an Ihren Browser.<br>
|
||||
Parallel baut es eine HTTPS-Verbindung zu
|
||||
<code>https://www.ihre-bank.example</code> auf, wie es oben beschrieben
|
||||
wurde.
|
||||
<li> Ihr Browser prüft das Zertifikat. Da es zu
|
||||
<code>www.ihre-bank.example</code> gehört und von einer ihm bekannten
|
||||
"offiziellen" Zertifizierungsstelle ausgestellt wurde, gibt er keine
|
||||
Warnung aus, sondern baut die Verbindung weiter auf.
|
||||
<li> Ihr Browser tauscht mit dem MitM einen Sitzungsschlüssel aus.
|
||||
<li> Jetzt besitzen sowohl Webbrowser und MitM als auch MitM und Webserver
|
||||
jeweils einen gemeinsamen Schlüssel für das symmetrische
|
||||
Kryptosystem, mit dem sie alle weiteren zu übertragenen Daten
|
||||
verschlüsseln können.
|
||||
<li> Der Webserver baut seine Startseite auf, verschlüsselt sie mit
|
||||
dem mit dem MitM vereinbarten Sitzungsschlüssel und sendet sie an den
|
||||
MitM (den er für Ihren Browser hält).
|
||||
<li> Der MitM entschlüsselt die Daten und kann sie nun lesen und ggf.
|
||||
manipulieren. Sollen die Daten an den Browser weitergeleitet werden,
|
||||
werden sie mit dem zwischen MitM und Webbrowser ausgetauschten
|
||||
Schlüssel verschlüsselt und an den Browser gesendet. Der denkt,
|
||||
sie stammen von <code>www.ihre-bank.example</code> und sind
|
||||
unverändert!
|
||||
<li> Der Browser entschlüsselt die verschlüsselte Startseite und
|
||||
stellt sie dar.
|
||||
<li> Auch alle weiteren zu übertragenen Daten werden entsprechend
|
||||
verschlüsselt, vom MitM entschlüsselt und nach der Prüfung
|
||||
erneut verschlüsselt.
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/bilder/grundlagen/https/https-mitm.gif" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="https://www.ceilers-news.de/bilder/grundlagen/https/https-mitm-klein.gif" ALT="MitM-Angriff auf HTTPS mit MitM-Zertifikat"></a>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
Abb. 2: MitM-Angriff auf HTTPS mit "MitM-Zertifikat" (Klick öffnet ein
|
||||
größeres Bild in einem neuen Fenster)
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Der angenommene Gast würde von diesem MitM-Angriff nichts bemerken, da das
|
||||
gefälschte Zertifikat von einer "offiziellen" Zertifizierungsstelle
|
||||
ausgestellt wurde, deren Root-Zertifikat in seinem Webbrowser gespeichert
|
||||
ist.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>MitM-Angriff mit "MitM-Zertifikat" "in the wild"</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Betrachten wir den MitM-Angriff mit "MitM-Zertifikat" mal außerhalb
|
||||
geschlossener lokaler Netze, also "in the wild". Was wäre, wenn ein
|
||||
Cyberkrimineller so ein "MitM-Zertifikat" besäße? Er
|
||||
könnte jede beliebige HTTPS-Verbindung, die über einen von ihm
|
||||
kontrollierten Server läuft, aufbrechen, <b>ohne dass der Benutzer es
|
||||
merkt</b>. Und gerade das ist der entscheidende Punkt: Das
|
||||
"MitM-Zertifikat" erlaubt es dem Inhaber, gültige Zertifikate für
|
||||
beliebige Domains zu erstellen, die von den Webbrowsern problemlos
|
||||
anerkannt werden. Er ist also quasi seine eigene, offiziell anerkannte
|
||||
Zertifizierungsstelle. Denn für genau diesen Zweck ist diese Sorte
|
||||
von Zertifikaten, die eigentlich als "Intermediate Zertifikat" bezeichnet
|
||||
wird, normalerweise vorgesehen: Eine Zertifizierungsstelle kann damit einer
|
||||
weiteren, untergeordneten Zertifizierungsstelle das selbständige
|
||||
Ausstellen von Zertifikaten ermöglichen. Um so schlimmer ist ein
|
||||
Missbrauch wie im Fall von Trustwave.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Und nun betrachten Sie das Problem mal mit anderen Inhabern von
|
||||
"MitM-Zertifikaten", z.B. Strafverfolgungsbehörden oder Regierungen
|
||||
bestimmter Länder...
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>MitM-Angriff mit "MitM-Zertifikat" erkennen</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Die einzige zuverlässige Möglichkeit, so einen Angriff zu
|
||||
bemerken, ist der Vergleich des Zertifikats-Fingerprints mit dem korrekten
|
||||
Fingerprint - sofern man ihn denn kennt. Banken teilen den Fingerprint
|
||||
ihren Kunden teilweise mit, aber die wenigsten prüfen ihn, erst recht
|
||||
nicht bei jedem Verbindungsaufbau. Und die Fingerprints der Zertifikate
|
||||
von z.B. Google oder Microsoft kennt außerhalb der Unternehmen wohl
|
||||
kein Mensch.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Ansonsten ist das einzig Auffällige an dem Angriff der "falsche" Aussteller
|
||||
z.B. des Bank-Zertifikats. Wenn der Benutzer weiß, dass die Bank ein
|
||||
Zertifikat von Zertifizierungsstelle A hat und sie nun plötzlich angeblich
|
||||
eines von Zertifizierungsstelle B verwendet, <em>könnte</em> ein Angriff
|
||||
vorliegen. Oder die Bank die Zertifizierungsstelle gewechselt haben.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Wichtig ist die Identitätsprüfung</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Nur noch mal zur Verdeutlichung: Wichtig ist beim HTTPS-Protokoll die
|
||||
Identitätsprüfung des Servers. Ist die nicht zuverlässig,
|
||||
könnten Webbrowser und Webserver auch einfach einen Schlüssel mit
|
||||
Hilfe des
|
||||
<a href="http://entwickler.de/zonen/portale/psecom,id,126,news,35367,p,0.html" target="_blank">Diffie-Hellman- Schlüsselaustausch</a>
|
||||
vereinbaren und sich den Aufwand der Zertifikatsprüfung und des
|
||||
Zertifizierungssystems sparen. Der Schlüsselaustausch und das
|
||||
Verschlüsseln sind keine Kunst, die Identitätsprüfung ist
|
||||
das entscheidende Kriterium. Wenn man nicht sicher weiß, dass man
|
||||
wirklich z.B. mit dem Server der eigenen Bank verbunden ist, ist es im
|
||||
Grunde sogar egal, ob die Verbindung verschlüsselt ist oder nicht -
|
||||
dann kann wirklich alles passieren.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
In der nächsten Woche findet die CeBIT statt, auf der ich einige
|
||||
Termine habe. Wenn ich es zeitlich schaffe, gibt es daher nächste
|
||||
Woche einen Bericht von der CeBIT.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a href="mailto:fragen@ceilers-it.de"><em>Carsten Eilers</em></a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="https://ssl-vg03.met.vgwort.de/na/6690a6094e05452a8124169835f52bd0" width="1" height="1" alt="">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<footer class="clearfix">
|
||||
<span class="visuallyhidden">Kategorien: </span><a href="https://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/3-Grundlagen">Grundlagen</a>
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|
||||
|
||||
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|
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||||
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||||
|
||||
<section id="trackbacks" class="serendipity_comments serendipity_section_trackbacks">
|
||||
<h3>Trackbacks</h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="trackback_url" class="block_level"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/comment.php?type=trackback&entry_id=207" title="Dieser Link ist nicht aktiv. Er enthält die Trackback-URI zu diesem Eintrag. Sie können diese URI benutzen, um Ping- und Trackbacks von Ihrem eigenen Blog zu diesem Eintrag zu schicken. Um den Link zu kopieren, klicken Sie ihn mit der rechten Maustaste an und wählen "Verknüpfung kopieren" im Internet Explorer oder "Linkadresse kopieren" in Mozilla/Firefox.">Trackback-URL für diesen Eintrag</a></div>
|
||||
|
||||
<article id="c2178" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2012-06-14T13:53:18+02:00">Donnerstag, 14. Juni 2012</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/240-Flame-und-die-Windows-Updates.html">Flame und die Windows-Updates</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> An Flame war ja anfangs eigentlich nichts besonderes, wenn man mal von der Größe und der Unfähigkeit der Antivirenhersteller, diesen Riesenschädling zeitnah zu entdecken, absieht. Einzig interessant schien die zumindest anf</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c2260" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2012-07-23T11:49:20+02:00">Montag, 23. Juli 2012</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/252-Mahdi-wird-zum-Bettvorleger,-und-Passwortlecks-sind-der-Sommerhit-2012.html">Mahdi wird zum Bettvorleger, und Passwortlecks sind der Sommerhit 2012</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Ohne viel Vorrede gleich zum Thema: Mahdi - Ein digitaler Bettvorleger? Keinen großen Kommentar gibt es zu Mahdi. Aus dem einfachen Grund, dass es keine neuen Erkenntnisse darüber gibt. Sie haben richtig gelesen: Außer Ka</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c2613" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2012-10-29T11:32:10+01:00">Montag, 29. Oktober 2012</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/284-SSL-Der-naechste-Nagel-im-Sarg.html">SSL - Der nächste Nagel im Sarg?</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Es gibt mal wieder schlechte Nachrichten über SSL. Diesmal wurde mal keine Zertifizierungsstelle gehackt, stattdessen haben Forscher festgestellt, dass die Prüfung von Zertifikaten in anderer Software als Webbrowsern ziemlich mangelhaft </div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c2653" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2012-11-05T10:32:44+01:00">Montag, 5. November 2012</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/286-SSLHTTPS-Schon-wieder-schlechte-Nachrichten.html">SSL/HTTPS - Schon wieder schlechte Nachrichten</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Es gibt schon wieder schlechte Nachrichten zu SSL bzw. konkret zu HTTPS: Da wird von den Webservern nicht so sicher eingesetzt, wie es eigentlich nötig wäre. Dadurch sind in sehr vielen Fällen SSL-Stripping-Angriffe möglich. </div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c3883" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2013-04-18T17:29:10+02:00">Donnerstag, 18. April 2013</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/339-Code-Signing-Auch-Schadsoftware-kann-signiert-sein.html">Code Signing - Auch Schadsoftware kann signiert sein</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Oracles Antwort auf Javas ständige Sicherheitsprobleme: Der Einsatz von Code Signing. Vorerst gibt es nur mehr oder weniger ausführliche Warnungen vor nicht oder falsch signierten Applets, irgendwann sollen dann nur noch signierte Apple</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c3905" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2013-04-29T10:12:02+02:00">Montag, 29. April 2013</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/342-Kommentare-zu-diesem-und-jenem.html">Kommentare zu diesem und jenem</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Heute gibt es Kommentare zu einem Root-Zertifikat des US-Verteidigungsministeriums, einem neuen Java-Exploit, die 0-Day-Exploits aus dem 1. Quartal, Passwort-Recycling in Großbritannien und einem unerwarteten Support-Ende für Windows XP. </div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c4110" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2013-06-24T11:25:16+02:00">Montag, 24. Juni 2013</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/363-Kommentare-zu-Webcam-Spannern,-EMET-4.0-und-einer-neuen-0-Day-Schwachstelle.html">Kommentare zu Webcam-Spannern, EMET 4.0 und einer neuen 0-Day-Schwachstelle</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Schadsoftware, über die die Opfer über ihre Webcam ausgespäht werden können, gibt es schon lange. Inzwischen gibt es auch einen Markt für die damit gemachten Aufnahmen. Microsoft hat das EMET 4.0 veröffentlicht, Nutze</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c4215" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>blog.atari-frosch.de</cite> am <time datetime="2013-07-28T09:36:45+02:00">Sonntag, 28. Juli 2013</time>: <a href="http://blog.atari-frosch.de/2013/07/28/im-netz-aufgefischt-120/">PingBack</a></h4>
|
||||
<span class="visuallyhidden">Die Anzeige des Inhaltes dieses Trackbacks ist leider nicht möglich.</span>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c4520" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2013-09-09T18:14:21+02:00">Montag, 9. September 2013</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/390-NSA-Nicht-die-Krypto-Verfahren,-sondern-ihre-Implementierungen-sind-unsicher.html">NSA: Nicht die Krypto-Verfahren, sondern ihre Implementierungen sind unsicher</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Guardian, New York Times und ProPublica haben berichtet. dass die NSA viele Krypto-Verfahren, darunter SSL, entschlüsseln kann. Das bedeutet aber nicht, dass diese Verfahren gebrochen sind. Die Kryptographie-Verfahren sind sicher Ei</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c5203" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2013-10-31T08:41:17+01:00">Donnerstag, 31. Oktober 2013</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/410-HTTP-Request-Hijacking-Ein-neuer-Angriff-unter-der-Lupe.html">HTTP Request Hijacking - Ein neuer Angriff unter der Lupe</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Da HTTP Request Hijacking (HRH) es sogar in die Nachrichten geschafft hat und dort für etwas Panikmache genutzt wird, möchte ich mal ein paar Fakten liefern. Wie funktioniert HRH, und wie gefährlich ist so ein Angriff? HTTP Reque</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c6073" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2014-07-11T10:27:08+02:00">Freitag, 11. Juli 2014</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/524-Drucksache-PHP-Magazin-5.2014-Wie-Perfect-Forward-Secrecy-vor-der-Entschluesselung-gehorteter-Daten-schuetzt.html">Drucksache: PHP Magazin 5.2014 - Wie Perfect Forward Secrecy vor der Entschlüsselung gehorteter Daten schützt</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Im PHP Magazin 5.2014 ist ein Artikel über die Sicherung der SSL/TLS-Kommunikation vor nachträglicher Entschlüsselung durch Perfect Forward Secrecy erschienen. &quot;Heute aufgezeichnet, morgen entschlüsselt&quot; ist ein handfest</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c6158" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2014-08-25T15:12:00+02:00">Montag, 25. August 2014</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/540-Wenn-Metadaten-Spammern-verraten,-wo-Heartbleed-zu-Datenlecks-in-Ransomware-fuehrt.-Oder-so..html">Wenn Metadaten Spammern verraten, wo Heartbleed zu Datenlecks in Ransomware führt. Oder so.</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Heute gibt es Kommentare zu verräterischen Metadaten, Spammern, einem auf die Heartbleed-Schwachstelle zurückzuführenden Datenleck und Cyberkriminellen, die nicht halten, was sie versprechen. Metadaten verraten verborgene Daten </div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c6192" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2014-09-05T14:11:10+02:00">Freitag, 5. September 2014</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/544-Drucksache-windows.developer-Magazin-10.2014-Das-Enhanced-Mitigation-Experience-Toolkit-als-Schutz-vor-0-Day-Exploits.html">Drucksache: windows.developer Magazin 10.2014 - Das Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit als Schutz vor 0-Day-Exploits</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Im windows.developer 10.2014 ist ein Artikel über das Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET) erschienen. Es gibt eine ganze Reihe so genannter Mitigations, mit denen die Ausnutzung von Schwachstellen erschwert werden kann. Eigent</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c6812" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>jaxenter.de</cite> am <time datetime="2015-02-20T11:12:19+01:00">Freitag, 20. Februar 2015</time>: <a href="https://jaxenter.de/lenovo-adware-mitm-zertifikat-die-spitze-eines-eisbergs-16383">PingBack</a></h4>
|
||||
<span class="visuallyhidden">Die Anzeige des Inhaltes dieses Trackbacks ist leider nicht möglich.</span>
|
||||
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|
||||
<article id="c6873" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2015-04-14T12:34:30+02:00">Dienstag, 14. April 2015</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/644-SSLTLS-Mal-wieder-einige-schlechte-Nachrichten!.html">SSL/TLS - Mal wieder einige schlechte Nachrichten!</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Heute gibt es mal wieder einige Nachrichten rund um SSL/TLS und das Zertifikatssystem. Natürlich schlechte. Gab es dazu eigentlich auch mal gute Nachrichten? Erinnern kann ich mich gerade an keine. Eine CA verspielt das in sie gesetzte Ve</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c6944" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>entwickler.de</cite> am <time datetime="2015-05-08T11:36:43+02:00">Freitag, 8. Mai 2015</time>: <a href="https://entwickler.de/online/php/perfect-forward-secrecy-heute-aufgezeichnet-morgen-entschluesselt-139482.html">PingBack</a></h4>
|
||||
<span class="visuallyhidden">Die Anzeige des Inhaltes dieses Trackbacks ist leider nicht möglich.</span>
|
||||
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|
||||
<article id="c6945" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>entwickler.de</cite> am <time datetime="2015-05-08T11:36:44+02:00">Freitag, 8. Mai 2015</time>: <a href="https://entwickler.de/online/php/perfect-forward-secrecy-heute-aufgezeichnet-morgen-entschluesselt-139482.html">PingBack</a></h4>
|
||||
<span class="visuallyhidden">Die Anzeige des Inhaltes dieses Trackbacks ist leider nicht möglich.</span>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c7115" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2015-06-18T08:35:02+02:00">Donnerstag, 18. Juni 2015</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/672-XSS-Angriffe,-Teil-9-Der-Router-im-Visier.html">XSS-Angriffe, Teil 9: Der Router im Visier</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Ein Portscan mit JavaScript ist kein größeres Problem. Egal ob mit normalen JavaScript für einen Host oder einen IP-Adressbereich oder mit Hilfe der HTML5-JavaScript-APIs, die Suche nach Rechnern im lokalen Netz des angegriffene</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c7141" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2015-07-10T12:25:01+02:00">Freitag, 10. Juli 2015</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/679-Drucksache-PHP-Magazin-5.2015-Logjam-und-FREAK-gefaehrden-TLS.html">Drucksache: PHP Magazin 5.2015 - Logjam und FREAK gefährden TLS</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Im PHP Magazin 5.2015 ist ein Artikel über die neuen Angriffe auf TLS erschienen: Logjam und FREAK. Die schwachen Krypto-Verfahren mit viel zu kurzen Schlüsseln, die viele Clients und Server aus historischen Gründen unterst&amp;uu</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c7638" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2015-12-09T00:46:08+01:00">Mittwoch, 9. Dezember 2015</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/728-Microsoft-hat-Patchday,-und-wie-ueblich-werden-0-Days-behoben.html">Microsoft hat Patchday, und wie üblich werden 0-Days behoben</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Am Dezember-Patchday hat Microsoft mal wieder 0-Day-Schwachstellen behoben. Zwar &quot;nur&quot; 3, aber 2 davon werden bereits für Angriffe ausgenutzt. Codeausführung in MS Office Die erste bereits für Angriffe ausgenutzte 0-Day-Schwac</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c7817" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2016-06-30T10:17:32+02:00">Donnerstag, 30. Juni 2016</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/795-Kryptographie-Identitaetspruefung,-Teil-3-Hierarchische-Zertifizierungssysteme.html">Kryptographie - Identitätsprüfung, Teil 3 - Hierarchische Zertifizierungssysteme</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Der Aufbau eines hierarchischen Zertifizierungssystems unterscheidet sich vom Web of Trust in einem entscheidenden Punkt: Während sich beim Web of Thrust die Benutzer gegenseitig zertifizieren, geschieht dies bei einem hierarchischen System a</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c7819" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2016-07-07T15:25:38+02:00">Donnerstag, 7. Juli 2016</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/796-Kryptographie-Identitaetspruefung,-Teil-4-Zertifikate-in-SSLTLS.html">Kryptographie - Identitätsprüfung, Teil 4 - Zertifikate in SSL/TLS</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> In dieser Folge wird der Einsatz von X.509-Zertifikaten im Rahmen von SSL/TLS beschrieben. Etwas allgemeiner habe ich das ja schon im Rahmen der Beschreibung von MitM-Angriffen auf HTTS-Verbindungen erklärt. Die ausgetauschten Nachricht</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c7831" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2016-08-04T09:33:17+02:00">Donnerstag, 4. August 2016</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/803-Verfahren-der-Kryptographie,-Teil-15-MD4,-MD5,-SHA-und-SHA-1-alle-unsicher!.html">Verfahren der Kryptographie, Teil 15: MD4, MD5, SHA und SHA-1 - alle unsicher!</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Neuere Hashfunktionen als der bereits vorgestellte Algorithmus MD2 sind MD4 und MD5 sowie SHA und SHA-1. Wobei &quot;Neuer&quot; erst mal sehr relativ ist und außerdem nicht gleichzeitig auch &quot;Sicher&quot; bedeutet. MD4 und MD5 MD4 wurde von Ronal</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c8208" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2017-06-08T08:48:56+02:00">Donnerstag, 8. Juni 2017</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/884-Die-IoT-Top-10,-4-Fehlende-Transportverschluesselung.html">Die IoT Top 10, #4: Fehlende Transportverschlüsselung</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Bei der Beschreibung der gefährlichsten Schwachstellen in den Geräten des IoT gemäß den Top IoT Vulnerabilities von OWASP sind wir bei Punkt 4 angekommen: &quot;Lack of Transport Encryption&quot;. Oder auf deutsch: Fehlende Transp</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c8390" class="clearfix serendipity_comment odd">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2018-03-08T07:59:05+01:00">Donnerstag, 8. März 2018</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/942-Angriffe-auf-TCPIP-7-HTTP-Hijacking.html">Angriffe auf TCP/IP (7) - HTTP-Hijacking</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Ziel des HTTP-Hijacking ist die Umleitung einer bestehenden Verbindung, um danach z.B. vertrauliche Daten wie z.B. Passwörter zu belauschen oder Ein- bzw. Ausgaben zu manipulieren. Der Angreifer hat dazu zwei Möglichkeiten: Entweder er gibt</div>
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
<article id="c8460" class="clearfix serendipity_comment even">
|
||||
<h4><cite>Dipl.-Inform. Carsten Eilers</cite> am <time datetime="2018-12-07T12:19:22+01:00">Freitag, 7. Dezember 2018</time>: <a href="http://www.ceilers-news.de/serendipity/1013-Drucksache-Windows-Developer-1.19-Wie-sicher-ist-SOAP.html">Drucksache: Windows Developer 1.19 - Wie sicher ist SOAP?</a></h4>
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>Vorschau anzeigen</summary>
|
||||
<div class="content serendipity_commentBody"> Im Windows Developer 1.19 ist ein Artikel über die Sicherheit von SOAP erschienen. Eine Leseprobe des Artikels gibt es auf entwickler.de. SOAP war ursprünglich die Abkürzung für &quot;Simple Object Access Protocol&quot;, ab</div>
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<section class="sidebar_plugin clearfix odd serendipity_plugin_html_nugget">
|
||||
<h3>You’ve been hacked!</h3>
|
||||
<div class="sidebar_content clearfix"><p>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.rheinwerk-verlag.de/youve-been-hacked_4306/" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="https://www.ceilers-news.de/bilder/buch-hacked-klein.jpg" ALT="Cover You’ve been hacked!"></a>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.rheinwerk-verlag.de/youve-been-hacked_4306/" target="_blank">You’ve been hacked!</a><br>
|
||||
Buch, 578 Seiten<br>
|
||||
Dezember 2018, Rheinwerk Computing<br>
|
||||
ISBN: 978-3-8362-4460-2<br>
|
||||
Auch als eBook erhältlich<br>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-it.de/texte/buch/index.shtml#Hacked" target="_blank">Ergänzende Informationen</a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section class="sidebar_plugin clearfix even serendipity_plugin_html_nugget">
|
||||
<h3>iOS Security</h3>
|
||||
<div class="sidebar_content clearfix"><p>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/buecher/ios-security-120912.html" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="/bilder/iOSSecurity-klein.jpg" ALT="Cover iOS Security"></a>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/buecher/ios-security-120912.html" target="_blank">iOS Security</a><br>
|
||||
Buch, 274 Seiten<br>
|
||||
Januar 2014, entwickler.press<br>
|
||||
ISBN: 978-3-86802-101-1<br>
|
||||
Auch als PDF und ePub-eBook erhältlich<br>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-it.de/texte/buch/index.shtml#iOSSecurity" target="_blank">Ergänzende Informationen</a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section class="sidebar_plugin clearfix odd serendipity_plugin_html_nugget">
|
||||
<h3>Websecurity</h3>
|
||||
<div class="sidebar_content clearfix"><p>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/websecurity-194020.html" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="/bilder/Websecurity-klein.jpg" ALT="Cover Websecurity"></a>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/websecurity-194020.html" target="_blank">Websecurity</a><br>
|
||||
E-Book im EPUB-Format<br>
|
||||
Dezember 2015, entwickler.press<br>
|
||||
ISBN: 978-3-86802-569-9<br>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-it.de/texte/buch/index.shtml#Websecurity" target="_blank">Ergänzende Informationen</a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section class="sidebar_plugin clearfix even serendipity_plugin_html_nugget">
|
||||
<h3>Datensicherheit</h3>
|
||||
<div class="sidebar_content clearfix"><p>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/datensicherheit-191861.html" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="/bilder/Datensicherheit-klein.jpg" ALT="Cover Datensicherheit"></a>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/datensicherheit-191861.html" target="_blank">Datensicherheit</a><br>
|
||||
E-Book im EPUB-Format<br>
|
||||
November 2015, entwickler.press<br>
|
||||
ISBN: 978-3-86802-568-2<br>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-it.de/texte/buch/index.shtml#Datensicherheit" target="_blank">Ergänzende Informationen</a>
|
||||
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|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section class="sidebar_plugin clearfix odd serendipity_plugin_html_nugget">
|
||||
<h3>Websecurity Jahresrückblick 2014</h3>
|
||||
<div class="sidebar_content clearfix"><p>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/websecurity-127464.html" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="/bilder/WebSecurity_Jahresrueckblick-klein.jpg" ALT="Cover Websecurity Jahresrückblick 2014"></a>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/websecurity-127464.html" target="_blank">Websecurity Jahresrückblick 2014</a><br>
|
||||
E-Book im EPUB-Format<br>
|
||||
März 2015, entwickler.press<br>
|
||||
ISBN: 978-3-86802-537-8<br>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-it.de/texte/buch/index.shtml#WebSec14" target="_blank">Ergänzende Informationen</a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section class="sidebar_plugin clearfix even serendipity_plugin_html_nugget">
|
||||
<h3>JavaScript Security</h3>
|
||||
<div class="sidebar_content clearfix"><p>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/shortcuts/javascript-security-125282.html" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="/bilder/JavaScriptSecurity-klein.jpg" ALT="Cover JavaScript Security"></a>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/shortcuts/javascript-security-125282.html" target="_blank">JavaScript Security</a><br>
|
||||
E-Book im EPUB-Format<br>
|
||||
Januar 2015, entwickler.press<br>
|
||||
ISBN: 978-3-86802-531-6<br>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-it.de/texte/buch/index.shtml#JavaScriptSec" target="_blank">Ergänzende Informationen</a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section class="sidebar_plugin clearfix odd serendipity_plugin_html_nugget">
|
||||
<h3>Angriffsziel UI</h3>
|
||||
<div class="sidebar_content clearfix"><p>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/shortcuts/angriffsziel-ui-125273.html" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="/bilder/AngriffszielUI-klein.jpg" ALT="Cover Angriffsziel UI"></a>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/shortcuts/angriffsziel-ui-125273.html" target="_blank">Angriffsziel UI</a><br>
|
||||
E-Book im EPUB-Format<br>
|
||||
Januar 2015, entwickler.press<br>
|
||||
ISBN: 978-3-86802-532-3<br>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-it.de/texte/buch/index.shtml#AngriffszielUI" target="_blank">Ergänzende Informationen</a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section class="sidebar_plugin clearfix even serendipity_plugin_html_nugget">
|
||||
<h3>Android Security</h3>
|
||||
<div class="sidebar_content clearfix"><p>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/shortcuts/android-security-119833.html" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="/bilder/AndroidSecurity-klein.jpg" ALT="Cover Android Security"></a>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/shortcuts/android-security-119833.html" target="_blank">Android Security</a><br>
|
||||
E-Book im EPUB-Format<br>
|
||||
Oktober 2014, entwickler.press<br>
|
||||
ISBN: 978-3-86802-521-7<br>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-it.de/texte/buch/index.shtml#AndroidSec" target="_blank">Ergänzende Informationen</a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section class="sidebar_plugin clearfix odd serendipity_plugin_html_nugget">
|
||||
<h3>Verschlüsselung im NSA-Zeitalter</h3>
|
||||
<div class="sidebar_content clearfix"><p>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/shortcuts/verschluesselung-im-nsa-zeitalter-119973.html" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="/bilder/VersNSA-klein.jpg" ALT="Cover Verschlüsselung im NSA-Zeitalter"></a>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/shortcuts/verschluesselung-im-nsa-zeitalter-119973.html" target="_blank">Verschlüsselung im NSA-Zeitalter</a><br>
|
||||
E-Book im EPUB-Format<br>
|
||||
Juni 2014, entwickler.press<br>
|
||||
ISBN: 978-3-86802-508-8<br>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-it.de/texte/buch/index.shtml#VersNSA" target="_blank">Ergänzende Informationen</a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section class="sidebar_plugin clearfix even serendipity_plugin_html_nugget">
|
||||
<h3>HTML5 Security</h3>
|
||||
<div class="sidebar_content clearfix"><p>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/shortcuts/html5-security-2-121399.html" target="_blank"><IMG SRC="/bilder/HTML5Security-klein.jpg" ALT="Cover HTML5 Security"></a>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="https://entwickler.de/press/shortcuts/html5-security-2-121399.html" target="_blank">HTML5 Security</a><br>
|
||||
E-Book im EPUB-Format<br>
|
||||
Mai 2012, entwickler.press<br>
|
||||
ISBN: 978-3-86802-417-3<br>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ceilers-it.de/texte/buch/index.shtml#HTML5" target="_blank">Ergänzende Informationen</a>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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BIN
m239/70 - Tests/11 - Tests (Compendio)
Normal file
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m239/70 - Tests/M239_Internetserver_Tests_Mindmap.png
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|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 308 KiB |
394
m239/90 - Tools/01 - Vorinstallierte Tools/IpConfig
Normal file
394
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Normal file
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337
m239/90 - Tools/01 - Vorinstallierte Tools/NetStat
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337
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410
m239/90 - Tools/01 - Vorinstallierte Tools/NsLookup
Normal file
410
m239/90 - Tools/01 - Vorinstallierte Tools/NsLookup
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||||
<html class="client-nojs" lang="de" dir="ltr">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta charset="UTF-8"/>
|
||||
<title>nslookup – Wikipedia</title>
|
||||
<script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Januar","Februar","März","April","Mai","Juni","Juli","August","September","Oktober","November","Dezember"],"wgRequestId":"8ca4085a-759b-4465-8eaf-0a17950ee51c","wgCSPNonce":false,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Nslookup","wgTitle":"Nslookup","wgCurRevisionId":221187994,"wgRevisionId":221187994,"wgArticleId":545426,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Domain Name System"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"de","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Nslookup","wgRelevantArticleId":545426,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{
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||||
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|
||||
"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.flaggedRevs.icons":"ready","oojs-ui-core.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.indicators":"ready","mediawiki.widgets.styles":"ready","oojs-ui-core.icons":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.centralNotice.geoIP",
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||||
"ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.OpenStreetMap","ext.gadget.CommonsDirekt","ext.gadget.desktopHauptseite","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.discussionTools.init","ext.uls.compactlinks","ext.uls.interface","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script>
|
||||
<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});});});</script>
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||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=de&modules=ext.flaggedRevs.basic%2Cicons%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cmediawiki.widgets.styles%7Coojs-ui-core.icons%2Cstyles%7Coojs-ui.styles.indicators%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector"/>
|
||||
<script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=de&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script>
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<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=de&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"/>
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<meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.40.0-wmf.17"/>
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<meta name="referrer" content="origin"/>
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<meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"/>
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<meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"/>
|
||||
<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/>
|
||||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=1000"/>
|
||||
<meta property="og:title" content="nslookup – Wikipedia"/>
|
||||
<meta property="og:type" content="website"/>
|
||||
<link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 720px)" href="//de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nslookup"/>
|
||||
<link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Seite bearbeiten" href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&action=edit"/>
|
||||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"/>
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<link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"/>
|
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<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (de)"/>
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<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//de.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/>
|
||||
<link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"/>
|
||||
<link rel="canonical" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nslookup"/>
|
||||
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" />
|
||||
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"/>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="skin-vector-legacy mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Nslookup rootpage-Nslookup skin-vector action-view vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-language-alert-in-sidebar-enabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-edit-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-enabled vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div>
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<div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div>
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<div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">
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||||
<a id="top"></a>
|
||||
<div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> </div>
|
||||
<div class="mw-indicators">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">nslookup</h1>
|
||||
<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body">
|
||||
<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie</div>
|
||||
<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div>
|
||||
<div id="contentSub2"></div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="jump-to-nav"></div>
|
||||
<a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Zur Navigation springen</a>
|
||||
<a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Zur Suche springen</a>
|
||||
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p>Der Befehl <b>nslookup</b> kann unter <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> und <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> verwendet werden, um <a href="/wiki/IP-Adresse" title="IP-Adresse">IP-Adressen</a> oder <a href="/wiki/Domain_(Internet)" title="Domain (Internet)">Domains</a> eines bestimmten Computers mittels <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a> herauszufinden. Der Name des Befehls bedeutet „Name Server look up“, was so viel heißt wie „beim Namens-Server nachschauen“. Als modernere Alternative zu nslookup hat sich zunehmend der Befehl <a href="/wiki/Dig_(Software)" title="Dig (Software)">dig</a> etabliert, der unter Windows als <a href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a>-Portierung verfügbar ist.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="de" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Inhaltsverzeichnis</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Optionen"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Optionen</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Beispiel"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Beispiel</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Siehe_auch"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Siehe auch</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Weblinks"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Weblinks</span></a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Optionen">Optionen</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&veaction=edit&section=1" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Optionen">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&action=edit&section=1" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Optionen">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||||
<p>Mit dem Tool nslookup lässt sich der Domainname einer IP-Adresse bzw. die IP-Adresse eines Domainnamens ermitteln. Standardmäßig, im nicht interaktiven Modus, wird dazu der eingestellte DNS-Server zur Auflösung des Namens oder der IP-Adresse verwendet. Wenn ein anderer DNS-Server zur Auflösung verwendet werden soll, z. B. um diesen zu prüfen oder weil der eigene bestimmte Anfragen nicht unterstützt, muss dieser zusätzlich angegeben werden.
|
||||
</p><p>nslookup steht auf der Kommandozeile/Konsole als Befehl zur Verfügung.
|
||||
</p><p>Gegenüber den Parametern in vielen anderen DOS- und Windows-Programmen ist der Parameter "<code>-q=</code>" <i><a href="/wiki/Case_sensitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Case sensitive">case sensitive</a></i>. Ein großes „Q“ führt zur Ausgabe von: <code>"*** Ungültige Option:"</code>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Beispiel">Beispiel</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&veaction=edit&section=2" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Beispiel">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&action=edit&section=2" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Beispiel">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||||
<pre>$ nslookup www.wikipedia.org
|
||||
Server: ns0.southern.edu
|
||||
Adresse: 216.229.224.4
|
||||
|
||||
Nicht autorisierte Antwort:
|
||||
Name: www.wikipedia.org
|
||||
Adressen: 207.142.131.248, 207.142.131.235, 207.142.131.236, 207.142.131.245 207.142.131.247
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<pre>$ nslookup -q=any wikipedia.org
|
||||
Server: dnsp03.hansenet.de
|
||||
Address: 213.191.74.19
|
||||
|
||||
Nicht autorisierende Antwort:
|
||||
wikipedia.org internet address = 208.80.152.2
|
||||
wikipedia.org nameserver = ns2.wikimedia.org
|
||||
wikipedia.org nameserver = ns1.wikimedia.org
|
||||
wikipedia.org nameserver = ns0.wikimedia.org
|
||||
wikipedia.org MX preference = 50, mail exchanger = lists.wikimedia.org
|
||||
wikipedia.org MX preference = 10, mail exchanger = mchenry.wikimedia.org
|
||||
|
||||
ns1.wikimedia.org internet address = 208.80.152.142
|
||||
ns0.wikimedia.org internet address = 208.80.152.130
|
||||
ns2.wikimedia.org internet address = 91.198.174.4
|
||||
lists.wikimedia.org internet address = 91.198.174.5
|
||||
lists.wikimedia.org AAAA IPv6 address = 2620:0:862:1::25:1
|
||||
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>oder mit Verwendung eines anderen DNS-Servers:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<pre>$ nslookup -q=mx wikipedia.org 8.8.8.8
|
||||
Server: google-public-dns-a.google.com
|
||||
Address: 8.8.8.8
|
||||
|
||||
Nicht autorisierende Antwort:
|
||||
wikipedia.org MX preference = 10, mail exchanger = mchenry.wikimedia.org
|
||||
wikipedia.org MX preference = 50, mail exchanger = lists.wikimedia.org
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>Es geht auch mit der IP-Adresse, dieses Verfahren nennt man <a href="/wiki/Reverse_DNS" title="Reverse DNS">reverse lookup</a>:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<pre>$ nslookup 91.198.174.2
|
||||
Server: <Hostname>
|
||||
Address: <Host-IP>
|
||||
Name: rr.esams.wikimedia.org
|
||||
Address: 91.198.174.2
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>Man kann nslookup auch ohne Parameter aufrufen und diese dann innerhalb des Programms eingeben:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<pre>$ nslookup
|
||||
> server 8.8.4.4
|
||||
Default server: 8.8.4.4
|
||||
Address: 8.8.4.4#53
|
||||
> set q=any
|
||||
> heise.de
|
||||
Server: 8.8.4.4
|
||||
Address: 8.8.4.4#53
|
||||
|
||||
Non-authoritative answer:
|
||||
heise.de
|
||||
origin = ns.heise.de
|
||||
mail addr = postmaster.ns.heise.de
|
||||
serial = 2013050201
|
||||
refresh = 10800
|
||||
retry = 3600
|
||||
expire = 604800
|
||||
minimum = 3600
|
||||
heise.de nameserver = ns.s.plusline.de.
|
||||
heise.de nameserver = ns.heise.de.
|
||||
heise.de nameserver = ns.pop-hannover.de.
|
||||
heise.de nameserver = ns2.pop-hannover.net.
|
||||
heise.de nameserver = ns.plusline.de.
|
||||
Name: heise.de
|
||||
Address: 193.99.144.80
|
||||
heise.de has AAAA address 2a02:2e0:3fe:100::8
|
||||
heise.de mail exchanger = 10 relay.heise.de.
|
||||
heise.de text = "v=spf1 ip4:193.99.144.0/24 ip4:193.99.145.0/24 ?all"
|
||||
|
||||
Authoritative answers can be found from:
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
<p>Hier wurde zunächst der DNS-Server auf 8.8.4.4 gestellt, dann die Abfrage auf alle Einträge erweitert (set q=any) und schließlich die Zone heise.de abgefragt.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&veaction=edit&section=3" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Siehe auch">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&action=edit&section=3" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Siehe auch">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rekursive_und_iterative_Namensaufl%C3%B6sung" title="Rekursive und iterative Namensauflösung">Rekursive und iterative Namensauflösung</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/wiki/MX_Resource_Record" title="MX Resource Record">MX Resource Record</a></li></ul>
|
||||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Weblinks">Weblinks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&veaction=edit&section=4" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Weblinks">Bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&action=edit&section=4" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Weblinks">Quelltext bearbeiten</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||||
<ul><li><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=nslookup&sec=1">nslookup(1)</a></code>: query Internet name servers interactively – <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> General Commands <a href="/wiki/Manpage" title="Manpage">Manual</a></li></ul></div><noscript><img src="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" /></noscript>
|
||||
<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Abgerufen von „<a dir="ltr" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&oldid=221187994">https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&oldid=221187994</a>“</div></div>
|
||||
<div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorien" title="Wikipedia:Kategorien">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Domain_Name_System" title="Kategorie:Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a></li></ul></div></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="mw-navigation">
|
||||
<h2>Navigationsmenü</h2>
|
||||
<div id="mw-head">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" >
|
||||
<h3
|
||||
id="p-personal-label"
|
||||
|
||||
class="vector-menu-heading "
|
||||
>
|
||||
<span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Meine Werkzeuge</span>
|
||||
</h3>
|
||||
<div class="vector-menu-content">
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-anonuserpage" class="mw-list-item"><span title="Benutzerseite der IP-Adresse von der aus du Änderungen durchführst">Nicht angemeldet</span></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Meine_Diskussionsseite" title="Diskussion über Änderungen von dieser IP-Adresse [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussionsseite</span></a></li><li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Meine_Beitr%C3%A4ge" title="Eine Liste der Bearbeitungen, die von dieser IP-Adresse gemacht wurden [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Beiträge</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Benutzerkonto_anlegen&returnto=Nslookup" title="Wir ermutigen dich dazu, ein Benutzerkonto zu erstellen und dich anzumelden. Es ist jedoch nicht zwingend erforderlich."><span>Benutzerkonto erstellen</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Anmelden&returnto=Nslookup" title="Anmelden ist zwar keine Pflicht, wird aber gerne gesehen. [o]" accesskey="o"><span>Anmelden</span></a></li></ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="left-navigation">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="p-namespaces" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-namespaces vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" role="navigation" >
|
||||
<h3
|
||||
id="p-namespaces-label"
|
||||
|
||||
class="vector-menu-heading "
|
||||
>
|
||||
<span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Namensräume</span>
|
||||
</h3>
|
||||
<div class="vector-menu-content">
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nslookup" title="Seiteninhalt anzeigen [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Nslookup" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion zum Seiteninhalt [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li></ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown-noicon vector-menu-dropdown" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" role="navigation" >
|
||||
<input type="checkbox"
|
||||
id="p-variants-checkbox"
|
||||
role="button"
|
||||
aria-haspopup="true"
|
||||
data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-variants"
|
||||
class="vector-menu-checkbox"
|
||||
aria-labelledby="p-variants-label"
|
||||
/>
|
||||
<label
|
||||
id="p-variants-label"
|
||||
aria-label="Sprachvariante ändern"
|
||||
class="vector-menu-heading "
|
||||
>
|
||||
<span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Deutsch</span>
|
||||
</label>
|
||||
<div class="vector-menu-content">
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"></ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="right-navigation">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="p-views" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-views vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" role="navigation" >
|
||||
<h3
|
||||
id="p-views-label"
|
||||
|
||||
class="vector-menu-heading "
|
||||
>
|
||||
<span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Ansichten</span>
|
||||
</h3>
|
||||
<div class="vector-menu-content">
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-view" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nslookup"><span>Lesen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&veaction=edit" title="Diese Seite mit dem VisualEditor bearbeiten [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&action=edit" title="Diese Seite bearbeiten [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nslookup&action=history" title="Frühere Versionen dieser Seite [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Versionsgeschichte</span></a></li></ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown-noicon vector-menu-dropdown" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" role="navigation" title="Weitere Optionen" >
|
||||
<input type="checkbox"
|
||||
id="p-cactions-checkbox"
|
||||
role="button"
|
||||
aria-haspopup="true"
|
||||
data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-cactions"
|
||||
class="vector-menu-checkbox"
|
||||
aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label"
|
||||
/>
|
||||
<label
|
||||
id="p-cactions-label"
|
||||
|
||||
class="vector-menu-heading "
|
||||
>
|
||||
<span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Weitere</span>
|
||||
</label>
|
||||
<div class="vector-menu-content">
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"></ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box">
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform"
|
||||
class="vector-search-box-form">
|
||||
<div id="simpleSearch"
|
||||
class="vector-search-box-inner"
|
||||
data-search-loc="header-navigation">
|
||||
<input class="vector-search-box-input"
|
||||
type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia durchsuchen" aria-label="Wikipedia durchsuchen" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Durchsuche die Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"
|
||||
>
|
||||
<input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spezial:Suche">
|
||||
<input id="mw-searchButton"
|
||||
class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton" type="submit" name="fulltext" title="Suche nach Seiten, die diesen Text enthalten" value="Suchen">
|
||||
<input id="searchButton"
|
||||
class="searchButton" type="submit" name="go" title="Gehe direkt zu der Seite mit genau diesem Namen, falls sie vorhanden ist." value="Artikel">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</form>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="mw-panel" class="vector-legacy-sidebar">
|
||||
<div id="p-logo" role="banner">
|
||||
<a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hauptseite"
|
||||
title="Hauptseite"></a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label" role="navigation" >
|
||||
<h3
|
||||
id="p-navigation-label"
|
||||
|
||||
class="vector-menu-heading "
|
||||
>
|
||||
<span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Navigation</span>
|
||||
</h3>
|
||||
<div class="vector-menu-content">
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hauptseite" title="Hauptseite besuchen [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hauptseite</span></a></li><li id="n-topics" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wikipedia_nach_Themen"><span>Themenportale</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Zuf%C3%A4llige_Seite" title="Zufällige Seite aufrufen [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Zufälliger Artikel</span></a></li></ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="p-Mitmachen" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Mitmachen vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Mitmachen-label" role="navigation" >
|
||||
<h3
|
||||
id="p-Mitmachen-label"
|
||||
|
||||
class="vector-menu-heading "
|
||||
>
|
||||
<span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Mitmachen</span>
|
||||
</h3>
|
||||
<div class="vector-menu-content">
|
||||
|
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<div class="content ">
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<h1 id="route">Route</h1>
|
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Article </li>
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<time class="is-invisible" data-article-date aria-label="Article review date" datetime="2009-09-11T00:00:00.000Z" data-article-date-source="ms.date">09/11/2009</time>
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<li class="readingTime">6 minutes to read</li>
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<!-- <content> -->
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<p>Displays and modifies the entries in the local IP routing table. Used without parameters, <strong>route</strong> displays help.</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="syntax">Syntax</h3>
|
||||
<p><strong>route</strong> [<strong>-f</strong>] [<strong>-p</strong>] [<em>Command</em> [<em>Destination</em>] [<strong>mask</strong> <em>Netmask</em>] [<em>Gateway</em>] [<strong>metric</strong> <em>Metric</em>]] [<strong>if</strong> <em>Interface</em>]]</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="parameters">Parameters</h3>
|
||||
<p><strong>-f</strong> <strong>:</strong> Clears the routing table of all entries that are not host routes (routes with a netmask of 255.255.255.255), the loopback network route (routes with a destination of 127.0.0.0 and a netmask of 255.0.0.0), or a multicast route (routes with a destination of 224.0.0.0 and a netmask of 240.0.0.0). If this is used in conjunction with one of the commands (such as <strong>add</strong>, <strong>change</strong>, or <strong>delete</strong>), the table is cleared prior to running the command.</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>-p</strong> <strong>:</strong> When used with the <strong>add</strong> command, the specified route is added to the registry and is used to initialize the IP routing table whenever the TCP/IP protocol is started. By default, added routes are not preserved when the TCP/IP protocol is started. When used with the <strong>print</strong> command, the list of persistent routes is displayed. This parameter is ignored for all other commands. Persistent routes are stored in the registry location <strong>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters\PersistentRoutes</strong>.</p>
|
||||
<p><em><strong>Command</strong></em> <strong>:</strong> Specifies the command you want to run. The following table lists valid commands.</p>
|
||||
<table>
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col/>
|
||||
<col/>
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr class="header">
|
||||
<th><p>Command</p></th>
|
||||
<th><p>Purpose</p></th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr class="odd">
|
||||
<td><p><strong>add</strong></p></td>
|
||||
<td><p>Adds a route.</p></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="even">
|
||||
<td><p><strong>change</strong></p></td>
|
||||
<td><p>Modifies an existing route.</p></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="odd">
|
||||
<td><p><strong>delete</strong></p></td>
|
||||
<td><p>Deletes a route or routes.</p></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="even">
|
||||
<td><p><strong>print</strong></p></td>
|
||||
<td><p>Prints a route or routes.</p></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
<p><em><strong>Destination</strong></em> <strong>:</strong> Specifies the network destination of the route. The destination can be an IP network address (where the host bits of the network address are set to 0), an IP address for a host route, or 0.0.0.0 for the default route.</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>mask</strong> <em><strong>Netmask</strong></em> <strong>:</strong> Specifies the netmask (also known as a subnet mask) associated with the network destination. The subnet mask can be the appropriate subnet mask for an IP network address, 255.255.255.255 for a host route, or 0.0.0.0 for the default route. If omitted, the subnet mask 255.255.255.255 is used. Because of the relationship between the destination and the subnet mask in defining routes, the destination cannot be more specific than its corresponding subnet mask. In other words, there cannot be a bit set to 1 in the destination if the corresponding bit in the subnet mask is a 0.</p>
|
||||
<p><em><strong>Gateway</strong></em> <strong>:</strong> Specifies the forwarding or next hop IP address over which the set of addresses defined by the network destination and subnet mask are reachable. For locally attached subnet routes, the gateway address is the IP address assigned to the interface that is attached to the subnet. For remote routes, available across one or more routers, the gateway address is a directly reachable IP address that is assigned to a neighboring router.</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>metric</strong> <em><strong>Metric</strong></em> <strong>:</strong> Specifies an integer cost metric (ranging from 1 to 9999) for the route, which is used when choosing among multiple routes in the routing table that most closely match the destination address of a packet being forwarded. The route with the lowest metric is chosen. The metric can reflect the number of hops, the speed of the path, path reliability, path throughput, or administrative properties.</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>if</strong> <em><strong>Interface</strong></em> <strong>:</strong> Specifies the interface index for the interface over which the destination is reachable. For a list of interfaces and their corresponding interface indexes, use the display of the <strong>route print</strong> command. You can use either decimal or hexadecimal values for the interface index. For hexadecimal values, precede the hexadecimal number with <strong>0x</strong>. When the <strong>if</strong> parameter is omitted, the interface is determined from the gateway address.</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>/?</strong> <strong>:</strong> Displays help at the command prompt.</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="remarks">Remarks</h3>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><p>Large values in the <strong>metric</strong> column of the routing table are the result of allowing TCP/IP to automatically determine the metric for routes in the routing table based on the configuration of IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway for each LAN interface. Automatic determination of the interface metric, enabled by default, determines the speed of each interface and adjusts the metrics of routes for each interface so that the fastest interface creates the routes with the lowest metric. To remove the large metrics, disable the automatic determination of the interface metric from the advanced properties of the TCP/IP protocol for each LAN connection.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p>Names can be used for <em>Destination</em> if an appropriate entry exists in the local Networks file stored in the <em>systemroot</em>\System32\Drivers\Etc folder. Names can be used for the <em>gateway</em> as long as they can be resolved to an IP address through standard host name resolution techniques such as Domain Name System (DNS) queries, use of the local Hosts file stored in the <em>systemroot</em>\system32\drivers\etc folder, and NetBIOS name resolution.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p>If the command is <strong>print</strong> or <strong>delete</strong>, the <em>Gateway</em> parameter can be omitted and wildcards can be used for the destination and gateway. The <em>Destination</em> value can be a wildcard value specified by an asterisk (*). If the destination specified contains an asterisk (*) or a question mark (?), it is treated as a wildcard and only matching destination routes are printed or deleted. The asterisk matches any string, and the question mark matches any single character. For example, 10.*.1, 192.168.*, 127.*, and *224* are all valid uses of the asterisk wildcard.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p>Using an invalid combination of a destination and subnet mask (netmask) value displays a "Route: bad gateway address netmask" error message. This error message appears when the destination contains one or more bits set to 1 in bit locations where the corresponding subnet mask bit is set to 0. To test this condition, express the destination and subnet mask using binary notation. The subnet mask in binary notation consists of a series of 1 bits, representing the network address portion of the destination, and a series of 0 bits, representing the host address portion of the destination. Check to determine whether there are bits in the destination that are set to 1 for the portion of the destination that is the host address (as defined by the subnet mask).</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p>The <strong>-p</strong> parameter is only supported on the route command for Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows Millennium Edition, and Windows XP. This parameter is not supported by the <strong>route</strong> command for Windows 95 or Windows 98.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><p>This command is available only if the <strong>Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)</strong> protocol is installed as a component in the properties of a network adapter in Network Connections</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h3 id="examples">Examples</h3>
|
||||
<p>To display the entire contents of the IP routing table, type:</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>route print</strong></p>
|
||||
<p>To display the routes in the IP routing table that begin with <em>10.</em>, type:</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>route print 10.*</strong></p>
|
||||
<p>To add a default route with the default gateway address of 192.168.12.1, type:</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>route add 0.0.0.0 mask 0.0.0.0 192.168.12.1</strong></p>
|
||||
<p>To add a route to the destination 10.41.0.0 with the subnet mask of 255.255.0.0 and the next hop address of 10.27.0.1, type:</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>route add 10.41.0.0 mask 255.255.0.0 10.27.0.1</strong></p>
|
||||
<p>To add a persistent route to the destination 10.41.0.0 with the subnet mask of 255.255.0.0 and the next hop address of 10.27.0.1, type:</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>route -p add 10.41.0.0 mask 255.255.0.0 10.27.0.1</strong></p>
|
||||
<p>To add a route to the destination 10.41.0.0 with the subnet mask of 255.255.0.0, the next hop address of 10.27.0.1, and the cost metric of 7, type:</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>route add 10.41.0.0 mask 255.255.0.0 10.27.0.1 metric 7</strong></p>
|
||||
<p>To add a route to the destination 10.41.0.0 with the subnet mask of 255.255.0.0, the next hop address of 10.27.0.1, and using the interface index 0x3, type:</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>route add 10.41.0.0 mask 255.255.0.0 10.27.0.1 if 0x3</strong></p>
|
||||
<p>To delete the route to the destination 10.41.0.0 with the subnet mask of 255.255.0.0, type:</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>route delete 10.41.0.0 mask 255.255.0.0</strong></p>
|
||||
<p>To delete all routes in the IP routing table that begin with <em>10.</em>, type:</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>route delete 10.*</strong></p>
|
||||
<p>To change the next hop address of the route with the destination of 10.41.0.0 and the subnet mask of 255.255.0.0 from 10.27.0.1 to 10.27.0.25, type:</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>route change 10.41.0.0 mask 255.255.0.0 10.27.0.25</strong></p>
|
||||
<h3 id="formatting-legend">Formatting legend</h3>
|
||||
<table>
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col/>
|
||||
<col/>
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr class="header">
|
||||
<th><p>Format</p></th>
|
||||
<th><p>Meaning</p></th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr class="odd">
|
||||
<td><p><em>Italic</em></p></td>
|
||||
<td><p>Information that the user must supply</p></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="even">
|
||||
<td><p><strong>Bold</strong></p></td>
|
||||
<td><p>Elements that the user must type exactly as shown</p></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="odd">
|
||||
<td><p>Ellipsis (...)</p></td>
|
||||
<td><p>Parameter that can be repeated several times in a command line</p></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="even">
|
||||
<td><p>Between brackets ([])</p></td>
|
||||
<td><p>Optional items</p></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="odd">
|
||||
<td><p>Between braces ({}); choices separated by pipe (|). Example: {even|odd}</p></td>
|
||||
<td><p>Set of choices from which the user must choose only one</p></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="even">
|
||||
<td><p>Courier font</p></td>
|
||||
<td><p>Code or program output</p></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
<p><a href="bb490890(v=technet.10)" data-linktype="relative-path">Command-line reference A-Z</a></p>
|
||||
<p><a href="bb491012(v=technet.10)" data-linktype="relative-path">TCP/IP utilities and services</a></p>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="assertive-live-region" role="alert" aria-live="assertive" class="visually-hidden" aria-relevant="additions" aria-atomic="true"></div>
|
||||
<div id="polite-live-region" role="status" aria-live="polite" class="visually-hidden" aria-relevant="additions" aria-atomic="true"></div>
|
||||
<!-- </content> -->
|
||||
|
||||
</main>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- recommendations section -->
|
||||
<section id="recommendations-section" data-bi-name="recommendations" class="display-none-print"></section>
|
||||
<!-- end recommendations section -->
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- feedback section -->
|
||||
<!-- end feedback section -->
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- feedback report section -->
|
||||
<!-- end feedback report section -->
|
||||
|
||||
<div
|
||||
id="additional-resources-mobile"
|
||||
role="complementary"
|
||||
aria-label="Additional resources"
|
||||
class="display-none-desktop"
|
||||
>
|
||||
<hr class="hr" hidden />
|
||||
<h2 id="additional-resources-mobile-heading" class="title is-3" hidden>Additional resources</h2>
|
||||
<section id="right-rail-recommendations-mobile" data-bi-name="recommendations" hidden></section>
|
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<section id="right-rail-learning-resources-mobile" data-bi-name="learning-resources-card" hidden></section>
|
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<section id="right-rail-events-mobile" data-bi-name="events-card" hidden></section>
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<section id="right-rail-qna-mobile" data-bi-name="qna-link-card" hidden></section>
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</div>
|
||||
|
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<div class="border-top is-visible-interactive has-default-focus margin-top-sm ">
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<footer id="footer-interactive" data-bi-name="footer" class="footer-layout">
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class="locale-selector-link button button-clear flex-shrink-0"
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href="#"
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data-bi-name="select-locale">
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<button class="dropdown-trigger button button-clear button-sm has-inner-focus theme-dropdown-trigger"
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<span class="icon">
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<li class="theme display-block" role="menuitem">
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<button class="button button-clear button-sm theme-control button-block justify-content-flex-start"
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data-theme-to="light">
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<span class="theme-light margin-right-xxs">
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<svg class="svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
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viewBox="0 0 22 14">
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<rect width="22" height="14" class="has-fill-body-background" />
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<rect x="8" y="2" width="2" height="1" class="has-fill-secondary" />
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Light </span>
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</button>
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class="border theme-selector-icon css-variable-support display-inline-block has-body-background"
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<svg class="svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
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viewBox="0 0 22 14">
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<rect width="22" height="14" class="has-fill-body-background" />
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<rect x="5" y="5" width="12" height="4" class="has-fill-secondary" />
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<rect x="5" y="2" width="2" height="1" class="has-fill-secondary" />
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<rect x="8" y="2" width="2" height="1" class="has-fill-secondary" />
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<rect x="11" y="2" width="3" height="1" class="has-fill-secondary" />
|
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<rect x="1" y="1" width="2" height="2" class="has-fill-secondary" />
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<rect x="5" y="10" width="7" height="2" rx="0.3" class="has-fill-primary" />
|
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<rect x="19" y="1" width="2" height="2" rx="1" class="has-fill-secondary" />
|
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</svg>
|
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</span>
|
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</span>
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<span>
|
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Dark </span>
|
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</button>
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</li>
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<li class="theme display-block" role="menuitem">
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<button class="button button-clear button-sm theme-control button-block justify-content-flex-start"
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data-theme-to="high-contrast">
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<span class="theme-high-contrast margin-right-xxs">
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<span
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class="border theme-selector-icon css-variable-support display-inline-block has-body-background"
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aria-hidden="true">
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<svg class="svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
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viewBox="0 0 22 14">
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<rect width="22" height="14" class="has-fill-body-background" />
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<rect x="5" y="5" width="12" height="4" class="has-fill-secondary" />
|
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<rect x="5" y="2" width="2" height="1" class="has-fill-secondary" />
|
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<rect x="8" y="2" width="2" height="1" class="has-fill-secondary" />
|
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<rect x="11" y="2" width="3" height="1" class="has-fill-secondary" />
|
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<rect x="1" y="1" width="2" height="2" class="has-fill-secondary" />
|
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<rect x="5" y="10" width="7" height="2" rx="0.3" class="has-fill-primary" />
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<rect x="19" y="1" width="2" height="2" rx="1" class="has-fill-secondary" />
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</svg>
|
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</span>
|
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</span>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
High contrast </span>
|
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</button>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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<ul class="links" data-bi-name="footerlinks">
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<li class="manage-cookies-holder" hidden></li>
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<li><a data-mscc-ic="false" href="/en-us/previous-versions/" data-bi-name="archivelink">Previous Versions</a></li>
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<li><a data-mscc-ic="false" href="https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/microsoft-learn-blog/bg-p/MicrosoftLearnBlog" data-bi-name="bloglink">Blog</a></li>
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<li>© Microsoft 2023</li>
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class="right-container column is-4-desktop display-none display-block-desktop"
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data-bi-name="pageactions"
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role="complementary"
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aria-label="Additional resources"
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<div id="affixed-right-container" class="margin-top-sm-tablet" data-bi-name="right-column">
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<section id="right-rail-learning-resources" data-bi-name="learning-resources-card" hidden></section>
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<nav id="side-doc-outline" class="doc-outline" data-bi-name="intopic toc" role="navigation" aria-label="Article Outline">
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</div>
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</section>
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<!--end of .primary-holder -->
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<!-- interactive container -->
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<aside id="interactive-container" class="interactive-container is-visible-interactive column has-body-background-dark ">
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<rect x="8" y="2" width="2" height="1" class="has-fill-secondary" />
|
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|
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|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
High contrast </span>
|
||||
</button>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<ul class="links" data-bi-name="footerlinks">
|
||||
<li class="manage-cookies-holder" hidden></li>
|
||||
<li><a data-mscc-ic="false" href="/en-us/previous-versions/" data-bi-name="archivelink">Previous Versions</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a data-mscc-ic="false" href="https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/microsoft-learn-blog/bg-p/MicrosoftLearnBlog" data-bi-name="bloglink">Blog</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a data-mscc-ic="false" href="/en-us/contribute/" data-bi-name="contributorGuide">Contribute</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a data-mscc-ic="false" href="https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=521839" data-bi-name="privacy">Privacy</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a data-mscc-ic="false" href="/en-us/legal/termsofuse" data-bi-name="termsofuse">Terms of Use</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a data-mscc-ic="false" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/legal/intellectualproperty/Trademarks/EN-US.aspx" data-bi-name="trademarks">Trademarks</a></li>
|
||||
<li>© Microsoft 2023</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</footer>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="action-panel" role="region" aria-label="Action Panel" class="action-panel has-default-focus" tabindex="-1"></div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
474
m239/90 - Tools/01 - Vorinstallierte Tools/TraceRt
Normal file
474
m239/90 - Tools/01 - Vorinstallierte Tools/TraceRt
Normal file
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
@ -0,0 +1,623 @@
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
||||
<title>Home - InfoTip</title>
|
||||
<base href="https://www.infotip.de/">
|
||||
<meta name="robots" content="index,follow">
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="">
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="Contao Open Source CMS">
|
||||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0">
|
||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="bundles/contaolightcase/css/lightcase.css?v=74dfe8f5"><link rel="stylesheet" href="assets/css/layout.min.css,responsive.min.css,cookiebar_default.css,styles-l...-d226a420.css"><script src="assets/js/jquery.min.js,cookiebar.min.js-a61793ab.js"></script><link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="http://www.infotip.de/de/">
|
||||
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="http://www.infotip.de/en/Home.html">
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body id="top" class="unknown other header-a " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage">
|
||||
<aside class="sidebar-wrapper sidebar-left">
|
||||
<!-- Sidebar Toggle -->
|
||||
<div class="jsSidebarToggle sidebar-toggle mod_article block" id="article-sidebar-toggle">
|
||||
<div class="root">
|
||||
<div class="row flex-column justify-content-between">
|
||||
<div class="col-auto ce_image sidebar-toggle-logo image-zoom-disabled first block">
|
||||
<div class="inner">
|
||||
<figure class="image-container">
|
||||
<div class="image-mask">
|
||||
<a href="en/Home.html">
|
||||
<img src="assets/images/f/IT%20grau-3c17e160.jpg" srcset="assets/images/f/IT%20grau-3c17e160.jpg 1x, assets/images/a/IT%20grau-e53979b1.jpg 2x" width="100" height="111" alt="" itemprop="image">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="sidebar-toggle-label">
|
||||
<i class="fa fa-bars" aria-hidden="true"></i> Menu
|
||||
</div><div class="col-auto ce_text sidebar-toggle-social last block">
|
||||
<div class="inner">
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.xing.com/pages/infotipservicegmbh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i class="fa fa-xing" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/infotip-service-gmbh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i class="fa fa-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- Sidebar Main -->
|
||||
<div class="jsSidebarMain sidebar-main mod_article block" id="article-sidebar-main">
|
||||
<div class="root">
|
||||
<div class="row flex-column justify-content-between">
|
||||
<div class="col-auto ce_image sidebar-main-logo image-zoom-disabled first block">
|
||||
<div class="inner">
|
||||
<figure class="image-container">
|
||||
<div class="image-mask">
|
||||
<a href="en/Home.html">
|
||||
<img src="assets/images/6/l-f8924955.png" srcset="assets/images/6/l-f8924955.png 1x, assets/images/4/l-e23928f0.png 2x" width="226" height="91" alt="" itemprop="image">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- indexer::stop -->
|
||||
<nav class="mod_navigation col-auto sidebar-main-nav block">
|
||||
<a href="en/Home.html#skipNavigation55" class="invisible">Skip navigation</a>
|
||||
<div class="nav">
|
||||
<a href="http://contao-creative-pro.think-digital.agency/de/demos/business/business-01.html" title="Home" id="logo" class="transition">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
<span id="burgermenu"></span>
|
||||
<div class="level_1-wrap">
|
||||
<ul class="level_1">
|
||||
<li class="submenu sibling first"><a href="en/Products-and-services.html" title="Products and services" class="submenu sibling first" aria-haspopup="true" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Products and services <i class="fa fa-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></i></span></a><div class="level_2-wrap">
|
||||
<ul class="level_2">
|
||||
<li class="first"><a href="en/RTS-Repair-Tracking-Service.html" title="RTS Repair Tracking Service" class="first" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">RTS Repair Tracking Service</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="en/RMS-Recall-Management-System.html" title="RMS Recall Management System" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">RMS Recall Management System</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="last"><a href="en/ISS-Information-and-Service-Suite.html" title="ISS Information and Service Suite" class="last" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">ISS Information and Service Suite</span></a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div></li>
|
||||
<li class="sibling"><a href="en/Company.html" title="Company" class="sibling" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Company</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="submenu sibling"><a href="en/infotip-as-an-employer.html" title="Career" class="submenu sibling" aria-haspopup="true" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Career <i class="fa fa-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></i></span></a><div class="level_2-wrap">
|
||||
<ul class="level_2">
|
||||
<li class="first"><a href="en/infotip-as-an-employer.html" title="InfoTip as an employer" class="first" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">InfoTip as an employer</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="last"><a href="en/job-offers-at-infotip.html" title="Job offers at InfoTip" class="last" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Job offers at InfoTip</span></a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div></li>
|
||||
<li class="sibling"><a href="en/Contact.html" title="Contact" class="sibling" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Contact</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="sibling last"><a href="en/download.html" title="Download" class="sibling last" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Download</span></a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<a id="skipNavigation55" class="invisible"> </a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
<!-- indexer::continue -->
|
||||
<!-- indexer::stop -->
|
||||
<nav class="mod_changelanguage language-change mt-auto block" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement">
|
||||
<select class="level_1" onchange="window.location.href=this.value">
|
||||
<option class="lang-de first" value="http://www.infotip.de/de/">Deutsch</option>
|
||||
<option class="active lang-en active last" selected>English</option>
|
||||
</select>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
<!-- indexer::continue -->
|
||||
<div class="col-auto ce_text sidebar-main-social mt-2 last block">
|
||||
<div class="inner">
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.xing.com/pages/infotipservicegmbh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i class="fa fa-xing" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/infotip-service-gmbh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i class="fa fa-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li>
|
||||
<li><a class="sidebar-main-close jsSidebarMainClose" href="#close"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-hidden="true"></i> close</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</aside>
|
||||
<div class="wrapper jsWrapper">
|
||||
<header class="header">
|
||||
<div class="inside">
|
||||
<!-- Header Meta -->
|
||||
<div class="header-meta mod_article block" id="article-header-meta">
|
||||
<div class="root">
|
||||
<div class="width-large">
|
||||
<div class="row">
|
||||
<!-- indexer::stop -->
|
||||
<nav class="mod_changelanguage list-unstyled list-inline align-right ml-auto text-right col-12 block" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement">
|
||||
<ul class="level_1">
|
||||
<li class="lang-de first">
|
||||
<a href="http://www.infotip.de/de/" class="lang-de first" title="" itemprop="url">
|
||||
<span class="name" itemprop="name">DE</span>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="lang-en active last">
|
||||
<strong class="lang-en active last">
|
||||
<span class="name" itemprop="name">EN</span>
|
||||
</strong>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
<!-- indexer::continue -->
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- Header Main (Static) -->
|
||||
<div class="header-main-spacer">
|
||||
<div class="header-main mod_article block" id="article-header-main-static">
|
||||
<div class="root">
|
||||
<div class="width-large">
|
||||
<div class="row">
|
||||
<div class="col-auto ce_image header-main-logo image-zoom-disabled first block">
|
||||
<div class="inner">
|
||||
<figure class="image-container">
|
||||
<div class="image-mask">
|
||||
<a href="en/Home.html">
|
||||
<img src="assets/images/8/InfoTipLogo_komplett_wei%C3%9F_transparent-71699f13.svg" width="400" height="160" alt="" itemprop="image">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- indexer::stop -->
|
||||
<nav class="mod_navigation header-main-nav col-auto block">
|
||||
<a href="en/Home.html#skipNavigation55" class="invisible">Skip navigation</a>
|
||||
<div class="nav">
|
||||
<a href="http://contao-creative-pro.think-digital.agency/de/demos/business/business-01.html" title="Home" id="logo" class="transition">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
<span id="burgermenu"></span>
|
||||
<div class="level_1-wrap">
|
||||
<ul class="level_1">
|
||||
<li class="submenu sibling first"><a href="en/Products-and-services.html" title="Products and services" class="submenu sibling first" aria-haspopup="true" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Products and services <i class="fa fa-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></i></span></a><div class="level_2-wrap">
|
||||
<ul class="level_2">
|
||||
<li class="first"><a href="en/RTS-Repair-Tracking-Service.html" title="RTS Repair Tracking Service" class="first" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">RTS Repair Tracking Service</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="en/RMS-Recall-Management-System.html" title="RMS Recall Management System" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">RMS Recall Management System</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="last"><a href="en/ISS-Information-and-Service-Suite.html" title="ISS Information and Service Suite" class="last" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">ISS Information and Service Suite</span></a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div></li>
|
||||
<li class="sibling"><a href="en/Company.html" title="Company" class="sibling" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Company</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="submenu sibling"><a href="en/infotip-as-an-employer.html" title="Career" class="submenu sibling" aria-haspopup="true" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Career <i class="fa fa-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></i></span></a><div class="level_2-wrap">
|
||||
<ul class="level_2">
|
||||
<li class="first"><a href="en/infotip-as-an-employer.html" title="InfoTip as an employer" class="first" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">InfoTip as an employer</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="last"><a href="en/job-offers-at-infotip.html" title="Job offers at InfoTip" class="last" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Job offers at InfoTip</span></a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div></li>
|
||||
<li class="sibling"><a href="en/Contact.html" title="Contact" class="sibling" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Contact</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="sibling last"><a href="en/download.html" title="Download" class="sibling last" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Download</span></a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<a id="skipNavigation55" class="invisible"> </a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
<!-- indexer::continue -->
|
||||
<div class="header-mobile-trigger col-auto jsHeaderMobileTrigger">
|
||||
<div class="label">
|
||||
Menu
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="icon c-hamburger c-hamburger--htx">
|
||||
<span></span>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div><div class="jsHeaderMobile header-mobile col-12 mod_article block" id="article-header-mobile">
|
||||
<div class="row">
|
||||
<!-- indexer::stop -->
|
||||
<nav class="mod_navigation jsHeaderMobileNav header-mobile-nav col-12 block">
|
||||
<a href="en/Home.html#skipNavigation55" class="invisible">Skip navigation</a>
|
||||
<div class="nav">
|
||||
<a href="http://contao-creative-pro.think-digital.agency/de/demos/business/business-01.html" title="Home" id="logo" class="transition">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
<span id="burgermenu"></span>
|
||||
<div class="level_1-wrap">
|
||||
<ul class="level_1">
|
||||
<li class="submenu sibling first"><a href="en/Products-and-services.html" title="Products and services" class="submenu sibling first" aria-haspopup="true" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Products and services <i class="fa fa-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></i></span></a><div class="level_2-wrap">
|
||||
<ul class="level_2">
|
||||
<li class="first"><a href="en/RTS-Repair-Tracking-Service.html" title="RTS Repair Tracking Service" class="first" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">RTS Repair Tracking Service</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="en/RMS-Recall-Management-System.html" title="RMS Recall Management System" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">RMS Recall Management System</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="last"><a href="en/ISS-Information-and-Service-Suite.html" title="ISS Information and Service Suite" class="last" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">ISS Information and Service Suite</span></a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div></li>
|
||||
<li class="sibling"><a href="en/Company.html" title="Company" class="sibling" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Company</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="submenu sibling"><a href="en/infotip-as-an-employer.html" title="Career" class="submenu sibling" aria-haspopup="true" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Career <i class="fa fa-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></i></span></a><div class="level_2-wrap">
|
||||
<ul class="level_2">
|
||||
<li class="first"><a href="en/infotip-as-an-employer.html" title="InfoTip as an employer" class="first" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">InfoTip as an employer</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="last"><a href="en/job-offers-at-infotip.html" title="Job offers at InfoTip" class="last" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Job offers at InfoTip</span></a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div></li>
|
||||
<li class="sibling"><a href="en/Contact.html" title="Contact" class="sibling" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Contact</span></a></li>
|
||||
<li class="sibling last"><a href="en/download.html" title="Download" class="sibling last" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Download</span></a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<a id="skipNavigation55" class="invisible"> </a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
<!-- indexer::continue -->
|
||||
<div class="col-12 ce_text header-mobile-bottom col-12 last block">
|
||||
<div class="inner">
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="mailto:kontakt@think-digital.agency">kontakt@think-digital.agency</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="http://contao-creative-pro.think-digital.agency/de/index_alt.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <a href="http://contao-creative-pro.think-digital.agency/de/index_alt.html"><i class="fa fa-instagram" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <a href="http://contao-creative-pro.think-digital.agency/de/index_alt.html"><i class="fa fa-contao" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div> </div>
|
||||
</header>
|
||||
<main class="main">
|
||||
<div class="inside">
|
||||
<!-- Article Breadcrumb -->
|
||||
<div class="article-breadcrumb breadcrumb mod_article block" id="article-breadcrumb">
|
||||
<div class="root">
|
||||
<div class="width-large">
|
||||
<div class="row">
|
||||
<!-- indexer::stop -->
|
||||
<div class="col-12 mod_breadcrumb col-md-8 list-inline list-unstyled block">
|
||||
<div class="inner">
|
||||
<ul itemprop="breadcrumb" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BreadcrumbList">
|
||||
<li class="first" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem" itemprop="itemListElement"><a href="en/Home.html" title="InfoTip" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">InfoTip en</span></a> <i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></li>
|
||||
<li class="active last" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem" itemprop="itemListElement"><strong itemprop="name">Home</strong></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- indexer::continue -->
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="article-hero mod_article first block" id="banner-start">
|
||||
<div class="root">
|
||||
<div class="width-full">
|
||||
<div class="row">
|
||||
<div class="col-12 ce_slider slider-hero block text-center text-invert image-dark first">
|
||||
<div class="unroot">
|
||||
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<div class="banner-headline">Successfully managing<br>service together</div> </div>
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">InfoTip Service GmbH</h4>
|
||||
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">Smart and Secure Service Solutions</h2>
|
||||
<p class="p1" style="text-align: justify;">For us, every­thing re­volves around the di­gi­ti­za­tion of service pro­ces­ses. With our pro­ducts and services, we make service and cus­to­mer service pro­cesses more trans­pa­rent, faster and more effi­cient. From war­ran­ty, re­pair and re­place­ment pro­ces­ses to cash­back cam­paigns and the fiduciary pay­ment of hand­ling fees - our digital so­lu­tions enable you to cover all your service pro­cesses ho­lis­tically.</p>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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<div class="image-mask">
|
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<img src="assets/images/d/RTSRepairTrackingService_BildmarkeRTS_abstand-links-rechts-2c6cdceb.svg" width="100" height="39" alt="" itemprop="image">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</figure> </div>
|
||||
</div><div class="col-12 ce_text col-lg-6 wow fadeInUp list-icon list-unstyled last block">
|
||||
<div class="inner">
|
||||
<h4>Full control, anywhere and at any time</h4>
|
||||
<h2>RTS - Repair Tracking Service</h2>
|
||||
<p style="text-align: justify;">The <a href="en/RTS-Repair-Tracking-Service.html">Re­pair Tra­cking Service</a> Sys­tem enables all service pro­ces­ses and data to be re­cor­ded, struc­tured and mo­ni­tored. The soft­ware-as-a-service so­lu­tion enables tran­spa­rent con­trol and auto­ma­tion of all service pro­ces­ses, in­clu­ding the con­trol of lo­gis­tics, work­shop and other service pro­vi­ders.</p>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<div class="inner">
|
||||
<h4>RTS MODULE IN YOUR CORPORATE DESIGN</h4>
|
||||
<h2>End customer portals -<br>Seamless Customer Experience</h2>
|
||||
<div class="text-1 ml-20 ml-md-0 ml-lg-0 mb-12" style="text-align: justify;">To­ge­ther we cre­ate a por­tal for your end cus­to­mers to or­der re­pairs and service ca­ses.</div>
|
||||
<div class="text-1 ml-20 ml-md-0 ml-lg-0 mb-12" style="text-align: justify;"> </div>
|
||||
<div class="text-1 ml-20 ml-md-0 ml-lg-0 mb-12" style="text-align: justify;">For easy ma­na­ge­ment of your ser­vice pro­ces­ses, we de­ve­lop an end cus­to­mer por­tal where end users can en­ter and track re­pair or­ders. The InfoTip RTS sys­tem works in the back end in an in­di­vi­dual de­sign and enables the se­cure con­trol and pro­ces­sing of all service or­ders.</div>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
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<img src="assets/images/0/Endkundenportal_Mockup-08019779.jpg" srcset="assets/images/0/Endkundenportal_Mockup-08019779.jpg 1x, assets/images/e/Endkundenportal_Mockup-d2cd81e7.jpg 2x" width="400" height="257" alt="" itemprop="image">
|
||||
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|
||||
</figure> </div>
|
||||
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|
||||
</div>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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<img src="assets/images/7/IT%20Logo%20grau%20klein-936a7bbe.svg" width="378" height="378" alt="" itemprop="image">
|
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</div>
|
||||
</figure> </div>
|
||||
</div><div class="col-12 ce_text col-lg-6 wow fadeInUp list-icon list-unstyled last block">
|
||||
<div class="inner">
|
||||
<h4>ALL DATA AND SERVICE PROCESSES AT A GLANCE</h4>
|
||||
<h2>InfoTip RTS – Salesforce Integration</h2>
|
||||
<p style="text-align: justify;">InfoTip offers a pre-build di­rect Salesforce In­te­gra­tion with the InfoTip Re­pair Tracking Service (RTS) in form of a ma­naged pa­cka­ged with on-plat­form re­por­ting, log­ging and cus­to­mi­za­tion ca­pa­bi­li­ties.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<div class="inner">
|
||||
<h4>NO FEAR OF RECALLS</h4>
|
||||
<h2>RMS – Recall Management System</h2>
|
||||
<p style="text-align: justify;">With our <a href="en/RMS-Recall-Management-System.html">RTS</a> stand-alone so­lu­tion, all pro­ces­ses of a re­call, from the col­lec­tion of cus­to­mer and pro­duct data, to the col­lec­tion or dis­po­sal of the de­fec­tive goods, to the cus­to­mer so­lu­tion (e.g. re­pair or ex­change), can be centrally con­trolled and mo­ni­tored.</p>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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<img src="assets/images/d/RecallManagementSystem_BildmarkeRMS_Abstand-links-rechts-514e011f.svg" width="400" height="141" alt="" itemprop="image">
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<h2>Everything at a glance</h2>
|
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<p>In our download area we provide you with information documents about our products and<br>services and inform you about our offer.</p>
|
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|
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|
||||
<label for="g1" class="group"> Essential </label>
|
||||
<button class="cc-detail-btn" data-toggle-group>
|
||||
<span>Show details</span>
|
||||
<span>Hide details</span>
|
||||
</button>
|
||||
<div class="cc-cookies toggle-group">
|
||||
<div class="cc-cookie">
|
||||
<input type="checkbox" name="cookie[]" id="c11" value="11" disabled checked>
|
||||
<label for="c11" class="cookie">Contao HTTPS CSRF Token</label>
|
||||
<p>Schützt vor Cross-Site-Request-Forgery Angriffen.</p> <div class="cc-cookie-info">
|
||||
<div><strong>Storage duration:</strong> Dieses Cookie bleibt nur für die aktuelle Browsersitzung bestehen.</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="cc-group">
|
||||
<input type="checkbox" name="group[]" id="g11" value="11" data-toggle-cookies>
|
||||
<label for="g11" class="group"> Analytics </label>
|
||||
<button class="cc-detail-btn" data-toggle-group>
|
||||
<span>Show details</span>
|
||||
<span>Hide details</span>
|
||||
</button>
|
||||
<div class="cc-cookies toggle-group">
|
||||
<div class="cc-cookie">
|
||||
<input type="checkbox" name="cookie[]" id="c31" value="31">
|
||||
<label for="c31" class="cookie">Google Analytics</label>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="cc-footer">
|
||||
<button class="cc-btn" data-save>Save selection</button>
|
||||
<button class="cc-btn success" data-accept-all>Accept all</button>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="cc-info">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- indexer::continue --><script>var cookiebar=new ContaoCookiebar({configId:1,pageId:721,version:1,lifetime:63072000,token:'ccb_contao_token',doNotTrack:0,currentPageId:731,excludedPageIds:null,cookies:{"31":{"id":"31","type":"googleAnalytics","token":["_ga","_gat_gtag_UA_199509268_2","_gid"],"resources":[{"src":"https:\/\/www.googletagmanager.com\/gtag\/js?id=UA-199509268-2","flags":null,"mode":1}],"scripts":[{"script":"window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)} gtag('js',new Date());gtag('config','UA-199509268-2')","position":3,"confirmed":!0}]}},texts:{acceptAndDisplay:'Accept and show'}})</script></body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
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Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user