tbz-repos/aktuelle.kurse
1
0
Fork 0
mirror of https://gitlab.com/harald.mueller/aktuelle.kurse.git synced 2024-11-23 18:21:56 +01:00
Code Issues Actions Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity
7975ad783b
aktuelle.kurse/m239/60 - Zertifikate/35 - Zertifikate installieren
Harald G. Mueller b4036220c1 muh
2023-01-10 01:32:45 +01:00

1424 lines
297 KiB
Plaintext
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-nojs" lang="de" dir="ltr">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<title>Ein SSL Zertifikat installieren – wikiHow</title>
<script>document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace( /(^|\s)client-nojs(\s|$)/, "$1client-js$2" );</script>
<script>(window.RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren","wgTitle":"Ein SSL Zertifikat installieren","wgCurRevisionId":328221,"wgRevisionId":328221,"wgArticleId":32533,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Internet Sicherheit","Internet","Technik \u0026 Elektronik"],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"de","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Januar","Februar","März","April","Mai","Juni","Juli","August","September","Oktober","November","Dezember"],"wgMonthNamesShort":["","Jan.","Feb.","Mär.","Apr.","Mai","Jun.","Jul.","Aug.","Sep.","Okt.","Nov.","Dez."],"wgRelevantPageName":"Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren","wgRelevantArticleId":32533,"wgRequestId":"982e5af250a692f9ca616610","wgCSPNonce":false,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgUserType":"anon","wgWikihowSiteRev":"8zhWk","wgFBAppId":"157545333433","wgGoogleAppId":"475770217963-cj49phca8tqki2ggs0ttcaerhs8339eh.apps.googleusercontent.com","wgCDNbase":"https://www.wikihow.com","wgNlpCategory":"","wgProMembership":0,"wgHasEmail":0,"wgIsUserReviewEligible":"ineligible","wgNumReviews":"0","wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFLazyLoadImages":false,"wgMFLazyLoadReferences":false,"wgMFIsPageContentModelEditable":true,"wgMFEnableFontChanger":true,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":false,"nearby":false,"watchlist":false,"tagline":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"amc":false,"beta":false,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"backToTop":false,"shareButton":false,"toggling":true,"pageIssues":false,"talkAtTop":false},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0],"wgMinervaMenuData":[]});mw.loader.state({"user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","user.tokens":"loading","ext.pygments":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.base.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","mediawiki.ui.icon":"ready","mediawiki.ui.button":"ready","skins.minerva.icons.images":"ready","ext.wikihow.common_bottom_styles":"ready","ext.wikihow.trusted_sources.styles":"ready","ext.wikihow.slider_styles":"ready","ext.wikihow.expertadvicesection.styles":"ready","ext.wikihow.green_box":"ready","ext.wikihow.social_footer_styles":"ready"});mw.loader.implement("user.options@1wzrrbt",function($,jQuery,require,module){/*@nomin*/mw.user.options.set({"variant":"de"});
});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens@0tffind",function($,jQuery,require,module){/*@nomin*/mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});
});RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.page.startup","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.wikihow.common_top","ext.wikihow.common_bottom","ext.wikihow.membershipmanager","ext.wikihow.trusted_sources.scripts","zzz.mobile.wikihow.styles_late_load","zzz.mobile.wikihow.scripts_late_load","mobile.wikihow.tabsonmobile","mobile.wikihow","mobile.wikihow.stable.styles","mobile.wikihow.socialproof","ext.wikihow.slider","mobile.wikihow.userreview","ext.wikihow.green_box.scripts","ext.wikihow.social_footer","mobile.site","mobile.init"];mw.loader.load(RLPAGEMODULES);});</script>
<link rel="preload" href="/load.php?debug=false&lang=de&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.pygments%7Cext.wikihow.common_bottom_styles%2Cgreen_box%2Cslider_styles%2Csocial_footer_styles%7Cext.wikihow.expertadvicesection.styles%7Cext.wikihow.trusted_sources.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmediawiki.ui.button%2Cicon%7Cskins.minerva.base.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons.images&only=styles&siterev=8zhWk&skin=wh" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=de&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.pygments%7Cext.wikihow.common_bottom_styles%2Cgreen_box%2Cslider_styles%2Csocial_footer_styles%7Cext.wikihow.expertadvicesection.styles%7Cext.wikihow.trusted_sources.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmediawiki.ui.button%2Cicon%7Cskins.minerva.base.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons.images&amp;only=styles&amp;siterev=8zhWk&amp;skin=wh"/>
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/>
<meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.33.0-alpha"/>
<meta name="robots" content="index,follow"/><!--default-->
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="Jb3uMWyKPQ3B9lzp5hZvJjITDKG8xI8mnEpWifGXUb0"/>
<meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"/>
<meta name="description" content="Ein SSL Zertifikat installieren. SSL-Zertifikate legen fest, wie Webseiten und Dienstleistungen die Validierung für die Verschlüsselung der zwischen ihnen und ihren Kunden übermittelten Daten erhalten. Sie können auch für die Verifizierung..."/>
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/>
<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0, width=device-width"/>
<meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"/>
<link rel="amphtml" href="https://de.wikihow.com/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren?amp=1"/>
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.wikihow.com/skins/WikiHow/wH-initials_152x152.png"/>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon_round.ico"/>
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/opensearch_desc.php" title="wikiHow (de)"/>
<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://de.wikihow.com/api.php?action=rsd"/>
<link rel="canonical" href="https://de.wikihow.com/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren"/>
<script>window.WH=window.WH||{timeStart:+(new Date()),lang:{}};
if(/.+@.+/.test(window.location.hash)){window.location.hash='';}</script>
<script>window.WH.proMembership=0;</script>
<script>window.WH.jsFastRender=0;</script>
<script>retinaAvailable = false;</script>
<style>html,body,div,span,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,p,blockquote,pre,a,abbr,acronym,address,big,cite,del,ins,em,img,small,strike,strong,sub,sup,tt,b,u,i,center,dl,dt,dd,ol,ul,li,fieldset,form,label,legend,input,textarea,button,select,audio,video{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font:inherit;font-size:100%;vertical-align:baseline}table,caption,tbody,tfoot,thead,tr,th,td{margin:0;padding:0;font:inherit;font-size:100%;vertical-align:baseline}button{border:none;background-color:transparent}body{line-height:1;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}input{line-height:normal}ol,ul{list-style:none}table{border-collapse:collapse}strong,b{font-weight:bold}i,em{font-style:italic}html,body{height:100%}body{background-color:#f3f3f3;color:#545454;font-family:"Helvetica","Nimbus Sans L","Arial","Liberation Sans",sans-serif;line-height:1.4;font-size:16px;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}h1,h2,h3,h4{color:#222}.hidden,a.hide,img[src=""],.stable #ca-talk,.client-nojs #ca-watch.cta,.client-nojs #ca-edit,.client-nojs #ca-upload,#ca-talk.selected,.template_top,.section>.section_text>h3 .edit-page,#tips h3,h4.steps_text .edit-page,h5.steps_text .edit-page,h6.steps_text .edit-page,#article_rating_mobile,#uci_section,.trvote_box,.section.video,#hp_navigation,#mcta_root,#method_toc,.amazon_info,#servedtime,.tabbed_content,#sp_h2.tabbed_content,#social_proof_mobile.tabbed_content,#uci_section.tabbed_content,.tabbed_content .edit-page,.m-video-helpful-wrap,.m-video-wm,#gdpr_dismiss,#gdpr_close,#intro .green_box,.header #actions,#actionbar,.pswp,#mw-mf-last-modified,.page_stats,#end_options,#footer_newsletter{display:none}a,a:active,a:visited,a.new{color:#307530;text-decoration:none;word-wrap:break-word}a:active,a:hover{color:#439B05;text-decoration:underline}a.new{color:#B30000}a[title^='User']{color:#307530}a.external{background-image:none}.clearall{clear:both;height:0}#section_0.title_sm{font-size:1.3em}#section_0.title_md{font-size:1.5em}#section_0.title_lg{font-size:1.6em}#section_0 span.ja_how_to{color:#7b9965}#mw-mf-viewport{position:relative;height:100%}#mw-mf-page-center{padding:0;min-height:100%;width:100%;position:relative;z-index:3;background-color:#FFF;transition:all 0.5s ease 0s}#mw-mf-page-center.footerad{padding:0 0 180px}.footerad #footer{bottom:110px}.header_container{background-color:#93B874;position:fixed;border:0;z-index:10;top:0;width:100%}#header_container_small{display:none}#wh-progress-bar{position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:0;height:2px;background-color:#475347;transition:width 1s linear;-webkit-transition:width 1s linear;-moz-transition:width 1s linear;-o-transition:width 1s linear}.header{height:40px;display:table;white-space:nowrap;margin:0 auto;width:100%;border-top:none}.header > *{width:3em;display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.header > h1,.header > form,.header > ul{width:auto}.header h1{text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.header #mw-mf-main-menu-button,.header #secondary-button{text-indent:-9999px;background-repeat:no-repeat}.header #mw-mf-main-menu-button{background-position:40% 40%}.header #secondary-button{background-position:60% 40%}.header #secondary-button.user-button{text-indent:0;text-align:center}.header #secondary-button.user-button:hover{text-decoration:none}.header #secondary-button.user-button span{display:inline-block;width:24px;height:24px;font-weight:bold;color:#fff;line-height:24px;background:#c91f2c;border-radius:2px}.header .search{border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent}#hs,#hs_query{width:72px;position:static}#hs + a{padding-left:0 !important}.hs_active .search{padding-right:50px}#hs_query,#hs_close,#hs_submit{display:block;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;height:39px;margin:1px 0 0;padding:0;background-color:transparent;background-repeat:no-repeat;border:none}#hs_query{border:solid 5px #93B874;border-radius:10px;padding:0 5px;-webkit-appearance:none;background:#FFF url(/extensions/wikihow/mobile/images/search_gray.svg) right 4px center / 20px no-repeat;box-sizing:border-box;color:transparent;font-size:16px;transition:width 100ms ease-in-out;outline:none;z-index:1}.hs_notif #hs_query{margin-right:40px}.hs_active.hs_notif #hs_query{margin-right:0}.hs_active #hs_query:valid{background-image:none}#hs_close{width:0;background:url(/extensions/wikihow/mobile/images/close.svg) center / 15px no-repeat;z-index:2}#hs_submit{display:none;position:absolute;background-size:20px;background-position:right 9px center;width:40px;z-index:2}@media only screen and (max-width:599px){#hs_query,#hs_submit{background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/mobile/images/search_gray.svg)}.hs_active #hs_query{color:#545454;width:100%;padding-left:34px;padding-right:34px;background-position:left 6px bottom 50%}.hs_active #hs_query:valid ~ #hs_submit{display:block;right:auto;left:0}.hs_active #hs_close{width:40px}#hs_query::-webkit-input-placeholder{opacity:0}.hs_active #hs_query::-webkit-input-placeholder{opacity:1}}@media only screen and (min-width:600px){#hs_query{background-color:#B3CE9C;color:#fff;width:30%;padding-left:10px;padding-right:34px}#hs_query,#hs_submit{background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/mobile/images/mag_white.png)}#hs_query:valid ~ #hs_submit{display:block}#hs_query::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#E3F8D1}}.content{margin:0;word-wrap:break-word}.content img{max-width:100%;width:100%;height:auto}.content video{max-width:100%;width:100%;height:auto}.content h1,.content h2,.content h3,.content h4,.content h5,.content h6{line-height:1.3;padding:0.5em 0}.content p{margin-bottom:.7em}.content .thumb{margin:15px 0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:5px;background:#f9f9f9;text-align:center}.content ol ol,.content ul ol,.content ol ul,.content ul ul,dl{margin-left:1em}.pre-content h1,.content h1{font-size:1.8em}h2{font-size:1.5em}h3{font-size:1.2em;font-weight:bold}h4,dl dt{font-weight:bold}sup{vertical-align:super;line-height:normal}sub{vertical-align:sub}sub,sup{font-size:0.83em}pre{white-space:pre-wrap;overflow-wrap:break-word}#content_wrapper{padding-top:40px;background-color:#FFF}.pre-content{background-color:#FFF;border-bottom:none;margin:0}.section-heading .indicator{display:none}#section_0{border-bottom:none;color:#222;font-size:26px;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.2em;padding:12px 15px 0}#section_0.special_title{font-size:18px;margin-bottom:.5em;padding:15px 20px}#section_0 a{color:#222;text-decoration:none}.ns-0.action-view #section_0{padding:0 15px}#intro{background-color:#FFF;margin:0;padding:7px 15px 3px}body.action-view #content>#intro{padding-top:7px}#intro p{line-height:20px}#intro .mwimg{margin:-7px -15px 5px -15px}#intro .mwimg img{border-radius:0}.section{margin-top:1em;position:relative}.section h2,.steps h3{background-color:#F0F4EB;width:100%;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.25em;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}.section h2 span.mw-headline,.sample h3 span.mw-headline{display:inline-block;padding:.8em;color:#222}#intro .subtitle{color:#777;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;font-size:1em;margin:-.25em 0 .75em 0;border-bottom:none;background:none}h4.steps_text{position:relative;padding-left:1em;background:#FFF4C4;color:#333}.section>.section_text>h3{background-position:3px center}.step_num{font-size:30px;color:#545454;padding:0 15px 0 0;float:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:39px}.stepanchor{display:block;position:relative;top:-110px;visibility:hidden}.steps_list_2 li{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:16px;line-height:normal;list-style:none;background-color:#FFF;border-radius:4px;padding:20px;clear:both}#content_wrapper{margin:0}.steps_list_2 li li{border:none;margin:0;list-style:disc;padding:0 }.steps_list_2 .mwimg.largeimage{margin:-20px -20px 10px}.mwimg{border-bottom:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.1);line-height:0;margin-bottom:1em;position:relative;text-align:center}#quick_summary_section .mwimg{margin-bottom:0}.steps_list_2 .mwimg.underwidth{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mwimg.techicon{display:inline;border:none}.mwimg.techicon img{width:auto;height:30px !important;position:relative;min-height:0;min-width:0}.mwimg.techicon .content-spacer{width:auto;height:30px !important;padding-top:0 !important;display:inline}.content img.whvgif{width:100%;max-width:760px !important}.caption{position:absolute;width:96%;bottom:0;left:0;background-color:#444;opacity:0.7;text-align:left;font-size:12px;line-height:normal;padding:5px 2%;color:#fff}.mwimg.tright{float:right}.steps_list_2 li li .mwimg.largeimage{margin:5px 0}.section_text,.steps_text{padding:15px;background-color:#FFF;border-radius:0 0 4px 4px;font-size:16px}.steps.sample .section_text{background-color:#FFF}.sample p{padding:.9em;margin:0}#quicksummary{padding-bottom:0;margin-bottom:-15px}#video.section_text{padding:0}#quick_summary_section.section_text{padding-bottom:0}#video .embedvideocontainer{width:100%}.content .steps_list_2 ul,.content .steps_list_2 ol{margin:8px 0 0 30px}.steps .section_text{background-color:inherit;padding:0;border:none}.altblock{background:#93b874;color:#FFF;text-align:center;padding:0;border-radius:7px;font-size:0;width:3rem;height:3rem;display:table;position:absolute;margin:.625rem}.altblock > div{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.altblock > div > span{font-size:21px;font-weight:bold}h2.block_header span.mw-headline,h3.block_header span.mw-headline{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;padding:.6rem .35rem .6rem 4.5rem;width:100%;height:3rem}.method_label{font-size:16px;font-weight:normal;color:#707070}#thingsyoullneed{overflow:hidden}#ingredients li,#thingsyoullneed li{clear:both;list-style:none;margin-bottom:1.1em;line-height:20px}#thingsyoullneed li > ul{margin-top:10px;margin-left:27px}.checkmark{border:1px solid #a3a3a3;width:.9em;height:.9em;border-radius:4px;float:left;margin-right:.5em} .section:not(.steps) h3{font-weight:normal;font-size:1rem}.section:not(.steps) h3 .altblock{margin:.15rem 0 0;height:1rem;width:1rem;border-radius:0}.section:not(.steps) h3 .mw-headline{display:inline-block;padding:0 0 .5em 1.5em;height:auto}.section.tips .altblock{background:#93b874 url(/skins/owl/images/tips_icon.svg) center / 32px no-repeat}.section.warnings .altblock{background:#93b874 url(/skins/owl/images/warnings_icon.svg) center / 32px no-repeat}.tysk h2{background:#F0F4EB 0 0 / 42px repeat-y;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg viewBox='0 0 1 1' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath fill='%2393b874' d='M0 0h.5v1H0z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.section.tysk h2 span.mw-headline{padding-left:2.25rem}.content ul{list-style:disc inside}.section h2.android,.section h3.android,.tool div.android{top:0}.content .edit-page{display:none}.stable .content p,.stable .content li,.stable .content dl{line-height:25px}#header_logo{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;background:center / 115px no-repeat url(/extensions/wikihow/mobile/images/wikihow_logo_230.png);width:auto;height:38px;padding:0 14px}.header #mw-mf-main-menu-button{width:72px;border-right:none;background:url(/extensions/wikihow/mobile/images/main_menu_button.svg) left 15px bottom 50% / 18px no-repeat}.header #mw-mf-main-menu-button,.header #secondary-button{height:auto}.header #secondary-button.user-button{padding-top:.35em}#random-button{background:url(/skins/owl/images/nav_random.svg) center no-repeat}.header > *:nth-child(3){border-left:none}.wh_search .cse_q{border:none}.breadcrumbs li{display:inline-block;padding-right:.3em}.breadcrumbs li:after{content:' \20\00BB'}.breadcrumbs li:last-child:after{content:''}#breadcrumb{font-size:.7em;padding:1em 0 .7em 15px;text-transform:uppercase}#breadcrumb li{display:none;line-height:1em;padding-right:.5em}#breadcrumb li:after{color:#307530;font-size:1.25em;white-space:pre}#breadcrumb li:nth-last-child(2),#breadcrumb li:last-child{display:inline-block;font-weight:bold} .button,button,.panel .button,.panel button,.buttonBar .button,.buttonBar button,.buttonBar input[type="submit"],.mw-ui-button,input[type="submit"]{border-radius:4px;text-align:center;color:#FFF;padding:8px 11px;font-size:1.1em;margin-right:10px;cursor:pointer;background-image:none;background-color:#97ba78;border:1px solid #97ba78;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none} #wh_ad_middle_related{float:left}#wh_ad_tips,#pagebottom{margin-top:12px}.al_method{text-align:center;font-size:12px;color:#999}#references_first ins{margin-top:10px}.method_ad{margin:17px 0 0 -16px;display:block}.wh_ad1_full{margin-left:-16px}.embedvideocontainer{position:relative;width:99%;height:0;padding-bottom:56.25%}.section.video.youtube_short_articles{display:block}.section.video.youtube_short_articles > h2{display:none}.embedvideocontainer.ytshort{position:relative;width:auto;height:0;padding-bottom:177.78%}.embedvideo{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%}body.action-view #fa_container p{width:100%;font-size:16px !important;line-height:16px !important}.content #intro ul,.content .section_text ul{list-style:disc outside;padding-left:24px}.content .section_text .steps_list_2 ul,.content .ingredients ul,.content .thingsyoullneed ul{padding-left:0}.content #intro li,.content .section_text ul li{margin-bottom:5px}.content .section_text.expert_advice_section ul li{margin-bottom:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:22px;list-style:none}.content .section_text.expert_advice_section ul{padding-left:16px}.content .expert_advice_section p{margin-bottom:10px;color:#5f5f5f;font-size:14px;line-height:23px}.content .section_text .steps_list_2 ul li,.content .ingredients ul li,.content .thingsyoullneed ul li{margin-bottom:0}.content .ingredients ul ul{margin:20px 0 0 26px}#social_proof_anchor{margin-top:-115px;display:block;position:absolute}.related-article{float:left;position:relative;width:100%;margin-bottom:2%}#relatedwikihows{padding:2%}.content-spacer{position:relative}.content-fill{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;width:1px;min-width:100%;height:1px;min-height:100%;color:#fff }#mobile_tab_container{position:relative;border:1px solid #E6EEE0;border-width:1px 0;clear:both;background:#f7faf6;margin:5px -15px 15px;box-shadow:0 6px 6px -6px rgba(84,84,84,.3)}#mobile_tab_container a,#mobile_tab_container a:visited{color:#707070}.mobile_tab{position:relative;margin:0 1em 0 1.3em;padding:.7em 0 .8em;font-weight:bold;font-size:.8em;display:inline-block}.mobile_tab.video{margin-left:0}.mobile_tab a{padding:.2em 0}.mobile_tab.video a{padding-right:1.9em;background:right 0 bottom 57% / 18px no-repeat; background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 15 15'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fff' stroke='%23a3a3a3' d='M14.13 3a2.66 2.66 0 00-1.06-1.1 3.84 3.84 0 00-2.16-.4H4.1a3.88 3.88 0 00-2.17.4A2.69 2.69 0 00.88 3 4.47 4.47 0 00.5 5.34v4.32A4.5 4.5 0 00.88 12a2.69 2.69 0 001 1.14 3.88 3.88 0 002.17.4h6.81a3.84 3.84 0 002.16-.4A2.66 2.66 0 0014.13 12a4.53 4.53 0 00.37-2.3V5.34A4.51 4.51 0 0014.13 3z'/%3E%3Cpath fill='%23a3a3a3' d='M10.76 7.84a.78.78 0 01-.31.34l-4.74 2.53a.68.68 0 01-.93-.34.76.76 0 01-.08-.37V5a.73.73 0 01.7-.75.65.65 0 01.31.08l4.74 2.53a.78.78 0 01.31.98z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}#mobile_tab_line{position:absolute;bottom:0;background-color:#6d9d6c;height:4px;width:90%;margin-left:5%;border-radius:4px 4px 0 0}.summarysection.mwimg,.summarysection .mwimg{margin:-16px -15px 0}.content .m-video{max-width:100%;width:100%;height:auto}.summary-video{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.video-poster-image{position:absolute;z-index:1}.video-poster-image img{object-fit:cover}.green_tips_box_inline{background-color:#fff5d9;color:#000;margin:0;width:75%;display:inline}.img-loading-hide{visibility:hidden}.img-loading-alt{color:#000}#gdpr{width:100%;margin:0 auto;position:fixed;bottom:0;max-height:70px;z-index:10000;text-align:center;background-color:#475347;color:#FFF;padding:9px 5px;display:none}.gdpr_button,button.gdpr_button{background-color:#b6e684;border:1px solid #b6e684;color:#000;display:inline-block;font-size:0.8em;font-weight:bold;padding:5px 10px 6px 10px;-moz-border-radius:4px;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:super;margin-left:5px;margin-right:0}#gdpr_text{font-size:0.9em;display:inline-block;max-width:73%;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle}#gdpr_text a{color:#EEE;text-decoration:underline}#gdpr_text_inner{padding-right:3px}#gdpr_accept_wrap{display:inline-block}#gdpr_cp_link{font-size:13px;color:#FFF;text-decoration:underline;display:inline-block}.mw-mf-display-toggle > a{color:#AFAFAF;font-size:1em}.mw-mf-display-toggle{bottom:0;margin:3em 0 10px 13px;color:#AFAFAF;font-size:.75em}.geo-group-eu .mw-mf-display-toggle{padding-left:0;background:none}.gdpr_only{visibility:hidden}.no_gdpr{visibility:visible}.geo-group-eu .gdpr_only{visibility:visible}.geo-group-eu .no_gdpr{visibility:hidden}#mw-mf-page-left{position:fixed !important;overflow-y:scroll;height:100%}body.navigation-enabled #mw-mf-page-left{display:block}.noarticletext div{border:none !important;padding:0;margin-bottom:0.75em}ol.references{padding-left:.5em}.references li{position:relative;list-style-position:outside}.references li span{margin-left:3px;word-break:break-word}.references li > a{float:left;margin-top:-2px}.sourcesandcitations{word-break:break-all}.sourcesandcitations .section_text{padding-left:30px} #aiinfo:target ~ .aidata,#social_proof_mobile:target ~ .aidata{display:block}.aidata,#aiinfo:target,#social_proof_mobile:target ~ #aiinfo{display:none}.section.articleinfo{margin-top:0;padding-top:0}.articleinfo #articleinfo{margin-top:-5px;border-radius:0 0 4px 4px;border-top:none;position:relative}#articleinfo #info_link{width:100%;display:block}#articleinfo #info_link,.collapse_link{ background:url(/extensions/wikihow/mobile/images/show_sources.svg) right .5em center / 20px no-repeat} #social_proof_mobile + .articleinfo #articleinfo,#summary_wrapper + .articleinfo #articleinfo{ padding:15px;border-top:1px solid #f3f3f3;border-radius:0 0 4px 4px;margin-top:-5px;position:relative;z-index:1}#summary_close{display:none}#references_second{padding-top:0;border-top:0;margin-top:-10px;border-top-left-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:0} .article_byline{color:#222;font-size:12px;overflow:auto}#intro .article_byline p{line-height:1rem;margin:0}#recipe_byline{line-height:24px; }#coauthor_byline{margin-bottom:.75rem}#byline_info{line-height:1rem}#coauthor_byline p,#coauthor_byline p a{color:#595959}.last_updated_highlighted{font-weight:bold}#coauthor_byline p:last-child{padding-top:.1em}.coauthor_link{font-weight:bold}.coauthor_pipe{padding:0 .15em}.coauthor_checkstar{padding-right:1.2em;background:right center / .9em no-repeat; background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='14' height='14' fill='none' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M13.499 7.249c.031-.506-.475-.98-1.234-1.265.633-.538.917-1.17.728-1.645-.19-.443-.823-.664-1.582-.6.285-.728.285-1.36-.063-1.708-.38-.348-1.043-.253-1.707.126C9.609 1.367 9.324.766 8.85.64c-.506-.158-1.075.253-1.55.949C6.92.86 6.383.418 5.877.513c-.506.095-.853.664-.948 1.454-.633-.474-1.297-.6-1.708-.316-.443.285-.506.917-.285 1.645-.759-.127-1.391 0-1.644.442-.253.443 0 1.076.538 1.676C1.039 5.636.5 6.047.5 6.553c-.031.506.475 1.012 1.234 1.265-.601.569-.917 1.201-.696 1.676.19.474.822.664 1.581.6-.284.728-.284 1.36.063 1.708.38.316 1.044.253 1.708-.126.032.79.316 1.36.79 1.518.507.158 1.076-.253 1.55-.949.38.727.917 1.17 1.423 1.075.506-.095.854-.664.949-1.454.632.474 1.296.6 1.708.316.41-.285.474-.949.253-1.676.759.126 1.391 0 1.644-.443.253-.443 0-1.075-.538-1.676.791-.221 1.329-.633 1.329-1.138Z' fill='%2355AAE4'/%3E%3Cpath d='m10.052 5.699-3.51 3.51a.2.2 0 0 1-.285 0L3.948 7.343c-.19-.19-.19-.284 0-.474l.633-.632c.253-.253.316-.19.506 0l1.138.885c.063.063.19.063.253-.032L8.976 4.53c.19-.19.285-.221.475 0l.632.632c.19.253.222.285-.031.538Z' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.coauthor_avatar_badge.staff_badge{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%0A%3Csvg width='12' height='12' fill='none' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Ccircle cx='6' cy='6' r='6' fill='%239CB77C'/%3E%3Cpath d='M.555 4.589h1.808v.66h-.075c-.087 0-.143.009-.168.027a.108.108 0 0 0-.048.092c0 .034.01.083.031.147l.479 1.477.413-1.152-.11-.325a.43.43 0 0 0-.119-.202.337.337 0 0 0-.205-.064v-.66h1.72v.66h-.14c-.078 0-.132.01-.162.034a.117.117 0 0 0-.044.099c0 .04.014.1.041.178l.414 1.227.417-1.227a.619.619 0 0 0 .04-.182.104.104 0 0 0-.05-.095c-.033-.023-.1-.034-.206-.034h-.078v-.66h1.534v.66a.708.708 0 0 0-.215.02.225.225 0 0 0-.089.065.96.96 0 0 0-.106.226L4.717 8h-.905l-.51-1.377L2.784 8h-.912l-.9-2.44a.767.767 0 0 0-.116-.216.193.193 0 0 0-.088-.075.822.822 0 0 0-.212-.02v-.66Z' fill='%231D221D'/%3E%3Cpath d='M5.75 3.232h2.327v.66h-.215c-.119 0-.2.012-.243.037a.194.194 0 0 0-.092.103.923.923 0 0 0-.027.287v.83h1.736v-.892a.785.785 0 0 0-.02-.222.18.18 0 0 0-.093-.113c-.043-.02-.139-.03-.287-.03h-.181v-.66h2.334v.66h-.195c-.132 0-.22.011-.263.034a.18.18 0 0 0-.092.095c-.016.042-.024.14-.024.298v2.584c0 .16.01.263.03.31a.21.21 0 0 0 .1.1c.046.018.148.027.307.027h.137V8H8.655v-.66h.154c.143 0 .24-.011.29-.034a.19.19 0 0 0 .106-.099c.02-.043.03-.145.03-.304V5.895H7.5v1.008c0 .16.006.258.02.297a.186.186 0 0 0 .106.113.981.981 0 0 0 .29.027h.161V8H5.75v-.66h.157a.774.774 0 0 0 .277-.034.192.192 0 0 0 .106-.096c.02-.04.03-.13.03-.27V4.35c0-.162-.01-.267-.03-.315a.196.196 0 0 0-.09-.11.558.558 0 0 0-.239-.033H5.75v-.66Z' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:19px}.coauthor_avatar_badge.no_badge{background-image:none}.coauthor_avatar_badge{height:19px;width:19px;position:absolute;margin:37px 0 0 37px;z-index:1; background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='14' height='14' fill='none' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M13.499 7.249c.031-.506-.475-.98-1.234-1.265.633-.538.917-1.17.728-1.645-.19-.443-.823-.664-1.582-.6.285-.728.285-1.36-.063-1.708-.38-.348-1.043-.253-1.707.126C9.609 1.367 9.324.766 8.85.64c-.506-.158-1.075.253-1.55.949C6.92.86 6.383.418 5.877.513c-.506.095-.853.664-.948 1.454-.633-.474-1.297-.6-1.708-.316-.443.285-.506.917-.285 1.645-.759-.127-1.391 0-1.644.442-.253.443 0 1.076.538 1.676C1.039 5.636.5 6.047.5 6.553c-.031.506.475 1.012 1.234 1.265-.601.569-.917 1.201-.696 1.676.19.474.822.664 1.581.6-.284.728-.284 1.36.063 1.708.38.316 1.044.253 1.708-.126.032.79.316 1.36.79 1.518.507.158 1.076-.253 1.55-.949.38.727.917 1.17 1.423 1.075.506-.095.854-.664.949-1.454.632.474 1.296.6 1.708.316.41-.285.474-.949.253-1.676.759.126 1.391 0 1.644-.443.253-.443 0-1.075-.538-1.676.791-.221 1.329-.633 1.329-1.138Z' fill='%2355AAE4'/%3E%3Cpath d='m10.052 5.699-3.51 3.51a.2.2 0 0 1-.285 0L3.948 7.343c-.19-.19-.19-.284 0-.474l.633-.632c.253-.253.316-.19.506 0l1.138.885c.063.063.19.063.253-.032L8.976 4.53c.19-.19.285-.221.475 0l.632.632c.19.253.222.285-.031.538Z' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-size:cover}.coauthor_circle_i{padding-left:1.2em;background:left 1px / .9em no-repeat; background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg viewBox='0 0 100 100' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cg fill='none' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Ccircle fill='%23307530' cx='50' cy='50' r='50'/%3E%3Crect fill='%23FFF' x='42' y='39' width='16' height='42' rx='4'/%3E%3Ccircle fill='%23FFF' cx='50' cy='26' r='9'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}#coauthor_image{float:left;margin:3px 10px 0 0;border-radius:16%;width:50px;height:50px;max-width:50px;overflow:hidden}.article_byline .sp_star_section_upper{margin-bottom:-4px;min-width:115px}.byline_extra{white-space:nowrap}.byline_references{background:left center no-repeat; background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 9.12 11.86'%3E%3Cg opacity='.8'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23595959' d='M8.66,2.74H1.82a.92.92,0,0,1,0-1.83H8.66A.46.46,0,0,0,9.12.46.46.46,0,0,0,8.66,0H1.82A1.83,1.83,0,0,0,0,1.82V10a1.84,1.84,0,0,0,1.82,1.83H8.66a.47.47,0,0,0,.46-.46h0V3.19a.46.46,0,0,0-.46-.45Zm-6.84,8.2A.91.91,0,0,1,.91,10V3.39a1.74,1.74,0,0,0,.91.26H8.21V11Zm7.3-9.12a.45.45,0,0,1-.45.46H1.82a.46.46,0,0,1,0-.91H8.66a.46.46,0,0,1,.46.45Z'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E");padding-left:1.2em}#coauthor_byline p > *{margin-right:.5em}.success_stories{padding-right:.3em}.ss_pipe{color:#e9e7e3}.byline_success{white-space:nowrap;background:left center / 1em no-repeat; background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16.276 15.081'%3E%3Cg transform='translate(-44.1 -201.134)'%3E%3Cpath d='M57.213 209.537v6.107a.572.572 0 01-.571.571h-8.858a.572.572 0 01-.571-.571v-6.107a.572.572 0 01.571-.571.585.585 0 01.14.023.508.508 0 01.315.2.6.6 0 01.117.35v3.508h6.119a.571.571 0 110 1.142h-6.12v.886h7.716v-5.536a.571.571 0 011.142 0z' fill='%2397ba78'/%3E%3Cpath d='M52.213 201.134l-.606 1.224a2.5 2.5 0 00-1.876 2.471.541.541 0 01-.07.268.563.563 0 01-.769.233 2.322 2.322 0 00-1.177-.291H47.7a2.5 2.5 0 00-2.459 2.552 2.538 2.538 0 001.97 2.517l.711-1.119a.508.508 0 01.315.2l-1.026 2.075a3.708 3.708 0 01.5-7.366 4.032 4.032 0 01.979.128 3.617 3.617 0 013.523-2.892z' fill='%2397ba78'/%3E%3Cpath d='M52.259 201.134l.606 1.224a2.5 2.5 0 011.876 2.471.541.541 0 00.07.268.563.563 0 00.769.233 2.322 2.322 0 011.177-.291h.012a2.5 2.5 0 012.459 2.552 2.538 2.538 0 01-1.97 2.517l-.711-1.119a.509.509 0 00-.315.2l1.026 2.075a3.708 3.708 0 00-.5-7.366 4.032 4.032 0 00-.979.128 3.617 3.617 0 00-3.52-2.892z' fill='%2397ba78'/%3E%3Cpath d='M48.146 205.709a2.253 2.253 0 00-2.209 2.274.564.564 0 001.126 0 1.091 1.091 0 011.069-1.113h.014a.581.581 0 000-1.161z' fill='%2397ba78'/%3E%3Cpath d='M51.064 202.568a2.763 2.763 0 012.347 0l-1.042-1.434H52.1z' fill='%2397ba78'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E");padding-left:1.2em}#coauthor_byline p a.eat_tag{font-weight:600;padding-left:1.3em;background:left center / 1em no-repeat; background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 7.154 7.154'%3E%3Cg transform='translate(-58.981 -26.634)' opacity='.8'%3E%3Cpath d='M64.456 29.509l-2.2 2.2a.125.125 0 01-.177 0l-1.446-1.169c-.119-.119-.119-.179 0-.3l.4-.4c.158-.159.2-.119.317 0l.713.554a.105.105 0 00.148-.006l.01-.013 1.565-1.6c.119-.119.178-.137.3 0l.4.4c.108.156.128.175-.03.334z' fill='%23595959'/%3E%3Crect width='6.554' height='6.554' rx='1.689' transform='translate(59.281 26.934)' fill='none' stroke='%23595959' stroke-miterlimit='10' stroke-width='.6'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.eat_tag:hover{text-decoration:none}.sp_expert_text{line-height:52px;text-align:left;margin-left:65px}.sp_expert_text > div{line-height:normal;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin:0 auto;color:#222}.sp_expert_name,.sp_expert_team{font-size:16px;font-weight:bold}.sp_expert_blurb{font-weight:normal}.sp_coauthor_label{font-size:.85em;font-weight:bold;color:#545454}.ar_avatar{width:50px;height:50px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;border-radius:16%;margin-top:2px;box-sizing:border-box}.expert_initials{background:#97ba78;color:#475346;text-align:center;font-size:22px;font-weight:bold;line-height:50px}.sp_top_icon_bg{margin:0;position:absolute;width:50px;height:50px;background-color:#ADC996;border-radius:16%}.sp_top_icon_bg > div{background-repeat:no-repeat}#trust_banner{width:100%;position:relative;z-index:1;box-sizing:border-box;background-color:#e4ecdc;padding:.5em 15px;font-size:12px;line-height:1em;top:40px}#trust_banner > div{max-width:728px;margin:0 auto}#trust_banner a{color:#417505;padding-left:1.5em;font-weight:normal; background:url(/skins/owl/images/sp_expert_icon_white.svg) left center / 1.1em no-repeat}#trust_banner span{display:none}.sp_star_section_upper{display:inline-block}.sp_star_container{position:relative;width:21px;height:20px;float:left;border-right:2px solid transparent;background:url(/skins/owl/images/sp_helpful_icon_star_empty.optimized.svg) 0 0 / cover no-repeat}.sp_helpful_icon_star{width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute;background:url(/skins/owl/images/sp_helpful_icon_star.optimized.svg) 0 0 / cover no-repeat}.pretty_star,.sp_helpful_box .recipe_star{ background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 26.028 24.652'%3E%3Cpath fill='%2393B874' d='M13.014 0l4.022 8.115 8.992 1.301-6.507 6.316 1.536 8.919-8.043-4.211-8.043 4.211 1.536-8.919L0 9.416l8.992-1.301L13.014 0z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.recipe_star{ background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 26.028 24.652'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fecf4f' d='M13.014 0l4.022 8.115 8.992 1.301-6.507 6.316 1.536 8.919-8.043-4.211-8.043 4.211 1.536-8.919L0 9.416l8.992-1.301L13.014 0z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")} @media only screen and (min-width:500px) and (min-aspect-ratio:13/9){.content .sticking .edit-page{margin-right:50px}}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.mwimg{border-bottom:none}.related-article{width:48%;margin-right:2%}}.skin-minervawh .content .section-heading{margin-bottom:0;border:none}.content ol{list-style:decimal inside}.content .in-block.steps_text{display:block}.mw-mf-cleanup{display:block;padding:10px 15px 10px 44px;background:url(/extensions/wikihow/MobileFrontendWikihow/images/wikihow/icon-notification.svg) 10px center / 24px no-repeat;margin-bottom:4px}.overlay-issues .cleanup > li .issue-notice{padding-top:50px} #sidebar #jpt_sidebox{padding:0;background-color:#f6f5f4}#footer_ccpa,#footer_ccpa_optout{display:none}.reference.trusted{background:url(/skins/owl/images/sp_expert_icon_white.svg) no-repeat right 2px/12px;padding-right:14px;display:inline-block}.reference{position:relative} .bolded{font-weight:bold;font-size:14px}.steps_text.healthintro{margin-bottom:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0}.healtharticle{margin-bottom:25px}.healtharticle .altblock{background:#93b874 url(/extensions/wikihow/wikihowhealth/icon_wikihow_health.svg) center / 32px no-repeat}a.pdf_link{color:#545454;border-radius:4px}.small_pdf_link{display:inline-flex;font-size:12px;margin:-5px 0 10px;padding:.35em;border:1px solid #e7e7e7;background-color:#f6f6f6}.hide_pdf_button{display:none}.pdf_link > img{width:15px;margin-right:5px}.large_pdf_link{display:none}.pdf_link.pdf_link_hidden{display:none !important}a.pdf_link.disabled{pointer-events:none;opacity:.2}a.pdf_link:hover,a.pdf_link:active{text-decoration:none}.pdf_link > div{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;color:#FFF;background:#FFCF5A;border-radius:2px;margin-left:.75em;padding:0 .5em;height:16px;line-height:17px}.test_list_method .method_label,.test_list_method .step_num{display:none}.test_list_method .step,.test_list_method li{font-size:18px;line-height:26px}.test_list_method #mf-section-0 p{font-size:18px;line-height:26px} #sd_container{border:none}#sd_container{padding:15px;background-color:#FFF;-moz-border-radius:4px;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-justify-content:space-around;-ms-flex-pack:distribute;justify-content:space-around;-webkit-align-items:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch}.sd_content{width:125px;margin:auto}.sd_thumb{position:relative;text-align:center;width:100%;max-width:200px;margin:6px}.sd_thumb img{border:1px solid #BBB;width:100%;height:auto} .qa_user_hover{display:none} .qa_answers{position:relative}.qa_obscured_prompt{display:block;position:absolute;left:0;top:3.75em;right:0;bottom:0;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);z-index:2}.qa_unlocked .qa_obscured_prompt{display:none}.sd_obscured_link{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;cursor:pointer}.qa_obscured_answer_overlay,.sd_obscured_thumb_overlay{position:absolute;background-color:#F7FAF5;box-shadow:1px 1px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.41);border-radius:5px;padding:10px 15px;z-index:1;box-sizing:border-box;display:table}.qa_obscured_answer_overlay{left:1em;top:0.5em;text-shadow:none;color:initial;min-height:72px;max-width:85%}.sd_obscured_thumb_overlay{font-size:smaller}.qa_obscured_answer_overlay:hover,.sd_obscured_link:hover .sd_obscured_thumb_overlay{background-color:#F2F6EB}.qa_obscured_answer_overlay a,.sd_obscured_thumb_overlay a{font-weight:bold}.qa_obscured_answer_overlay a:hover,.sd_obscured_link:hover .sd_obscured_thumb_overlay a{text-decoration:none}.qa_obscured_answer_overlay_img,.sd_obscured_thumb_overlay_img{position:absolute;border:none !important}.qa_obscured_answer_overlay_img{width:37px !important}.sd_obscured_thumb_overlay_img{width:24px !important}.qa_obscured_answer_overlay p,.sd_obscured_thumb_overlay p{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0 0 52px;margin:0}#sd_container .sd_thumb .sd_obscured_thumb_overlay p{line-height:18px}.sd_obscured_thumb_overlay p{padding:0 0 0 32px}.qa_obscured_answer_overlay p strong,.sd_obscured_thumb_overlay p strong{color:#307530}.qa_answer.qa_obscured_answer{margin:1em 0 0 0;color:transparent;text-shadow:0 0 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.5)}.sd_obscured_prompt{padding-top:25%}.qa_obscured_cta{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;font-size:0.7em;font-weight:normal;text-align:right;background-color:#FDF5D1;padding:13px;border-top-right-radius:4px;max-width:62%}.qa_obscured_cta_pitch{display:block;font-weight:bold}.qa_obscured_cta_link{display:inline-block;font-weight:bold}@media only screen and (max-width:727px){.qa_obscured_cta{display:none}}#eu_cp_save{display:none}.menuitem.top_cat{padding-left:25px;font-size:14px;line-height:22px}#promopair_container{display:none}#housebottom_ad{display:none}.house-promo{display:none}#left_sidebox{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:727px){.sample_initial_location{display:none}}#footer_links li{word-break:break-word}#hamburger_dot{display:none}.cat_grid_filter{display:none}.m-video-intro-over{position:absolute;top:0;z-index:3;width:100%;visibility:hidden;background:rgba(0,0,0,.3);height:100%}.section.summary_with_video h2{background-color:#F0F4EB;color:#fff;border-bottom:0}.summary_with_video h2 span.mw-headline{color:#222}.m-video-play-count-triangle{width:0;height:0;border-top:11px solid rgba(145,182,115,1);border-bottom:11px solid rgba(145,182,115,1);border-left:20px solid #fff;display:inline-block;position:absolute;top:19px;left:20px;background-image:none}.m-video-intro-over .m-video-play{border:none;width:74px;height:60px;padding-left:47px;line-height:60px;color:#fff;font-size:18px;top:0;bottom:0;font-weight:bold;margin:auto;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;text-align:left;cursor:default;user-select:none}.m-video-intro-over .m-video-play-text{background-color:#91b673;border-radius:10px;padding-right:21px;padding-left:47px;margin-left:-47px;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap}.m-video::-webkit-media-controls-overlay-play-button{display:none}.m-video-controls{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0}@media only screen and (min-width:728px){.section.summary_with_video h2{background-color:#FFF;border-radius:4px 4px 0 0}}.m-video-intro-text:nth-child(1){font-size:2em}.m-video-intro-text.m-video-intro-text-long{font-size:1.5em}.m-video-intro-text.m-video-intro-text-very-long{font-size:1em}#m-video-intro-time-v2{bottom:-11px;font-size:1.2em;height:48px;width:43px;line-height:2.65em}.embedvideo_gdpr_message{font-size:12px;font-weight:normal;line-height:14px;padding-left:5px;display:none}.embedvideo_gdpr_label{background:url(/skins/owl/images/sp_icon_info.png); background:url(/skins/owl/images/sp_icon_info.svg);background-size:14px;background-repeat:no-repeat;height:14px;padding-left:8px;margin-bottom:2px;vertical-align:bottom;cursor:pointer;overflow:hidden;display:inline-block}#show_embedvideo_gdpr_block{display:none}#show_embedvideo_gdpr_block:checked ~ .embedvideo_gdpr_message{display:block}#show_embedvideo_gdpr_block:checked ~ .edit-page{background-position-y:calc(75% - 9px)}.geo-group-eu .gdpr_only{visibility:visible}.geo-group-eu .no_gdpr{visibility:hidden}.video .mw-headline{display:inline}.header .search{display:table-cell}.header .search .cse_q{width:25px;height:25px;padding-right:25px}.header .search .cse_q:focus{position:absolute;left:5px;top:5px;right:5px;width:auto}.header .search .cse_sa{background-color:transparent;background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/mobile/images/gray_mag.png); background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/mobile/images/gray_mag.svg);background-size:25px 25px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center center;width:25px;height:25px;border:none;margin:0;padding:0;cursor:pointer;right:10px}#mw-mf-viewport{background-color:#E9E7E3}#mw-mf-viewport.menuopen{overflow:auto}#sidebar{display:none}.section.bss_share_container{margin-top:0;text-align:center}.bss_share_container > div{background:#F6F6F6;width:100%;max-width:300px;margin:auto}.bss_share_title.section-heading{border:0;background:none}.bss_share_container .section_text{padding-top:0px;background:none}.bss_share_button.button.secondary{display:inline-block;font-weight:bold;color:#97ba78;border:1px #97ba78 solid;background-color:#fff;margin-right:0}#mw-mf-page-left{position:fixed;height:auto;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;min-width:275px;visibility:hidden;z-index:4;overflow-y:auto;-webkit-transform:translate(-100%,0);-ms-transform:translate(-100%,0);transform:translate(-100%,0);-webkit-transition:opacity 250ms ease-in-out,visibility 250ms ease-in-out,transform 250ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 250ms ease-in-out,visibility 250ms ease-in-out,transform 250ms ease-in-out}#mw-mf-page-left ul li a{font-size:0.9em}#mw-mf-page-left.menu_opened{visibility:visible;box-shadow:1px 0 8px 0 rgb(0 0 0 / 35%);-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}#mw-mf-page-left .icon-user{position:relative;font-weight:bold}#mw-mf-page-left .icon-user .icon-secondary{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1}.header.love_button #mw-mf-main-menu-button{width:50px}.love_button #hs,.love_button #hs_query{width:60px}.love_button #hs.hs_active,.love_button .hs_active #hs_query{width:100%}#wikilove_button.button{display:block;background:#FABC3B;color:#FFF;font-size:.8em;font-weight:bold;padding:.25em .5em;margin:0;border-radius:7px;border:none}@media only screen and (min-width:600px){.love_button #hs,.love_button #hs.hs_active{width:72px}.love_button #hs_query,.love_button .hs_active #hs_query{width:180px}}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.sp_num_votes{margin-top:2px}.section .bss_share_button.button.secondary{width:75%}.bss_share_container > div{background:none;max-width:none}.bss_share_title.section-heading,.bss_share_container .section_text{background-color:#FFF}}@media only screen and (max-width:320px){#gdpr_text{max-width:72%}#gdpr{padding:5px 0 6px;max-height:70px}.gdpr_button,button.gdpr_button{font-size:0.7em;max-width:45px}}@media only screen and (max-width:300px){#gdpr_text{font-size:0.8em;max-width:78%}.gdpr_button,button.gdpr_button{margin-left:3px;padding:4px 8px 5px}}@media only screen and (min-width:450px){#gdpr_text{max-width:80%}.gdpr_button,button.gdpr_button{margin-left:10px}}@media only screen and (min-width:600px){#gdpr{padding:13px 5px 14px}#gdpr_text{max-width:88%}.gdpr_button{margin-left:10px;padding:1px 6px}}@media only screen and (device-width:375px) and (device-height:812px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3){#gdpr{padding-bottom:15px}}.loader{position:absolute;display:block;height:10px;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%);transform-origin:50% 50%;white-space:nowrap}.loader-dot{animation:loader-dots 1s infinite}.loader-dot{position:relative;display:inline-block;height:10px;width:10px;margin:2px;border-radius:100%;background-color:rgba(137,172,108,1);will-change:transform}.loader-dot:nth-child(1){animation-delay:0s}.loader-dot:nth-child(2){animation-delay:.3s}.loader-dot:nth-child(3){animation-delay:.5s}@keyframes loader-dots{0%,100%{transform:scale(1);background-color:rgba(137,172,108,1)}50%{transform:scale(.7);background-color:rgba(137,172,108,0.9)}}.related-filter{background-color:#FFF;color:#668051;border:1px solid #668051;padding:5px 15px;border-radius:20px;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:5px}.related-filter:first-of-type{margin-left:0}.related-filter:hover{text-decoration:underline;cursor:pointer}.related-filter.active{background-color:#E6EEE0}</style>
<script>WH.mediumScreenMinWidth=728;WH.largeScreenMinWidth=975;WH.shared=function(){function p(a){null==q&&(q=new IntersectionObserver(function(a,c){a.forEach(function(a){a.isIntersecting&&(g[a.target.id].load(),q.unobserve(a.target))})},{rootMargin:A}));q.observe(a)}function B(a){v.push(a)}function C(a,b){var c=null,d=0,e=function(){d=0;c=null;a.apply()};return function(){var f=K(),g=b-(f-d);0>=g||g>b?(c&&(clearTimeout(c),c=null),d=f,a.apply()):c||(c=setTimeout(e,g))}}function w(){var a=!1,b=window.innerHeight||document.documentElement.clientHeight,c;for(c in g){var d=g[c];if(!d.isLoaded){a=d;var e=a.element.getBoundingClientRect(),f={top:e.top,bottom:e.bottom};0==a.lastTop-e.top&&window.scrollY!=a.lastY&&(f.top-=window.scrollY,f.bottom-=window.scrollY);a.lastTop=e.top;a.lastY=window.scrollY;a=f;e=b;f=52;var h=2*e;f-=h;e+=h;(0==a.top&&0==a.bottom?0:a.top>=f&&a.top<=e||a.bottom>=f&&a.bottom<=e||a.top<=f&&a.bottom>=e)&&d.load();a=!0}}!a&&g.length&&(window.removeEventListener("scroll",l),l=null)
}function r(a){if(a&&a.element){var b=!0;a.element.className||(b=!1);-1==a.element.className.indexOf("content-fill")&&(b=!1);if(b&&document.addEventListener&&a.finishedLoadingEvent){a.loaderRemoved=!1;b=document.createElement("div");b.className="loader";for(var c=0;3>c;c++){var d=document.createElement("div");d.className="loader-dot";b.appendChild(d)}var e=document.createElement("div");e.className="loading-container";e.appendChild(b);a.element.parentElement.insertAdjacentElement("afterbegin",e);a.element.addEventListener(a.finishedLoadingEvent,function(){a.loadedCallback&&a.loadedCallback();0==a.loaderRemoved&&(this.parentElement.removeChild(e),a.loaderRemoved=!0,"undefined"!==typeof a.element.classList&&a.element.classList.remove("img-loading-hide"));a.alt&&(a.element.alt=a.alt,"undefined"!==typeof a.element.classList&&a.element.classList.remove("img-loading-alt"))});a.errorEvent&&a.element.addEventListener(a.errorEvent,function(){a.alt&&(a.element.alt=a.alt)})}else a.alt&&(a.element.
alt=a.alt),"undefined"!==typeof a.element.classList&&a.element.classList.remove("img-loading-hide")}}function x(a){if(!a)return"";if(!h)return a;var b=a.split(".").pop();"jpg"!==b&&"png"!==b||!a.match(/images(_[a-z]{2})?\/thumb\//)||a.match(/(\.[a-zA-Z]+){2}$/)||(a+=".webp");return a}function L(a){this.isLoaded=!1;this.element=a;k||(this.lastY=window.scrollY,this.lastTop=a.getBoundingClientRect().top);this.src=a.getAttribute("data-src");this.load=function(){this.element.setAttribute("src",this.src);this.isLoaded=!0;this.finishedLoadingEvent="loadeddata";r(this)}}function D(a){this.isLoaded=!1;this.element=a;k||m||(this.lastTop=a.getBoundingClientRect().top,this.lastY=window.scrollY);this.alt=a.alt;a.alt="";this.finishedLoadingEvent="load";this.errorEvent="error";if(n){var b=a.getAttribute("data-srclarge");null!=b&&(this.src=b)}this.src||(this.src=a.getAttribute("data-src"));1!=a.getAttribute("data-nowebp")&&(this.src=x(this.src));a&&void 0!==a.classList&&a.classList.add(
"img-loading-hide");this.load=function(){this.element.setAttribute("src",this.src);this.isLoaded=!0;r(this)}}function M(a){this.isLoaded=!1;this.element=a;k||(this.lastTop=a.getBoundingClientRect().top,this.lastY=window.scrollY);this.finishedLoadingEvent="loadeddata";this.isPlaying=!1;this.src="https://www.wikihow.com/video"+this.element.getAttribute("data-src");this.poster=this.element.getAttribute("data-poster");(this.poster=x(this.poster))&&"jpg"==this.poster.split(".").pop()&&h&&(this.poster+=".webp");this.noAutoplay=this.element.getAttribute("data-noautoplay");this.play=function(){this.element.play();this.isPlaying=!0};this.pause=function(){this.element.pause();this.isPlaying=!1};this.load=function(){this.element.setAttribute("poster",this.poster);!E||this.noAutoplay||!n&&!0!==window.wgIsMainPage?this.finishedLoadingEvent=null:(this.element.setAttribute("src",this.src),this.play());this.isLoaded=!0;this.noAutoplay||r(this)}}function t(a){var b=document.getElementById(a);if(b)if(h
||F){a=!1;var c=null,d=b.nodeName.toLowerCase();if("img"===d)c=new D(b),m?(d=c,d.element.classList.remove("img-loading-hide"),d.element.classList.add("img-loading-alt"),d.element.setAttribute("loading","lazy"),d.load()):k?p(c.element):a=!0;else if("video"===d)c=new M(b),k?p(c.element):a=!0;else if("iframe"===d)c=new L(b),k?p(c.element):a=!0;else if("picture"===d)if(d=b.getElementsByTagName("img")[0],m){u?(d.width=d.dataset.width,d.height=d.dataset.height):(d.width=d.dataset.widthlarge,d.height=d.dataset.heightlarge);d.src=d.dataset.src;d=b.getElementsByTagName("source");for(var e=0;e<d.length;e++){var f=d[e];f.srcset=f.dataset.srcset}}else c=document.createElement("div"),c.className="content-spacer",b.appendChild(c),d.id="picture_"+N++,d.classList.add("content-fill"),c.appendChild(d),c=new D(d),useObserver?p(c.element):a=!0,b=d;else return;c&&(g[c.element.id]=c);d=b.getAttribute("data-width")||b.getAttribute("width");e=b.getAttribute("data-height")||b.getAttribute("height");0<d&&(b.
parentElement.style.paddingTop=e/d*100+"%");G?c.load():a&&(w(),l=C(w,500),window.addEventListener("scroll",l))}else H.push(a)}var v=[],g={},H=[],l,G=!1,K=Date.now||function(){return(new Date).getTime()},h=!1,F=!1,y=window.innerWidth||document.documentElement.clientWidth,u=y<WH.mediumScreenMinWidth,I=!u&&y<WH.largeScreenMinWidth,J=!u&&!I,n=J,A="0px 0px 100% 0px",N=1,m="loading"in HTMLImageElement.prototype,k="IntersectionObserver"in window,q=null,z="";(function(a){var b=new Image;b.onload=function(){a(0<b.width&&0<b.height)};b.onerror=function(){a(!1)};b.src="data:image/webp;base64,UklGRiIAAABXRUJQVlA4IBYAAAAwAQCdASoBAAEADsD+JaQAA3AAAAAA"})(function(a){h=a;F=!0;H.forEach(function(a){t(a)})});1==WH.jsFastRender&&(m=!1,A="0px 0px 0px 0px");window.onresize=function(){v.forEach&&v.forEach(function(a){a()})};B(w);var E=function(){var a=window.document.createElement("video");a.setAttribute("muted","");a.setAttribute("playsinline","");a.setAttribute("webkit-playsinline","");a.muted=!0;a.
playsinline=!0;a.webkitPlaysinline=!0;a.setAttribute("height","0");a.setAttribute("width","0");a.style.position="fixed";a.style.top=0;a.style.width=0;a.style.height=0;a.style.opacity=0;try{var b=a.play();b&&b.catch&&b.then(function(){}).catch(function(){})}catch(c){}return!a.paused}();window.addEventListener?window.addEventListener("scroll",l):G=!0;return{isDesktopSize:n,isSmallSize:u,isMedSize:I,isLargeSize:J,viewportWidth:y,getScreenSize:function(){var a=document;var b=a.documentElement,c=a.body,d=c&&c.clientWidth,e=0;!b||!b.clientWidth||"CSS1Compat"!==a.compatMode&&d?d&&(e=c.clientWidth):e=b.clientWidth;a=e;return 0==a||a>=WH.largeScreenMinWidth?"large":a>=WH.mediumScreenMinWidth?"medium":"small"},throttle:C,TOP_MENU_HEIGHT:52,autoPlayVideo:E,webpSupport:h,addScrollLoadItem:t,addLazyImage:function(a){var b=document.getElementById(a),c=1==b.getAttribute("data-desktopok"),d=1==b.getAttribute("data-nowebp");!c&&n||!h||!m||d?(c=b.getAttribute("data-src-nowebp"),c||(c=b.getAttribute(
"data-src"),5<c.length&&".webp"==c.substr(c.length-5)&&(c=c.substr(0,c.length-5))),b.setAttribute("data-src",c),b.setAttribute("class","content-fill"),t(a)):(c=b.getAttribute("data-srclarge"),n&&c||(c=b.getAttribute("data-src")),b.setAttribute("src",c))},addScrollLoadItemByElement:function(a){var b=a.id;b||(b="id-"+Math.random().toString(36).substr(2,16));a.id=b;t(b)},videoRoot:"https://www.wikihow.com/video",setupLoader:r,addResizeFunction:B,loadAllImages:function(){for(var a in g){var b=g[a];b.isLoaded||b.load()}},loadAllEmbed:function(){for(var a in g){var b=g[a];b.isLoaded||"iframe"==b.element.nodeName.toLowerCase()&&b.load()}},addLoadedCallback:function(a,b){g[a].loadedCallback=b},showVideoPlay:function(a){a=a.element.parentElement.getElementsByClassName("m-video-intro-over");"undefined"!==typeof a&&(a=a[0]);a&&(a.style.visibility="visible")},getCompressedImageSrc:x,getBrowser:function(){""==z&&(z=navigator.userAgent.match(/Edg/i)?"edge":navigator.userAgent.match(/Chrome/i)?
"chrome":navigator.userAgent.match(/Safari/i)?"safari":"unknown");return z}}}();</script>
<script>WH.gdpr=(function(){var acceptCookieName='gdpr_accept';function hasAcceptCookie(){var hasCookie=document.cookie.indexOf('gdpr_accept=');if(hasCookie>=0){return true;}return false;}function hasCookiePolicyPageOptOut(){var hasCookie=document.cookie.indexOf('gdpr_cpp_opt_out=1');if(hasCookie>=0){return true;}return false;}function hasEUQueryParam(){var url=window.location.href;if(url.indexOf('?EUtest=')!=-1){return true;}else if(url.indexOf('&EUtest=')!=-1){return true;}return false;}function isEULocation(){var value="; "+document.cookie;var parts=value.split("; vi=");var res=null;if(parts.length==2){res=parts.pop().split(";").shift();}if(hasEUQueryParam()){res="EU";}if(res=="EU"){return true;}return false;}function popupClosed(){createCookie("gdpr_accept",1,365);createCookie("gdpr_decline","",-1);gdpr.style.display="none";}function createCookie(name,value,days){var expires="; expires="+new Date(2147483647*1000).toUTCString();if(days){var date=new Date();date.setTime(date.getTime()+(days*
24*60*60*1000));expires="; expires="+date.toGMTString();}document.cookie=name+"="+value+expires+"; path=/";}function declinePage(){var decline=document.getElementById('gdpr_decline');if(decline){decline.style.display="block";decline.addEventListener("click",function(){var cookies=document.cookie.split(";");for(var i=0;i<cookies.length;i++){createCookie(cookies[i].split("=")[0],"",-1);}createCookie("gdpr_decline",1,1);var declineConfirm=document.getElementById('gdpr_decline_confirm');if(declineConfirm){declineConfirm.style.display='block';}});}var declineOk=document.getElementById('gdpr_decline_confirm_dismiss');if(declineOk){declineOk.addEventListener("click",function(){var declineConfirm=document.getElementById('gdpr_decline_confirm');if(declineConfirm){declineConfirm.style.display='none';}});}}function cookiePage(){var cookie_policy=document.getElementById('eu_cookie_policy');if(!cookie_policy){return;}var eu_cp_save=document.getElementById('eu_cp_save');var checkbox=document.
getElementById('eu_cookie_message_check');checkbox.addEventListener("click",function(){if(hasCookiePolicyPageOptOut()){if(this.checked==true){eu_cp_save.className='';}else{eu_cp_save.className='active';}}else{if(this.checked==true){eu_cp_save.className='active';}else{eu_cp_save.className='';}}});if(hasCookiePolicyPageOptOut()){checkbox.checked=!0;}else{checkbox.checked=!1;}cookie_policy.style.display="block";eu_cp_save.addEventListener("click",function(){var checkbox=document.getElementById('eu_cookie_message_check');if(checkbox.checked==true){createCookie('gdpr_cpp_opt_out',1,1);WH.event('gdpr_cookie_page_opt_out',{});}else{createCookie('gdpr_cpp_opt_out',0,1);WH.event('gdpr_cookie_page_opt_in',{});}eu_cp_save.className='';});WH.eventView('gdpr_cookie_page_opt_out');WH.eventView('gdpr_cookie_page_opt_in');}function pageLoaded(){if(!isEULocation()){return;}if(hasEUQueryParam()){var viValue='EU';createCookie('vi',viValue,1);}declinePage();document.body.className+=' '+'geo-group-eu'
;var sidebarShare=document.getElementById('sidebar_share');if(sidebarShare){sidebarShare.remove();}cookiePage();}function initialize(){var isEU=isEULocation();var gdpr=document.getElementById('gdpr');if(gdpr&&isEU&&!hasAcceptCookie()){gdpr.style.display="block";}else if(gdpr){gdpr.parentNode.removeChild(gdpr);}var accept=document.getElementById('gdpr_accept');if(accept){WH.largeEventView('gdpr_banner_ok_click',{},'#gdpr_accept','click');WH.eventView('gdpr_banner_policy_click',{},'#gdpr_cp_link','click');WH.eventView('gdpr_banner_settings_click',{},'#gdpr_text_inner a','click');accept.addEventListener("click",function(){popupClosed()},true);}var close=document.getElementById('gdpr_close');if(close){close.addEventListener("click",function(){popupClosed()},true);}return;}return{'initialize':initialize,'pageLoaded':pageLoaded,'hasAcceptCookie':hasAcceptCookie,'hasCookiePolicyPageOptOut':hasCookiePolicyPageOptOut,'isEULocation':isEULocation};})();document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded'
,function(){WH.gdpr.pageLoaded();},false);</script>
<style>#aboutthisarticle #summary_wrapper{width:100%;height:100%;position:fixed;overflow-y:scroll;top:0;left:0;z-index:100;display:none;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.2)}#aboutthisarticle #summary_wrapper .collapse_link{display:block;top:10%;position:relative;width:80%;background-color:#93b874;color:#fff;padding:12px 18px;font-size:20px;font-weight:bold}#aboutthisarticle #summary_wrapper .collapse_link.open{margin-bottom:0}#aboutthisarticle #summary_wrapper .collapse_link:after{border:none}#aboutthisarticle #summary_text{position:relative;width:80%;top:10%;border:1px solid #93b874;background-color:#fff;padding:15px 20px 15px 15px;line-height:22px;display:block}#aboutthisarticle #summary_text h2{background-color:#93b874;color:#fff;margin:-15px -20px 10px -15px;padding:15px}#aboutthisarticle .text_summary_wrapper{overflow-y:auto}#aboutthisarticle #summary_last_sentence{display:inline}#aboutthisarticle #summary_close{position:absolute;top:11px;right:10px;width:30px;height:30px;color:#fff;border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:15px;text-align:center;line-height:30px;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;font-size:16px;display:block;background:#93b874}#aboutthisarticle .page_stats{display:block;text-align:center;border-radius:0 0 4px 4px;font-weight:bold}#aboutthisarticle #other_languages .collapse_link{background:none}#aboutthisarticle #other_languages .collapse_link::after{content:':'}#aboutthisarticle #language_links{display:block;margin-top:.5em;-webkit-columns:2;-moz-columns:2;columns:2}#icon-coupons{position:relative}.icon-coupons-extra{display:none}.show_coupons .icon-coupons-extra{display:list-item}.show_coupons #icon-coupons:after{right:16px;top:19px;transform:rotate(45deg)}#icon-coupons:after{right:16px;top:19px;border-top:2px solid #FFF;border-left:2px solid #FFF;content:" ";height:8px;width:8px;position:absolute;transform:rotate(-135deg)}.button.video_transcript_button{float:right;margin-top:10px;color:white;font-weight:bold;font-size:15px;display:inline-block;padding:7px 14px;margin-right:10px;border:0px;height:35px;box-sizing:border-box}.button.video_transcript_button:hover{border:0}.button.transcript_button{display:block;padding:12px 5px;border:1px solid #93b874;border-radius:7px;color:#93b874;text-align:center;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;margin:10px 0 0 0;cursor:pointer;background-color:#FFF;width:128px;line-height:6px}.button.transcript_button:hover{background-color:#FFF}.button.tech_newsletter_button{width:150px;font-size:0.9em;font-weight:bold;padding:.3em 1.5em;border-radius:20px;color:#222222;background:#F7AE38;border:none;margin-left:270px;margin-top:20px}.button.tech_newsletter_button:hover,.button.tech_newsletter_button:active{background:#E89D22;border:none}#meme_game_article_banner_large{display:none;cursor:pointer}#meme_game_article_banner_small{display:block;padding-top:15px;cursor:pointer}.switch.large{display:none} .switch{position:relative;width:40px;height:20px;top:-5px;float:right;margin-right:0px}.switch .toggle_text{margin-left:-60px;font-size:12.4px;font-weight:bold} .switch input{opacity:0;width:0;height:0} .toggle_slider{position:absolute;cursor:pointer;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;background-color:#ccc;-webkit-transition:.4s;transition:.4s}.toggle_slider::before{position:absolute;content:"";height:20px;width:20px;left:1px;bottom:4px;background-color:white;-webkit-transition:.4s;transition:.4s;top:0px}input:checked + .toggle_slider{background-color:#93B874}input:focus + .toggle_slider{box-shadow:0 0 1px #93B874}input:checked + .toggle_slider::before{-webkit-transform:translateX(18px);-ms-transform:translateX(18px);transform:translateX(18px)} .toggle_slider.round{border-radius:34px}.toggle_slider.round::before{border-radius:50%}div.articleShareIcons{display:none}div.articleShareIcons a{padding:2px}#pinterestShareRound{text-decoration:none}#pinterestShareRound > img{cursor:pointer}#rewardedweb{display:none}.w_label:before{display:none}#outstreamVid{padding-top:5px}#intro .wh_ad_inner{line-height:0}#gamOutstreamVid_ad_1{text-align:center}.section .wh_ad_inner.dfpsmall{margin:0 auto;text-align:center;margin-top:20px;width:300px;height:250px;overflow:hidden}.section .wh_ad_inner.dfpsmall.fluid{width:100%;height:auto;overflow:visible;padding-bottom:5px}.section .wh_ad_inner.dfpsmall.gam_osv{width:100%;height:auto;overflow:visible;padding-bottom:5px}.section:not(#intro) .wh_ad_inner.as-small{overflow:hidden;margin-left:-15px}.section:not(#intro) .wh_ad_inner.fwas{margin:0 auto;text-align:center}.fwas .al_method{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px}.fwas-wrap{width:100vw;max-height:85vw;margin-left:-5px}#pagebottom .wh_ad_inner.as-small{margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden}.section:not(#intro) #relatedwikihows .wh_ad_inner.as-small{margin-left:-5px}.section:not(#intro) #tips .wh_ad_inner.as-small{margin-left:-10px}.section:not(#intro) #qa .wh_ad_inner.as-small{margin-left:-10px}.section .wh_ad_inner.dfpsmall.dfpsmallmethod{margin-left:-15px}.section .wh_ad_inner.dfpsmall.dfpsmallmethod.containerless_ad{margin-left:-10px}.section .wh_ad_inner.dfpsmall.dfpsmallextra{margin-left:-10px;margin-bottom:10px}.dfpsmall.dfpsmallbottom{margin:0 auto;text-align:center;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:12px;width:300px;height:250px;overflow:hidden}.dfpsmall.dfpsmallbottom.fluid{width:auto;height:auto}.dfpsmall .al_method{padding-top:5px}@media only screen and (min-width:321px){.section .wh_ad_inner.dfpsmall.dfpsmallmethod{margin-left:-10px}.section .wh_ad_inner.dfpsmall.dfpsmallextra{margin-left:-5px;margin-bottom:10px}}@media only screen and (min-width:331px){.section .wh_ad_inner.dfpsmall.dfpsmallmethod{margin:0 auto;margin-top:20px}.section .wh_ad_inner.dfpsmall.dfpsmallmethod.containerless_ad{margin:0 auto;margin-top:20px}.section .wh_ad_inner.dfpsmall.dfpsmallextra{margin:0 auto;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:10px}}.hide_step_numbers .step_num{display:none}.steps .wh_ad_inner{margin-top:20px}#intro_ad_1.full-width{margin-left:-15px}#tips > .wh_ad_inner > div > ins{margin-top:22px}#tips_ad_1 > ins{margin-top:22px}.oo-ui-buttonElement-button:hover{text-decoration:none}.ur_author{margin-top:5px;color:#c3c3c3;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;display:inline-block;height:36px;vertical-align:bottom}.ur_rating{margin-top:5px}#sample_loading{display:none}.sd_thumb{text-align:center;width:200px;margin:6px}.sd_content .sd_thumb img{border:1px solid #BBB;width:100%;height:auto}#sd_container{padding:15px;background-color:#FFF;-moz-border-radius:4px;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-justify-content:space-around;-ms-flex-pack:distribute;justify-content:space-around;-webkit-align-items:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch}.noscroll{overflow:hidden}.oo-ui-processDialog-content .oo-ui-window-head{background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/MobileFrontendWikihow/images/dialog-header.svg);background-size:cover}#footer_newsletter{display:block;grid-column:3 / 3;grid-row:2 / span 4;min-height:166px}#footer_newsletter #footer_subscribe_icon{display:inline-block;width:25px;height:25px; background:url(/skins/owl/images/newsletter_footer.svg) no-repeat;position:relative;top:2px}#footer_newsletter #footer_subscribe_title{display:inline-block;font-weight:bold;font-size:18px;color:#444f45}#footer_newsletter #footer_subscribe_confirm_text{display:none;margin:5px 0 10px 0;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px}#footer_newsletter #footer_subscribe_text{margin:5px 0 10px 0;font-weight:bold;font-size:12px}#footer_newsletter #footer_subscribe_email{box-sizing:border-box;background:white;margin-bottom:10px;padding:5px 10px;border-radius:5px;border:1px solid #ffffff;font-size:16px;width:180px}#footer_newsletter #footer_subscribe_email.error{border:1px red solid}#footer_newsletter #footer_subscribe_notice{margin:4px auto;font-size:12px;width:180px;line-height:13px}#footer_newsletter a#footer_subscribe_button{display:block;background:#444f45;font-weight:bold;color:#FFF;margin:0 auto;padding:2px .7em;box-sizing:border-box;border-radius:5px;width:182px;border:none}.related-wh{display:block;margin-bottom:2%;overflow:hidden}.related-wh-title{background-color:rgba(50,50,50,0.5);padding:2% 4%;width:92%;min-height:32px;position:absolute;bottom:0;cursor:pointer;color:#fff;font-weight:bold}.related-wh-howto{font-size:12px}.medium_a{display:none} #watchtheserelatedvideos{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;grid-gap:10px}#watchtheserelatedvideos a{display:block;position:relative;color:#444f45;border:1px solid #dfdfdf;border-radius:7px;text-decoration:none}#watchtheserelatedvideos .play_button{position:absolute;width:64px;left:50%;top:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);z-index:1}#watchtheserelatedvideos img{display:block}#watchtheserelatedvideos img:not(.play_button){border-top-left-radius:7px;border-top-right-radius:7px}#watchtheserelatedvideos .related-expert-title{left:0;z-index:2;padding:5px;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold}#watchtheserelatedvideos .related-expert-title .related-wh-howto{font-weight:normal}@media only screen and (min-width:728px){.embedvideocontainer.ytshort{max-width:405px !important;padding-bottom:100%}.section.video.youtube_short_articles{margin-top:0}#meme_game_article_banner_large{display:block;padding-top:25px}#meme_game_article_banner_small{display:none}.switch.small{display:none}.switch.large{display:block}.switch{top:0px;margin-right:-295px}.medium_a{display:block}.related-wh{float:left;width:48%;margin-right:2%}.sd_thumb{width:200px}div.articleShareIcons{display:block;position:relative;float:right;top:0px}.gdpr_button,button.gdpr_button{vertical-align:baseline;margin-bottom:0;margin:0 auto}#gdpr_text{position:relative}#gdpr_cp_link{position:absolute;width:155px;right:-230px;top:2px}#gdpr_text_inner{padding-right:0}#gdpr_accept_wrap{width:70px}#housebottom_ad_1{display:block;padding-top:25px}.house-promo{display:block}#hausead-img-wrap{display:block;position:relative}#intro_ad_1.full-width{margin-left:0}.test_list_method .steps .altblock{height:60px;font-size:0;width:3.5rem}.test_list_method .steps h3 span.mw-headline{height:58px}.test_list_method .steps .wh_ad_inner.al_grey{display:block}.menu{font-size:1rem;position:absolute;border:1px solid #91af79;margin:0;padding:10px 0;top:71px;z-index:1000;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:none;right:0}.menu.explore_menu{right:-149px;padding:15px 0 27px 0;max-width:1055px;overflow:hidden;max-height:calc(100vh - 150px);overflow-y:scroll}.menu a{display:block;padding:0 20px 0 15px;line-height:26px;color:#669933}.explore_menu .menuitem,.explore_menu .menuitem.top_cat{display:inline-block;width:211px;padding:0 20px 0 15px}.explore_menu .menuitem.top_cat{font-size:16px;line-height:23px}.explore_menu .menu_item_sub{font-size:14px;line-height:23px}.explore_menu .menu_item_sub:first-child{font-size:16px;padding:0}.explore_menu_line.top_menu_section{font-weight:bold;margin-top:0px}.explore_menu_line.subcat_menu_section{margin-top:10px}.explore_menu_line.top_menu_section:nth-child(2){margin-top:10px;padding-bottom:7px}.explore_menu_line.section_name_line{font-weight:bold;position:relative;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:5px;padding-top:10px}.explore_menu_line.section_name_line:before{content:'';position:absolute;top:-10px;left:16px;width:97%;height:1px;background-color:#D9D9D9}.explore_menu_line{margin-top:5px}#AdminOptions.menu a{color:#363}.menu a:hover{color:white;background-color:#91af79;text-decoration:none}#AdminOptions.menu a:hover{color:white}.admin_arrow{width:0;height:0;border-left:3px solid transparent;border-right:3px solid transparent;border-top:5px solid #AAAAAA;display:inline-block;margin-left:3px;margin-bottom:1px}.menu a.admin_tab_hide{display:none} #actionbar{position:relative;height:35px;margin-top:-10px;z-index:2} .is-authenticated #actionbar{display:block}ul#tabs{position:absolute;top:0px;left:2px;margin:0px;padding:0px}ul#tabs li{float:left;list-style:none;padding:0px;margin:0px;padding-right:15px;line-height:2em}ul#tabs li a{font-size:13px;font-weight:500}ul#tabs li a.on{color:#454545;font-weight:bold}#wikilove_header{display:none}.hs_active.hs_notif #hs_query{margin-right:40px}#hs_submit{margin-right:40px}.header.love_button #mw-mf-main-menu-button,.love_button #hs,.love_button #hs.hs_active{width:72px}.love_button #hs_query,.love_button .hs_active #hs_query{width:auto}.mobile_tab:first-child{margin-left:2.3em}#AdminOptions{position:absolute;top:30px;font-size:1em;border:1px solid #91af79;color:#363;margin:0;background-color:#f9f9f9;width:100%;width:-moz-max-content;width:-webkit-max-content;width:-o-max-content}ul#AdminOptions li{padding-left:0px}#content_wrapper{margin:1em auto;max-width:1050px;padding:40px 1em 1em;background:#f3f3f3}#content_inner{width:100%;max-width:728px;margin:0 auto;position:relative}.full_width #content_wrapper,.full_width #content_inner{max-width:initial;padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.full_width .content{margin:0}.stable .content p,.stable .content li,.stable .content dl{line-height:25px}.stable .content .steps_list_2 ul,.stable .content .steps_list_2 ol{margin-left:55px;margin-top:5px;padding:0}#trust_banner{border-radius:4px 4px 0 0;font-size:14px}#trust_banner span{display:inline}#breadcrumb{padding:1.1em 0 0.8em 26px;color:#307530}div.articleShareIcons{margin-right:10px;margin-top:-25px}.article_byline{color:#545454;font-size:.85em}.article_byline#recipe_byline{padding-top:0}.article_byline p{font-size:.9em;line-height:1.2rem}.coauthor_checkstar{background-position:right 1px}#byline_info{line-height:1.2rem}.byline_success{background-position:left 40%}#mobile_tab_container{display:none}#section_0{padding:26px 26px 0;line-height:normal}#section_0.special_title{font-size:35px}.ns-0.action-view #section_0{padding:0 26px}#intro{font-size:1em;margin:0;border-radius:0 0 4px 4px;padding:7px 26px}#intro p{line-height:25px}#intro .mwimg{margin:10px 0px}#intro .mwimg img{border-radius:3px}.mwimg a img{border-top-left-radius:3px;border-top-right-radius:3px}.steps_list_2 li:first-child .mwimg a img{border-radius:0}.mw-mf-cleanup{display:none}.shortimage{height:310px}.shortimage img{min-height:310px}#method_toc{display:block;position:static;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.65em;color:#222222;float:right;background-color:#f6f8f7;border-radius:6px;width:260px;padding:8px 15px 15px 15px;margin:2px 0 10px 10px;clear:right}#method_toc .hidden,#method_toc a.hidden,#method_toc #toc_showless{display:none}#method_toc span{margin-right:.75em}#method_toc .sp_method_toc{margin:3px -26px;border:0 26px;padding:10px 26px;border:0;color:#222222;background-color:#f6f8f7;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.65em}#method_toc .header_toc{width:100%;padding-bottom:5px;color:#444;line-height:normal}#method_toc.en_toc .method_toc_item a{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:17px}#method_toc.en_toc .toc_method a > span{background-color:#94b778;width:15px;height:15px;display:inline-block;text-align:center;line-height:15px;border-radius:5px;color:#fff;margin-right:5px;font-size:11px;position:absolute;left:0;top:1px}#method_toc.en_toc a{display:block;font-weight:bold;font-size:12.4px;color:#307530;line-height:18px;margin:3px 0;background-image:none;padding-left:20px;position:relative}#method_toc.en_toc .header_toc{font-size:14px;display:none}#method_toc.en_toc #qa_toc{background-image:none}#method_toc.en_toc #qa_toc a{ background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 15 15'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cstyle%3E.cls-1%7Bfill:%238effff;opacity:0%7D.cls-2%7Bfill:%23fff%7D.cls-3,.cls-4%7Bfill:none;stroke:%23a3a3a3%7D.cls-4%7Bfill:%23a3a3a3;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-width:.25px%7D%3C/style%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cpath class='cls-1' d='M0 0h15v15H0z'/%3E%3Ccircle class='cls-2' cx='7.5' cy='7.5' r='7'/%3E%3Ccircle class='cls-3' cx='7.5' cy='7.5' r='6.56'/%3E%3Cpath class='cls-4' d='M5.66 3.42A3.16 3.16 0 0 1 7.39 3a3.76 3.76 0 0 1 2.25.64 2.24 2.24 0 0 1 .89 1.92 2.16 2.16 0 0 1-.39 1.31 4.42 4.42 0 0 1-.87.82L8.85 8a1.32 1.32 0 0 0-.46.63 2.82 2.82 0 0 0-.08.71H6.69a5.07 5.07 0 0 1 .19-1.4 2.55 2.55 0 0 1 .8-.94l.44-.34a1.4 1.4 0 0 0 .34-.35 1.21 1.21 0 0 0 .24-.73 1.43 1.43 0 0 0-.26-.82 1.12 1.12 0 0 0-1-.38 1.11 1.11 0 0 0-1 .46 1.81 1.81 0 0 0-.28 1H4.47a2.79 2.79 0 0 1 1.19-2.42z'/%3E%3Crect class='cls-4' x='6.65' y='10.15' width='1.79' height='1.73' rx='.44'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}#method_toc.en_toc #rwh_toc a{ background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 15 15'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cstyle%3E.cls-1%7Bfill:%238effff;opacity:0%7D.cls-2,.cls-3%7Bfill:%23fff%7D.cls-2,.cls-3,.cls-4,.cls-5%7Bstroke:%23a3a3a3%7D.cls-2,.cls-5%7Bstroke-width:.75px%7D.cls-4,.cls-5%7Bfill:none%7D.cls-5%7Bstroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round%7D%3C/style%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cpath class='cls-1' d='M0 0h15v15H0z'/%3E%3Cpath class='cls-2' d='M13.49 3.66v9.1a1.87 1.87 0 0 1-2 1.74H5.38a1.87 1.87 0 0 1-2-1.74V2.44a1.87 1.87 0 0 1 2-1.74H10z'/%3E%3Cpath class='cls-3' d='M11.59 3.45v8.11a1.87 1.87 0 0 1-2 1.74H3.48a1.87 1.87 0 0 1-2-1.74V2.24a1.87 1.87 0 0 1 2-1.74H8z'/%3E%3Cpath class='cls-4' d='M11.59 3.45H8.66A.58.58 0 0 1 8 2.91V.5'/%3E%3Cpath class='cls-5' d='M3.41 3.45h2.91M3.41 5.43h6.28M3.41 7.42h6.28M3.41 9.4h6.28M3.41 11.38h6.28'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}#method_toc.en_toc #toc_ref a{ background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 15 15'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cstyle%3E.cls-1%7Bfill:%238effff;opacity:0%7D.cls-2%7Bfill:none;stroke:%23a3a3a3;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round%7D.cls-3%7Bfill:%23fff%7D%3C/style%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cpath class='cls-1' d='M0 0h15v15H0z'/%3E%3Cpath class='cls-2' d='M4.19 2.82h8.15'/%3E%3Cpath class='cls-3' d='M12.34 4.23V14H4.46a1.8 1.8 0 0 1-1.8-1.8V2.61a1.56 1.56 0 0 0 1.49 1.62z'/%3E%3Cpath class='cls-2' d='M12.34 4.23V14H4.46a1.8 1.8 0 0 1-1.8-1.8V2.61a1.56 1.56 0 0 0 1.49 1.62zM2.66 2.61A1.55 1.55 0 0 1 4.15 1h8.19'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}#method_toc.en_toc #summary_toc a{ background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 15 15'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cstyle%3E.cls-1%7Bfill:%238effff;opacity:0%7D.cls-2,.cls-4%7Bfill:none;stroke:%2393b874;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round%7D.cls-3%7Bfill:%23fff%7D.cls-4%7Bstroke-width:.75px%7D%3C/style%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cpath class='cls-1' d='M0 0h15v15H0z'/%3E%3Cpath class='cls-2' d='M3.06 2.82H14'/%3E%3Cpath class='cls-3' d='M14 4.23V14H3.42C2.09 14 1 13.2 1 12.2V2.61a1.84 1.84 0 0 0 2 1.62z'/%3E%3Cpath class='cls-2' d='M14 4.23V14H3.42C2.09 14 1 13.2 1 12.2V2.61a1.84 1.84 0 0 0 2 1.62zM1 2.61A1.84 1.84 0 0 1 3 1h11'/%3E%3Cpath class='cls-4' d='M3.06 7.03h7.48M3.06 9.03h7.48M3.06 11.03h7.48'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}#method_toc.en_toc #tips_toc a{ background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 15 15'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cstyle%3E.cls-1%7Bfill:%238effff;opacity:0%7D.cls-2%7Bfill:%23fff%7D.cls-3%7Bfill:none;stroke:%23a3a3a3%7D.cls-4%7Bfill:%23a3a3a3%7D%3C/style%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cpath class='cls-1' d='M0 0h15v15H0z'/%3E%3Cg id='Ellipse_443-3' data-name='Ellipse 443-3'%3E%3Ccircle class='cls-2' cx='7.5' cy='7.5' r='7'/%3E%3Ccircle class='cls-3' cx='7.5' cy='7.5' r='6.56'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cpath class='cls-4' d='M7.56 2.63a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1.53l-.5 4.48h-1l-.53-4.48V3.67a1 1 0 0 1 1.03-1.04z'/%3E%3Crect class='cls-4' x='6.57' y='10.13' width='1.97' height='1.91' rx='.95'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}#method_toc.en_toc #summaryvideo_toc a{ background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 15.5 15'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cstyle%3E.cls-1%7Bfill:%23fff;%7D.cls-1,.cls-4%7Bstroke:%2393b875;%7D.cls-2,.cls-4%7Bfill:none;%7D.cls-2%7Bopacity:0.61;%7D.cls-3%7Bfill:%2393b874;%7D%3C/style%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cg id='Layer_2' data-name='Layer 2'%3E%3Cg id='TOC'%3E%3Cpath class='cls-1' d='M.54,5.25H13.89A1.11,1.11,0,0,1,15,6.36v7a1.11,1.11,0,0,1-1.11,1.11H1.65A1.11,1.11,0,0,1,.54,13.39V5.25A0,0,0,0,1,.54,5.25Z'/%3E%3Crect class='cls-2' width='15' height='15'/%3E%3Cpath class='cls-3' d='M2.13,7.44H.75c-.29,0-.53-.17-.53-.37V5.2h3Z'/%3E%3Cpolygon class='cls-3' points='5.82 5.2 4.77 7.44 3.25 7.44 4.3 5.2 5.82 5.2'/%3E%3Cpolygon class='cls-3' points='8.99 5.2 7.93 7.44 5.88 7.44 6.94 5.2 8.99 5.2'/%3E%3Cpolygon class='cls-3' points='11.63 5.2 10.57 7.44 9.05 7.44 10.1 5.2 11.63 5.2'/%3E%3Cpath class='cls-3' d='M14.47,7.44H11.69L12.75,5.2H15V7.07C15,7.27,14.76,7.44,14.47,7.44Z'/%3E%3Cpath class='cls-3' d='M3.16,4.69.05,5,0,3.36c0-.2.19-.41.48-.46l1.37-.24Z'/%3E%3Cpolygon class='cls-3' points='4.26 4.5 2.96 2.47 4.46 2.21 5.78 4.23 4.26 4.5'/%3E%3Cpolygon class='cls-3' points='6.88 4.04 5.57 2.01 7.6 1.65 8.92 3.68 6.88 4.04'/%3E%3Cpolygon class='cls-3' points='10.02 3.49 8.71 1.46 10.22 1.2 11.53 3.22 10.02 3.49'/%3E%3Cpath class='cls-3' d='M14.65.79l.23,1.84L12.64,3,11.33,1,14.09.52C14.38.47,14.63.59,14.65.79Z'/%3E%3Cline class='cls-4' x1='0.66' y1='7.74' x2='14.63' y2='7.74'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E");color:#307431}#method_toc.en_toc #summaryvideo_toc a span{font-size:7px;color:#307431;background-color:#bbd1ab;padding:1px 4px 0 4px;border-radius:6px;display:inline-block;margin-top:1px;vertical-align:text-top;line-height:14px;margin-left:4px}#method_toc.en_toc #othervideo_toc a{background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/wikihowtoc/images/toc_video.svg)}#method_toc.en_toc #need_toc a{background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/wikihowtoc/images/toc_need.svg)}#method_toc.en_toc #ea_toc a{background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/wikihowtoc/images/toc_expert.svg)}#method_toc.en_toc #ingredients_toc a{background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/wikihowtoc/images/toc_ingredients.svg);background-position:0px 4px;background-size:15px}#method_toc.en_toc .toc_sample a{background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/wikihowtoc/images/toc_sample_new.svg);padding-left:21px}#method_toc.en_toc .toc_questionmethod a{background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/wikihowtoc/images/toc_video.svg);padding-left:21px}#method_toc.en_toc .toc_method.toc_tech a span{display:none}#method_toc.en_toc .toc_android a{background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/wikihowtoc/images/toc_android.svg)}#method_toc.en_toc .toc_desktop a{background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/wikihowtoc/images/toc_desktop.svg)}#method_toc.en_toc .toc_iphone a{background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/wikihowtoc/images/toc_iphone.svg)}#method_toc.en_toc .toc_mac a{background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/wikihowtoc/images/toc_mac.svg)}#method_toc.en_toc .toc_mobile a{background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/wikihowtoc/images/toc_mobile.svg)}#method_toc.en_toc .toc_windows a{background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/wikihowtoc/images/toc_windows.svg)}#method_toc.en_toc #final_toc a{background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/wikihowtoc/images/toc_final.svg)}#method_toc.en_toc #steps_toc a{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 17 17'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cstyle%3E.cls-1%7Bfill:%2394b778%7D.cls-2%7Bfill:%23fff%7D%3C/style%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect id='Rectangle_1284' data-name='Rectangle 1284' class='cls-1' width='17' height='17' rx='5'/%3E%3Crect id='Rectangle_1284-2' data-name='Rectangle 1284' class='cls-2' x='3.2' y='9.99' width='3.5' height='3.5' rx='1.03'/%3E%3Crect id='Rectangle_1284-3' data-name='Rectangle 1284' class='cls-2' x='3.2' y='3.51' width='3.5' height='3.5' rx='1.03'/%3E%3Cpath class='cls-2' d='M7.95 4.71h5.85v1.75H7.95zM7.95 11.19h5.85v1.75H7.95z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-size:14px}#method_toc .toc_hidden,#method_toc .toc_ignore{display:none}#method_toc.intl_toc{margin:3px -26px 12px;padding:10px 26px;border-radius:0;width:100%;float:none}#method_toc.intl_toc a,#method_toc.intl_toc .toc_method,#method_toc.intl_toc #toc_showless,#method_toc.intl_toc #toc_showmore,#method_toc.intl_toc .toc_pre{ background-image:url(data:image/gif;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position-x:left}#method_toc.intl_toc a{ background-position:0 3px;padding-left:15px;display:inline-block;font-size:12px;margin:0 5px 0 0}#method_toc.intl_toc .method_toc_item{display:inline;background:none;padding-left:0}#method_toc.intl_toc .method_toc_item a{line-height:17px}#method_toc.intl_toc .header_toc{margin-right:.75em;border-bottom:none;display:inline;font-size:12px}#method_toc.intl_toc .toc_nav{display:none}#method_toc.intl_toc span.summaryvideo_icon{background:url(/skins/owl/images/video_play_icon.png) 0 0 contain no-repeat; background-image:url(/skins/owl/images/video_play_icon.svg);width:14px;height:12px;margin:0 0 -1px 2px;display:inline-block}.toc_header{color:#444;border-bottom:1px solid #d8d8d4;font-size:12px;text-transform:uppercase}#section_0.title_lg,#section_0.title_md,#section_0.title_sm{font-size:35px}.section h2,.steps h3{background-color:#FFF;border-radius:4px 4px 0 0;border-bottom:1px solid #f3f3f3}.skin-minervawh .content .section-heading{border-bottom:1px solid #f3f3f3}.method_label{color:#222}h2 .altblock,h3 .altblock{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;height:60px;width:60px;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;line-height:1em;text-align:center;padding:0;color:#fff;border-radius:4px 0 0 0;box-sizing:border-box;display:table;margin:0}h2 .altblock > div,h3 .altblock > div{width:100%;height:auto;display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;padding-top:.2em}h2 .method_label,h3 .method_label{display:none}div.section.steps h3 .altblock span{font-size:21px;padding-top:2.5px;display:block;line-height:20px}.section{margin-top:2.2em; }.section.stuck{padding-top:58px}.section h2,.section h3{position:relative}.section h2 span.mw-headline,.section h3 span.mw-headline{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;height:59.5px;padding:0 1em;line-height:1.125em}.section h2.block_header span.mw-headline,.section h3.block_header span.mw-headline{padding-left:75px}.section.sample h3 span.mw-headline{padding-top:0}.section #ingredients .checkmark,.section #thingsyoullneed .checkmark{width:1em;height:1em}.section:not(.steps) h3{font-size:1.25em;font-weight:bold;color:#222222}.section:not(.steps) h3 .altblock{margin-top:.45em;top:auto;height:1.5em;width:1.5em}.section:not(.steps) h3 span.mw-headline{padding:0 0 0 1.3em}.section h2.sticking,.section h3.sticking,.section .tool div.sticking{position:fixed;top:39px;width:728px;z-index:5;border-radius:0}.section h2.sticking .altblock,.section h3.sticking .altblock,.section .tool div.sticking .altblock{border-radius:4px;margin:7px 16px 7px 7px;width:52px;height:44px}@supports (position:sticky){.section.sticky > h2,.section.sticky > h3{top:37px;z-index:5;position:sticky}.sticky-sentinel{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;visibility:hidden}.sticky-sentinel-top{height:20px;top:-59px}.sticky-sentinel-introa{height:20px;top:-59px;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;visibility:hidden}.section h2.sticking,.section h3.sticking,.section .tool div.sticking{position:sticky}}.section.tysk h2{background-size:8.5%}.section.tysk h2 span.mw-headline{padding-left:3rem}h4.steps_text{font-size:1.1em;background:#DCE8CC;color:#222}.section_text,.steps_text{border:none}.steps_list_2 > li{border:none;margin-bottom:1.5em;position:relative}.content{margin:0 0 1.5em}.content .edit-page{display:block;position:absolute;top:1.7em;right:1.7em;background:none;font-size:.8rem;font-weight:normal;color:#307530}.content .sticking .edit-page{margin-right:10px}.pre-content{border-radius:4px 4px 0 0}.method_ad{margin-left:-19px}#intro.hasad{padding-bottom:0;border-bottom:0}#intro_ad_1{height:120px}#intro_ad_1.gam{height:90px}#intro_ad_1 > ins{background-color:#F3F3F3}.steps .wh_ad_inner{margin-top:25px;margin-left:-20px;margin-bottom:-21px;line-height:0}.steps .wh_ad_inner.al_grey{margin-top:35px}.steps .wh_ad_inner.wh_ad_spacing{margin-top:40px;width:728px;min-height:0 !important}#qa .wh_ad_inner{margin-top:40px;margin-left:-15px;margin-bottom:-15px;line-height:0}#qa .wh_ad_inner.wh_ad_spacing{margin-top:40px}#ingredients .wh_ad_inner{margin-top:40px;margin-left:-26px;margin-bottom:-26px;line-height:0}#thingsyoushouldknow .wh_ad_inner{margin-left:-26px;margin-bottom:-26px}.thingsyoushouldknow h2.tysk_head{background-color:#FFF;background-size:8.5%;border-radius:7px 7px 0 0;border-image:linear-gradient(to right,#93b874,#93b874 4.4%,#f3f3f3 4.4%,#f3f3f3) 1}.thingsyoushouldknow h2.tysk_head span.mw-headline{padding-left:3rem}#tips_ad_1{margin-left:-15px;margin-bottom:-21px}#relatedwikihows{padding-left:15px}#relatedwikihows .wh_ad_inner{margin-top:40px;margin-left:-15px;margin-bottom:-16px;line-height:0}#relatedwikihows .wh_ad_inner.wh_ad_spacing{margin-top:40px}#intro .wh_ad_inner{margin-top:24px;margin-left:-26px}#intro .wh_ad_inner.al_grey{margin-top:40px}.qz_container .wh_ad_inner{margin-left:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:5px}#warnings .wh_ad_inner{margin-left:-14px;margin-bottom:-26px;margin-top:25px}#userreviews_mobile .wh_ad_inner{margin-left:-14px;margin-bottom:-26px}#aboutthisarticle .wh_ad_inner{margin-left:-14px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:-26px}#aboutthisarticle .wh_ad_inner.al_grey{margin-top:25px}#promopair_container{display:block;position:relative;height:224px;margin-top:18px}#promopair_container.wh_ad_spacing{height:250px;background-color:#FFF;margin-top:0px;padding-top:10px}#promopair_container.tip_submit{padding-top:15px}#tips #promopair_container .wh_ad_inner{position:absolute;left:0;width:300px;height:250px}#promopair-img-wrap{position:absolute;right:-26px;width:420px}.wh_ad_spacing #promopair-img-wrap{right:0}#promopair_container img{min-width:auto;min-height:auto}ol.references{padding-left:0}#mw-mf-page-center{background:#F3F3F3}#mw-mf-page-center .qz_container{margin:26px auto}.w_label{margin-top:13px;background:#fff}.promopair.w_label{margin-top:0}#rightrail1_ad_1.blockthrough.w_label:before{display:none}.rr_container .w_label{background-color:#f3f3f3}#intro .w_label{display:block}.al_dollar{position:relative}.al_dollar:after{content:'$';font-size:9px;font-weight:bold;position:absolute;left:5px;top:-10px;color:#ecebe8}.al_dollar.w_label:before{margin-top:-18px;left:0px;padding-left:16px;padding-right:4px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;-webkit-border-radius:2px;background:-webkit-linear-gradient(90deg,#888888 13px,#ecebe8 0%);background:-moz-linear-gradient(90deg,#888888 13px,#ecebe8 0%);background:-o-linear-gradient(90deg,#888888 13px,#ecebe8 0%);background:-ms-linear-gradient(90deg,#888888 13px,#ecebe8 0%);background:linear-gradient(90deg,#888888 13px,#ecebe8 0%);border:1px solid #444;font-weight:normal}#intro .al_dollar.w_label:before{background:-webkit-linear-gradient(90deg,#888888 13px,#ffffff 0%);background:-moz-linear-gradient(90deg,#888888 13px,#ffffff 0%);background:-o-linear-gradient(90deg,#888888 13px,#ffffff 0%);background:-ms-linear-gradient(90deg,#888888 13px,#ffffff 0%);background:linear-gradient(90deg,#888888 13px,#ffffff 0%)}.w_label:before{font-size:9px;line-height:normal;color:#444;position:absolute;left:6px;margin-top:-13px;display:block}.al_grey.w_label:before{color:#bababa}.m-video-wm{display:block;position:absolute;bottom:0;right:0;background-color:#93b874;color:#FFF;font-weight:bold;font-size:13.5px;line-height:13px;opacity:0.6 !important;padding-top:5px;padding-bottom:4px;padding-right:5px;padding-left:0px;text-decoration:none;pointer-events:none}.m-video-wm canvas{height:13px;vertical-align:bottom}.m-video-wm:before{right:100%;bottom:0;content:" ";height:100%;width:0;position:absolute;pointer-events:none;border-bottom:22px solid #93b874;border-left:18px solid transparent}#preload-wm-img{background:url(/skins/WikiHow/images/WH_logo.svg) no-repeat -9999px -9999px}.content .m-video-wm-img{width:auto !important;height:11px !important;padding-right:5px;display:block;float:left}.sourcesandcitations .section_text{padding-left:42px}.content .tips .section_text ul li,.content .warnings .section_text ul li{margin-bottom:0.8em}.content .tips .section_text ul li div.wh_vote_container,.content .warnings .section_text ul li div.wh_vote_container{display:none}#end_options{display:block}#end_options li{display:inline-block}#end_options li:before{content:'|';color:#e7e7e7;margin:0 1em}#end_options li:first-child:before{display:none}#article_rating_mobile{margin:1.5rem 0 0;background:#FFF}#article_rating_mobile .mw-headline{font-weight:bold}#footer{text-align:left}#footer_inner{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1px 1fr;grid-template-rows:auto auto 30px auto auto auto;align-items:initial}.footer_divider,#footer_logo,#footer_crumbs{grid-column:1 / span 3}#footer_logo{grid-row:1}#footer_crumbs{grid-row:2}#footer_top_divider{display:none}#search_footer{grid-column:1;grid-row:4;width:85%}#footer_links{grid-column:1;grid-row:5;text-align:initial;padding-left:initial;margin-top:10px}#footer_links ul{column-gap:7.5em}#footer_vertical_divider{grid-column:2;grid-row:4 / span 3;border-left:1px solid #77a555}#byline_hover{z-index:6;position:absolute;top:28px;width:375px;max-width:375px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5em;border:4px solid #7fa065;border-radius:6px;background-color:#FFF}#aboutthisarticle #summary_wrapper{width:100%;height:100%;position:fixed;overflow-y:scroll;top:0;left:0;z-index:100;display:none;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.2)}#aboutthisarticle #summary_wrapper .collapse_link{display:block;top:25%;position:relative;left:25%;width:50%;background-color:#93b874;color:#fff;padding:12px 18px;font-size:20px;font-weight:bold}#aboutthisarticle #summary_wrapper .collapse_link.open{margin-bottom:0}#aboutthisarticle #summary_wrapper .collapse_link:after{border:none}#aboutthisarticle #summary_text{position:relative;width:50%;top:25%;border:1px solid #93b874;background-color:#fff;padding:15px 20px 15px 15px;line-height:25px;left:25%;right:25%;display:block}#aboutthisarticle #summary_text h2{background-color:#93b874;color:#fff;margin:-15px -20px 10px -15px;padding:15px}#aboutthisarticle .text_summary_wrapper{overflow-y:auto}#aboutthisarticle #summary_last_sentence{display:inline}#aboutthisarticle #summary_close{position:absolute;top:11px;right:10px;width:30px;height:30px;color:#fff;border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:15px;text-align:center;line-height:30px;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;font-size:16px;display:block;background:#93b874}#aboutthisarticle .page_stats{display:block;text-align:center;border-radius:0 0 4px 4px;font-weight:bold}#aboutthisarticle #other_languages .collapse_link{background:none}#aboutthisarticle #other_languages .collapse_link::after{content:':'}#aboutthisarticle #language_links{display:block;margin-top:.5em;-webkit-columns:2;-moz-columns:2;columns:2}.al_method{display:none}#expertadvice > ul{padding-top:10px}.content .section_text.expert_advice_section p{font-size:16px;margin-bottom:0}.content .section_text.expert_advice_section ul li{font-size:16px}.healtharticle{margin-bottom:45px}.small_pdf_link{display:none}a.large_pdf_link{display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;float:right;font-weight:bold;margin:-5px 127px 5px 5px;font-size:12.5px;color:#333333;background-color:#F6F8F7;padding:.45em 1.1rem;border-radius:8px;position:relative;z-index:6}a.large_pdf_link:hover{text-decoration:none}a.large_pdf_link.pdf_link_steps{margin:10px 10px 0 0;min-width:135px;white-space:nowrap}a.large_pdf_link.intl{margin-right:0}a.large_pdf_link img{width:23px;margin-right:.3rem}a.large_pdf_link > div{margin-left:.4rem}#footer_newsletter{display:block;grid-column:3;grid-row:4 / span 2;width:210px;margin:0 auto;text-align:center}#footer_newsletter #footer_subscribe_title{font-size:19px}#footer_newsletter #footer_subscribe_email{font-size:12px;width:100%;padding:5px 10px;border-radius:10px}#footer_newsletter a#footer_subscribe_button{font-size:14px;width:initial;border-radius:8px}#footer_newsletter #footer_subscribe_notice{font-size:11px}#footer_newsletter_divider{display:none}#intro .wh_ad_inner.al_grey{margin-top:40px}#watchtheserelatedvideos{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}.al_grey{text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px}.table_of_contents_list_qam_test #method_toc{display:none}.test_list_method #method_toc{display:none}}@media only screen and (min-width:975px){.scrolltomarker{height:1px}.w_label{display:inline-block}.wh_ad_inner.al_grey{margin-top:25px;display:block}.promopair.wh_ad_inner.al_grey{margin-top:0px}#rightrail0_ad_1{position:sticky;top:65px}#rightrail1_ad_1{position:sticky;top:65px}#rightrail2_ad_1{position:sticky;top:65px}#rightrail3_ad_1{position:sticky;top:65px}#rightrail4_ad_1{position:sticky;top:65px}#rightrail5_ad_1{position:sticky;top:65px}#rightrail6_ad_1{position:sticky;top:65px}#rightrail7_ad_1{position:sticky;top:65px}#rightrail8_ad_1{position:sticky;top:65px}#rightrail9_ad_1{position:sticky;top:65px}.article-promo{display:block;position:relative}.menu_login,.menu_messages{position:absolute;border:1px solid #91af79;margin:0;padding:10px 0;top:71px;z-index:1000;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:none;right:0}.menu_login{padding:15px 25px} #actionbar{display:block}#mw-mf-viewport{min-width:1070px}.header{height:72px;position:relative;border-top:none;max-width:1050px; }.header #mw-mf-main-menu-button,.header #hamburger_dot{display:none}.header .search{display:block;height:39px}#header_logo{background-position:left 20px;background-size:162px;width:158px;padding-left:0}#hs,#hs_query{width:auto}#hs_query{position:relative;display:block;float:left;border:solid #FFF;border-width:0 0 2px;border-radius:0;font-size:1.25em;background:none;height:auto;width:75%;min-width:200px;padding:9px 7px 4px}#hs_query::placeholder{color:#FFF;opacity:1}.hs_notif #hs_query,.hs_notif.hs_active #hs_query{margin-right:0}.hs_active .search{padding-right:0}#hs_submit{position:relative;display:inline-block;background-color:#ADC996;border-radius:4px;width:80px;background-position:center;background-size:25px;margin-left:10px}.hs_active #hs_query:valid ~ #hs_submit{display:inline-block}.love_button #hs,.love_button #hs.hs_active{width:auto}.love_button #hs_query,.love_button .hs_active #hs_query{width:75%}#content_wrapper{padding:71px 1em 1em}.header #actions{display:table-cell;padding:0px;margin:0px;border-right:1px solid #89ac6c;width:50%}.header #actions li{border-left:1px solid #89ac6c;padding:0px;height:72px;float:right;list-style:none !important;margin:0px;cursor:pointer;width:14%;position:relative;display:table}.header #actions li .nav{font-size:calc(8px + (10 - 8) * ((100vw - 975px) / (1020 - 975)));font-weight:bold;color:#475347;display:block;padding-top:40px;position:relative;text-align:center;z-index:1;line-height:normal;display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;height:auto;width:100%}.header #actions li:hover .nav{color:#2C3C2C;text-decoration:none}.header #actions li .new_bubble{font-size:.7em;padding:0 .5em;margin-left:0}.nav_icon{position:absolute;top:0;width:100%;height:46px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;-webkit-transition:all 0.1s ease-out;transition:all 0.1s ease-out}.nav_item:hover,.nav_item_selected{background-color:#85A669}#nav_explore_li .nav_icon{ background-image:url(/skins/owl/images/nav_explore.optimized.svg);background-size:28%}#nav_explore_li:hover .nav_icon{ background-image:url(/skins/owl/images/nav_explore_hover.optimized.svg);background-size:31%}#nav_messages_li .nav_icon{ background-image:url(/skins/owl/images/nav_messages.optimized.svg);background-size:33%}#nav_messages_li:hover .nav_icon{ background-image:url(/skins/owl/images/nav_messages_hover.optimized.svg);background-size:37%}#nav_random_li .nav_icon{ background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='24' width='24'%3E%3Cpath d='M0 0h24v24H0zm21.02 19c0 1.1-.9 2-2 2h-14c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2V5c0-1.1.9-2 2-2h14c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2v14z' fill='none'/%3E%3Cpath fill='%23475347' d='M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM7.5 18c-.83 0-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5S6.67 15 7.5 15s1.5.67 1.5 1.5S8.33 18 7.5 18zm0-9C6.67 9 6 8.33 6 7.5S6.67 6 7.5 6 9 6.67 9 7.5 8.33 9 7.5 9zm4.5 4.5c-.83 0-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5s.67-1.5 1.5-1.5 1.5.67 1.5 1.5-.67 1.5-1.5 1.5zm4.5 4.5c-.83 0-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5s.67-1.5 1.5-1.5 1.5.67 1.5 1.5-.67 1.5-1.5 1.5zm0-9c-.83 0-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5S15.67 6 16.5 6s1.5.67 1.5 1.5S17.33 9 16.5 9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-size:33%}#nav_random_li:hover .nav_icon{ background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='24' width='24'%3E%3Cpath d='M0 0h24v24H0zm21.02 19c0 1.1-.9 2-2 2h-14c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2V5c0-1.1.9-2 2-2h14c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2v14z' fill='none'/%3E%3Cpath fill='%232C3C2C' d='M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM7.5 18c-.83 0-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5S6.67 15 7.5 15s1.5.67 1.5 1.5S8.33 18 7.5 18zm0-9C6.67 9 6 8.33 6 7.5S6.67 6 7.5 6 9 6.67 9 7.5 8.33 9 7.5 9zm4.5 4.5c-.83 0-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5s.67-1.5 1.5-1.5 1.5.67 1.5 1.5-.67 1.5-1.5 1.5zm4.5 4.5c-.83 0-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5s.67-1.5 1.5-1.5 1.5.67 1.5 1.5-.67 1.5-1.5 1.5zm0-9c-.83 0-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5S15.67 6 16.5 6s1.5.67 1.5 1.5S17.33 9 16.5 9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-size:37%}#random-button{display:none}#nav_profile_li .nav_icon{ background-image:url(/skins/owl/images/nav_profile.optimized.svg);background-size:29%}#nav_profile_li:hover .nav_icon{ background-image:url(/skins/owl/images/nav_profile_hover.optimized.svg);background-size:32%}#nav_profile_li.nav_member .nav_icon{ background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/MembershipManager/images/nav_proprofile.svg);background-size:40%;background-position:center 11px}#nav_profile_li.nav_member:hover .nav_icon{ background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/MembershipManager/images/nav_proprofile_hover.svg);background-size:43%}.menuitem.menu_separator:hover{background-color:#fff}#nav_help_li .nav_icon{ background-image:url(/skins/owl/images/nav_help.optimized.svg);background-size:31%}#nav_help_li:hover .nav_icon{ background-image:url(/skins/owl/images/nav_help_hover.optimized.svg);background-size:34%}#nav_edit_li .nav_icon{ background-image:url(/skins/owl/images/nav_edit.optimized.svg);background-size:31%}#nav_edit_li:hover .nav_icon{ background-image:url(/skins/owl/images/nav_edit_hover.optimized.svg);background-size:34%}.menuitem.top_cat{padding-left:25px;font-size:14px;line-height:22px}.menuitem.top_cat_new{position:relative}.menuitem.top_cat_new:after{content:'New';position:absolute;right:40px;background:#FF3333;color:#FFF;border-radius:10px;line-height:15px;margin:0;font-size:10px;top:5px;padding:0 6px}.explore_menu .menuitem.top_cat_new:after{top:6px;right:20px}#actions #nav_pro_li{border:none;background:#FFF;border-radius:35px;margin:13px 10px 0 0;box-sizing:border-box;height:45px;width:100px}#actions #nav_pro_li .nav_icon{ background-image:url(/skins/owl/images/nav_pro.svg);background-size:100%;right:16px;width:22px;height:45px}#actions #nav_pro_li .red_dot{display:none;position:absolute;background:#FF3333;height:10px;width:10px;right:13px;bottom:10px;border-radius:50%}#actions #nav_pro_li .menu{top:50px;border:none;border-radius:15px;padding:12px 0;box-shadow:-2px 4px 4px rgba(122,122,122,0.25)}#actions #nav_pro_li .menu hr{color:#D9D9D9;margin:12px 0}#actions #nav_pro .label{display:inline-block;background:#FFCF5A;color:#FFF;font-size:1.2em;padding:.25em .6em;position:absolute;left:16px;top:28%;border-radius:5px} .header #secondary-button.user-button,.header #wikipoints_bubble{position:absolute;padding:0;top:-2px;right:-4px;z-index:1}.header #secondary-button.user-button:hover,.header #wikipoints_bubble:hover{text-decoration:none}.header #secondary-button.user-button span,.header #wikipoints_bubble span{font-size:.6em;width:2.2em;height:1.5em;line-height:1.5em;border-radius:1.5em;position:relative}#header_container{height:72px;transform:scaleY(1);transform-origin:top;transition-duration:120ms}#header_top_watch{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;top:3px;left:0}#header_container.shrunken{transform:scaleY(0.5);transform-origin:top;transition-duration:210ms} .header_container.shrunk{height:39px}.header_container.shrunk .header{height:39px}.header_container.shrunk .header #actions .button.tech_newsletter_button{margin-top:5px}.header_container.shrunk .header #secondary-button.user-button,.header_container.shrunk .header #wikipoints_bubble{top:-10px}.header_container.shrunk #header_logo{background-position:left 5px}.header_container.shrunk #hs_query{height:32px}.header_container.shrunk #hs_submit{height:32px;background-size:21px;margin-top:3px}.header_container.shrunk .nav_icon{display:none}.header_container.shrunk .menu,.header_container.shrunk .menu_login,.header_container.shrunk .menu_messages{top:38px}.header_container.shrunk #actions li{height:39px}.header_container.shrunk #actions li .nav{padding:0}.header_container.shrunk #actions #nav_pro_li{height:30px;width:77px;margin-top:4px}.header_container.shrunk #actions #nav_pro_li .red_dot{display:none !important}.header_container.shrunk #actions #nav_pro_li .menu{top:33px}.header_container.shrunk #actions #nav_pro .label{position:relative;left:auto;top:auto}.scrollto_wrap{height:90px}#qa .wh_ad_inner{margin-top:18px;margin-bottom:-47px}#warnings .wh_ad_inner{margin-left:-26px;margin-bottom:-26px}#aboutthisarticle .wh_ad_inner{margin-left:-26px}#thingsyoullneed .wh_ad_inner{margin-left:-26px;margin-bottom:-26px}#references .wh_ad_inner{margin-left:-42px}#promopair_container.wh_ad_spacing{padding-top:0px}.rtl .method_ad{margin-right:-19px}.rtl #qa .wh_ad_inner{margin-right:-16px}.rtl #intro .wh_ad_inner{margin-right:-26px}.rtl .steps .wh_ad_inner{margin-right:-21px}.rtl #relatedwikihows .wh_ad_inner{margin-right:-16px}.qz_container .wh_ad_inner{margin-left:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:5px}.menu_messages{right:0;font-size:.8em;width:300px;padding:0 0 3px 0}.menu_messages .mw-echo-state{background-color:#EEE}.menu_messages .mw-echo-state:hover{background-color:#F9F9F9}.menu_messages .mw-echo-unread{background-color:#F9F9F9}.menu_messages .mw-echo-content{padding-right:.5em}.menu_message_morelink{text-align:center;padding:5px} .oo-ui-windowManager-modal > .oo-ui-window.oo-ui-dialog{z-index:11}#ca-edit{display:none}.section.aidata{margin-top:-1.5em}.section_text{padding:26px}.step_num{font-size:2.8em;line-height:1em;margin-left:10px}.step{margin:0 30px 0 10px}.summarysection.mwimg,.summarysection .mwimg{margin:-26px -26px 0}#qa{padding:26px}.qa_divider{margin:0 -26px 15px}.qa_sq.qa_editing_aq{margin:0 -26px}#qa_ask_heading{margin-top:0}.references a.external,#site_notice a.external{background:none}#site_notice_x{float:right;display:block;width:14px;height:14px;background:url(/skins/owl/images/article_sprite.png) no-repeat -114px 0;margin:0 0px 10px 10px}#trust_banner{top:72px}#trust_banner > div{max-width:1050px}.shrunk_header #trust_banner{visibility:hidden}.coauthor_link:hover,.eat_tag:hover,.recipe_byline_stars:hover{text-decoration:none}#byline_hover_close{display:none}#coauthor_image:not(.always_show){display:none}#sidebar{display:block;width:300px;min-height:500px;float:right;position:relative}#sidebar .al_dollar:after{top:-16px}#sidebar #cookie_notice{display:none}#sidebar #top_links{padding:30px 15px;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;font-size:.65em;font-weight:bold}#sidebar #top_links #gatWriteAnArticle{margin-right:0}#sidebar .sidebox{background-color:#FFF;padding:16px;margin:0 0 15px 0;position:relative;-moz-border-radius:4px;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;color:#686868;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3em}#sidebar .sidebox p{font-size:14px;line-height:17px;margin:12px 0 0}#sidebar .sidebox h3{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;color:#686868;margin-bottom:11px;padding:0px;background:none}#sidebar .sidebox.short_sidebox{padding-top:10px}#sidebar .sidebox #rr_newsletter_container{background-color:#e8efe1;line-height:25px;text-align:center;border-radius:7px;padding:15px 0 20px 0}#sidebar .sidebox #rr_newsletter_container img{width:64px}#sidebar .sidebox #rr_newsletter_container h4{font-size:20px;color:#444F45;margin:0 25px;padding:0}#sidebar .sidebox #rr_newsletter_container p{font-size:16px;margin:10px 35px;line-height:25px}#sidebar .sidebox #rr_newsletter_container a{background-color:#fff;font-size:16px}#sidebar #social_proof_sidebox{line-height:normal;padding:0;font-weight:bold}#sidebar .difficult_icon{display:block;margin:.5em auto}#sidebar .arrow_box{position:relative}#sidebar .arrow_box:after,#sidebar .arrow_box:before{right:100%;top:50%;border:solid transparent;content:" ";height:0;width:0;position:absolute;pointer-events:none}#sidebar .arrow_box:before{border:none}#sidebar #social_proof_sidebox.arrow_box:after,#sidebar #social_proof_sidebox.arrow_box:before{top:38px}#sidebar #social_proof_sidebox.arrow_box:after{margin-top:0}#sidebar #aag_sidebox{display:none}#sidebar .arrow_box:after{border-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);border-right-color:#FFF;border-width:11px;margin-top:-80px}#sidebar .arrow_box:before{border-color:rgba(229,229,229,0);border-right-color:#e5e5e5;border-width:12px;margin-top:-81px}#sidebar #social_proof_sidebox h3{margin:0;text-align:left;font-size:11px;background-color:#f6f5f4;padding:4px 1em;width:inherit;-moz-border-radius-topright:4px;-moz-border-radius-topleft:4px;-webkit-border-top-left-radius:4px;-webkit-border-top-right-radius:4px;top-left-border-radius:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px}#sidebar #social_proof_sidebox.arrow_box h3{font-size:15px;padding:10px 0 10px 10px}#sidebar #social_proof_sidebox h4{margin:10px 5px -5px 5px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;background-color:inherit}#sidebar .sp_box{float:left;width:130px;height:75px;position:relative;padding:10px 0 10px 15px}#sidebar .sp_thin_box{width:100%;height:auto;padding:0;display:table}#sidebar .sp_star_section_upper{margin-top:4px;display:inline-block}#sidebar #sp_star_rating_lower{font-size:11px}#sidebar .sp_star_rating_text{font-weight:normal}#sidebar .sp_helpful_box,#sidebar #sp_helpful_new,#sidebar .sp_difficult_box{border-right:1px solid #f3f3f3}#sidebar .sp_difficult_box{padding:10px;text-align:center}#sidebar .helpful_sidebox .sp_star_section_upper,#sidebar .helpful_sidebox .sp_helpful_lower{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}#sidebar .helpful_sidebox .sp_helpful_lower{padding-left:10px}#sidebar .helpful_sidebox .sp_star_container{height:26px;width:26px}#sidebar .sp_top_box{padding:10px;position:relative;background-color:#f0f5ec;border-radius:4px 4px 0 0;border:1px solid #ECEBE8}#sidebar .ar_avatar.generic{border:2px solid #708461}#sidebar .sp_expert_name a{color:#545454}#sidebar .sp_expert_blurb{font-size:12px}#sidebar #social_proof{font-size:11px;line-height:normal;color:#212121;margin:3px 0 30px 0;padding:0 0 5px 0;list-style:none}#sidebar #social_proof li{margin:0 10px 0 0;float:left;line-height:15px;color:#767676}#sidebar #sp_modified{display:inline-block;min-width:70px}#sidebar .sp_circle{border-radius:50%;width:15px;height:15px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:3px;float:left}#sidebar .sp_updated_icon{ background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAPCAQAAACR313BAAABFElEQVQY00WQwS5DURRFLzGX+ARhLjEUHyG+QvyAmHUmxv6BmJhI/ILeu55HGkUrDSJiQrVoFK/L4LaRMznZ62SffU4gjGuBXdpU9DlhnZmsZjTNBg+IySQy5IiFf7yHGMXCYtzxyHLGmxm27fvtj+/eGk3SYC6wSAejT2rlwIGV+pQdtgM7GG2pQ5smk02/1JZRCLSx7qt65amIp16rXaN0Q6pKr/2ysmVpTl/666dJRiH1Cl9U7VmaxOiFIz9MMgwcJ/HVnmcmsW70eRKuE1jjM1lYmMTSjl11kJ32A4GDvBGjTUdq34ZRflgNBOa5Zxzq3DtvTPnq2uSpS1xOBuoZVdSYmuDALFuc8caIIQ8cspL1P0dFas6MaYbtAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)}#sidebar .sp_updated_icon_sidebar{margin:14px auto 5px auto;position:absolute;left:-2px;right:0;width:22px;height:20px;background-image:url(/skins/owl/images/sp_icon_sidebar.png);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='37.593' height='33.009' viewBox='0 0 37.593 33.009'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23FFF' d='M21.089 33.009v-5c6.344 0 11.504-5.161 11.504-11.504S27.433 5 21.089 5 9.584 10.161 9.584 16.504c0 .541.038 1.084.112 1.614l-4.951.694a16.776 16.776 0 0 1-.161-2.309C4.584 7.404 11.988 0 21.089 0s16.504 7.404 16.504 16.504-7.404 16.505-16.504 16.505z'/%3E%3Cpath fill='%23FFF' d='M14.169 17.468l-7.085 7%0A.084L0 17.468z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-size:cover}#sidebar .sp_text{line-height:17px;font-weight:normal;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;font-size:11px}#sidebar .sp_thin_box .sp_text{display:table-cell;padding:8px 3.5%;vertical-align:top}#sidebar .sp_thin_box .sp_text:first-child{width:26%;padding-left:6.5%}#sidebar .sp_thin_box .sp_text:nth-child(2){width:28%}#sidebar .sp_thin_box .sp_text:last-child{width:22%}#sidebar .sp_thin_box .sp_text,#sidebar .sp_thin_box .sp_text a{color:#595959}#sidebar .sp_thin_box .sp_text_data{display:block;color:#545454}#sidebar .sp_text_data{font-size:12px;font-weight:bold}#sidebar .sp_stats_box.sp_thin_box{width:100%;float:none}#sidebar #sp_stats_sidebox{padding:5px 0}#sidebar #sp_stats_sidebox .sp_text_data{font-size:13px}#sidebar .sp_edit_icon{ background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAPCAQAAACR313BAAAA6ElEQVQY01XQMUoDYRCG4VHsBY8gsRcsxUOIpxAvIHbpxNo7KDY2gmcw+yaKIijB1YQEG9EkKhgk+1r8WbOZr5uHGYYJYpoaR7SZMOKSHZZSN9Eiu3TxP2POqc34uEI2bIj02Ei8V8Ur2z6ZidyxEqyRVzG3UHtpw0FwWMVnC1WHaZ6gPcMXU317m/gjmJQHdab45U1aLUUwRMzsT/HT6xJlHFxgwwf7/qgjWzOUPNjmO/PVR3MH8ygnQXCa+e6bbZvpoDK/bAXBKp2mmM2j1MunrnPPPE2os1BysMw+LQYUjOlyxmbq/wEA8mibiYqo7QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)}#sidebar .sp_edit_icon_sidebar{margin:15px auto 5px auto;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;width:18px;height:18px;background-image:url(/skins/owl/images/sp_edit_icon_sidebar.png); background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='19.813' height='19.82' viewBox='0 0 19.813 19.82'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23FFF' d='M19.801 4.792l-6.398 6.397L6.042 18.5 0 19.82l1.269-6.092 7.362-7.311L15.028.02s1.371-.305 3.199 1.523c1.828 1.877 1.574 3.249 1.574 3.249zM6.296 17.18s-.051-1.117-1.32-2.386c-1.219-1.269-2.387-1.269-2.387-1.269l-.558.609-.457 2.031c.355.203.761.457 1.167.863.457.457.711.812.914 1.219l2.031-.457.61-.61z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-size:cover}#sidebar #sp_section_name{color:#545454;font-size:11px;padding-bottom:6px}#sidebar .sp_nonverifier_text > div{font-size:13px}#sidebar .sp_popup_container{top:110px;left:-20px;position:absolute;z-index:100000007;display:none}#sidebar .hint_box{min-width:150px;max-width:180px;position:relative;background:#FFF;border:3px solid;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.13);border-radius:4px;font-weight:normal;padding:9px;-moz-background-clip:padding; -webkit-background-clip:padding; background-clip:padding-box}#sidebar .hint_box p{font-size:12px;line-height:normal;margin:0;text-align:left}#sidebar .hint_box:after,#sidebar .hint_box:before{left:50%;border:solid transparent;content:" ";height:0;width:0;position:absolute;pointer-events:none}#sidebar .hint_box:after{top:-19px;border-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);border-bottom-color:#FFF;border-width:10px;margin-left:-10px}#sidebar .hint_box:before{top:-24px;border-bottom-color:#d5d5d5;border-width:12px;margin-left:-12px;-moz-background-clip:padding; -webkit-background-clip:padding; background-clip:padding-box}#sidebar .noarrow:after,#sidebar .noarrow:before{display:none}#sidebar .sp_helpful_rating_count,#sidebar #sp_helpful_text_sidebox{font-size:11px;font-weight:normal;color:#595959}#sidebar #sp_helpful_text_sidebox{margin-top:5px}#sidebar .helpfulness_text{font-size:12px;color:#545454;padding:4px 0 8px}#sidebar .sp_star_container{position:relative;width:21px;height:21px;float:left;border-right:2px solid transparent; background-image:url(/skins/owl/images/sp_helpful_icon_star_empty.optimized.svg) 0 0 cover no-repeat}#sidebar .social_sidebox{background-color:#FFF;padding:0}#sidebar .social_sidebox h3{margin:0;text-align:left;font-size:11px;background-color:#f6f5f4;padding:4px 1em;width:inherit;-moz-border-radius-topright:4px;-moz-border-radius-topleft:4px;-webkit-border-top-left-radius:4px;-webkit-border-top-right-radius:4px;top-left-border-radius:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px}#sidebar .sp_helpful_box.helpful_sidebox{float:none;border-right:none;width:auto;height:auto;padding:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #e7e7e7}#sidebar .sp_helpful_statement{font-size:13px;margin-bottom:5px}#sidebar .sp_helpful_statement span{font-size:18px;font-weight:bold}#sidebar #sp_icon_header{background-color:#7fa065;color:#FFF;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;padding:8px 25px}#sidebar #byline_hover_body{padding:10px 25px}#sidebar #byline_hover_body a{font-weight:bold}#sidebar #byline_hover_body .sp_expert_icon{width:20px;height:20px;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-4px}#sidebar #side_related_articles{padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:8px}#sidebar #side_related_articles_larger .related-article{width:100%;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:4%}#sidebar #side_related_articles .related-article{margin-right:4%;margin-bottom:10px;width:45%}#sidebar #side_related_articles .related-title{bottom:4px}#sidebar .rr_container #side_related_articles{margin-top:10px;width:300px;box-sizing:border-box}#sidebar .rr_container{margin-bottom:15px;position:relative}#sidebar .rr_container.nofixed .w_label{background-color:#ecebe8}#sidebar #userreviews{line-height:normal;margin:3px 0 15px 0;padding:0;color:#686868;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;position:relative;background-color:white;max-width:300px}#sidebar .ur_review{margin-bottom:1px;background-color:#fff;padding:15px 20px;border-radius:4px}#sidebar .ur_review_text{position:relative;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:13px;line-height:18px;color:#545454;margin-top:7px}#sidebar .ur_nav_container{background-color:#FFF;margin-top:-6px;padding:0px 20px 15px;min-height:1em;border-radius:0 0 4px 4px}#sidebar .ur_share{float:right;font-weight:normal}#sidebar .ur_share_recipes{display:block;font-size:15px;font-weight:bold}#sidebar .ur_nav{display:block}#sidebar .ur_nav_staff{display:block;background:#f3f3f3;padding:5px}#sidebar .ur_even_more{display:none}#sidebar .ur_hide{display:none}#sidebar .ur_author .ur_name{font-size:13px;color:#545454;font-weight:bold}#sidebar .ur_review .ur_date{font-size:11px;color:#9c9c9c}#sidebar .ur_review p{margin-top:0px}#sidebar .ur_avatar{width:36px;height:36px;display:inline-block;border-radius:16%;margin-right:5px;vertical-align:bottom;overflow:hidden}#sidebar #sidebar_share{text-align:center}#sidebar #sidebar_share h3{text-align:left;padding-bottom:5px}#sidebar #sidebar_share > div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;margin-right:10px}#sidebar #sidebar_share > div.admin_state{margin:0px 3px -4px -1px}#sidebar #sidebar_share div.like_button{margin-bottom:-8px}#sidebar #sidebar_share div.like_button_es{margin-right:0px}#sidebar #sidebar_share #pinterest{margin-right:3px}#sidebar #sidebar_share #pinterest a{ direction:ltr}#sidebar #sidebar_share div.email_share{margin-left:4px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:-6px}#sidebar #sidebar_share div.email_share a{display:inline-block;position:relative;z-index:10}#sidebar #sidebar_share div.email_share img{cursor:pointer}#sidebar .fb_iframe_widget iframe{width:auto;position:absolute}#userreviews_mobile{display:none}#aboutthisarticle > .section_text,#aboutthisarticle .sp_top_box,#aboutthisarticle #sp_expert_desc,#aboutthisarticle .sp_box{padding:15px 26px}#aboutthisarticle .sp_difficult_box{padding:15px 0 0}#aboutthisarticle .sp_top_icon_bg{left:26px}#aboutthisarticle #endoptions{border-radius:0}#aboutthisarticle .page_stats{font-size:1.1em;padding:1.6em 26px}#aboutthisarticle #summary_text{border-bottom:none;margin-bottom:0}.no_sidebar #content_inner{float:none;max-width:1050px}#content_inner{float:left}.full_width #content_wrapper,.full_width #content_inner{max-width:initial}#footer_inner{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr 1fr;max-width:1070px;align-items:start;margin-top:10px;column-gap:2%}.footer_divider,#footer_logo,#footer_crumbs{grid-column:span 2}#footer_top_divider{display:initial}#footer_bottom_divider{display:none}#footer_vertical_divider{display:none}a.rr_newsletter_button{display:block;text-align:center;padding:4px;border-radius:7px;border:1px solid #94B778;color:#94B778;font-weight:bold}#rr_newsletter{padding:0px !important;line-height:25px;margin-bottom:20px}#rr_newsletter #rr_newsletter_signup{margin:auto;width:80%}#search_footer{grid-column:1 / 1;grid-row:span 1;min-width:265px;width:100%}#footer_links{grid-column:2 / span 1;grid-row:span 2;margin:0 0 0 50px;padding-left:1em;text-align:center}#footer_links ul{margin-top:-5px;-webkit-columns:2;-moz-columns:2;columns:2;-webkit-column-gap:.5em;-moz-column-gap:.5em;column-gap:.5em}#footer_links li{margin-right:25px}.steps_list_2 .mwimg.largeimage{margin-bottom:20px}#qa .wh_ad_inner{margin-left:-26px}#tips_ad_1{margin-left:-26px;margin-bottom:-32px}#side_featured_articles .text{background-color:rgba(50,50,50,0.5);padding:2% 4%;width:92.75%;min-height:32px;position:absolute;bottom:0;cursor:pointer;color:#fff;font-weight:bold}#side_featured_articles .text:hover{background:white}#side_featured_contributor .bottom_button{text-align:center}#side_featured_contributor .bottom_button .button{margin:.1em 0;display:inline-block}#fc_id_img{float:left;margin-right:.8em}.thumbnail a:hover p{color:#2483ef}.sidebox .thumbnail p{font-size:12px !important}.sidebox .thumbnail p span{font-size:13px !important}#gdpr{padding-top:5px;padding-bottom:5px}#gdpr_text{font-size:13px;margin-left:-85px}#gdpr_cp_link{top:0px}.s-help-response{padding-left:10px;cursor:pointer;border:none;font-size:16px;font-family:Helvetica,arial,sans-serif;color:#363;background:none}.s-help-wrap{position:relative;width:50%;top:25%;left:25%;right:25%;display:block;background-color:#fff;padding:0 20px 15px 15px;border:1px solid #93b874;border-top:none}.s-help-response:hover{text-decoration:underline;background-color:inherit;border:none}#introad-outer > .gptlight{width:728px;height:90px}.s-help-wrap > .s-help-feedback-wrap{padding-bottom:30px}.s-help-feedback-wrap{display:none}#sample_loading{display:initial}#footer_newsletter{display:initial;margin:-25px 0 0 40px;min-width:200px;grid-row:2 / span 4;text-align:left}#footer_newsletter #footer_subscribe_title{font-size:18px}#footer_newsletter #footer_subscribe_email{box-sizing:initial;padding:5px 10px;font-size:14px;width:170px;border-radius:5px}#footer_newsletter a#footer_subscribe_button{box-sizing:initial;margin:initial;padding:2px 5px;border-radius:5px;font-size:initial;width:182px}#footer_newsletter #footer_subscribe_notice{width:180px;margin:5px 0;font-size:12px}}@media only screen and (min-width:1020px){.header #actions li .nav{font-size:10px}}@media only screen and (min-width:1020px){.menu.explore_menu{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}.explore_menu .menuitem,.explore_menu .menuitem.top_cat{width:218px}}</style>
<script>window.WH.pageName='Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren';
window.WH.pageID=32533;
window.WH.pageNamespace=0;
window.WH.pageLang='de';
window.WH.isMobile=1;
window.WH.stuCount=1;
window.WH.isAltDomain=0;
window.WH.topCat1='Technik & Elektronik';
window.WH.topCat2='';</script>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"/>
<meta property="og:title" content="Ein SSL Zertifikat installieren – wikiHow"/>
<meta property="og:type" content="article"/>
<meta property="og:url" content="https://de.wikihow.com/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren"/>
<meta property="og:site_name" content="wikiHow"/>
<meta property="og:description" content="SSL-Zertifikate legen fest, wie Webseiten und Dienstleistungen die Validierung für die Verschlüsselung der zwischen ihnen und ihren Kunden übermittelten Daten erhalten. Sie können auch für die Verifizierung benutzt werden, so dass du mit..."/>
<meta property="og:image" content="https://www.wikihow.com/images/e/e2/Categories_Header_Computers.jpg"/>
<meta property="og:image:width" content="1920"/>
<meta property="og:image:height" content="1080"/>
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/>
<meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://www.wikihow.com/images/e/e2/Categories_Header_Computers.jpg"/>
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@wikihow"/>
<meta name="twitter:description" content="SSL-Zertifikate legen fest, wie Webseiten und Dienstleistungen die Validierung für die Verschlüsselung der zwischen ihnen und ihren Kunden übermittelten Daten erhalten. Sie können auch für die Verifizierung benutzt werden, so dass du mit..."/>
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Ein SSL Zertifikat installieren – wikiHow"/>
<meta name="twitter:url" content="https://de.wikihow.com/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren"/>
<meta name="twitter:app:name:iphone" content="wikiHow"/>
<meta name="twitter:app:id:iphone" content="309209200"/>
<meta name="twitter:app:url:iphone" content="wikihow://article?id=32533"/>
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://de.wikihow.com/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren"/>
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.wikihow.com/Install-an-SSL-Certificate"/>
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="es" href="https://es.wikihow.com/instalar-un-certificado-SSL"/>
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikihow.com/%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85SSL%E8%AF%81%E4%B9%A6"/>
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="it" href="https://www.wikihow.it/Installare-un-Certificato-SSL"/>
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://fr.wikihow.com/installer-un-certificat-SSL"/>
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="nl" href="https://nl.wikihow.com/Een-SSL-certificaat-installeren"/>
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="ja" href="https://www.wikihow.jp/SSL%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E8%A8%BC%E6%98%8E%E6%9B%B8%E3%82%92%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B"/>
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="hi" href="https://hi.wikihow.com/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95-SSL-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82"/>
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="vi" href="https://www.wikihow.vn/C%C3%A0i-%C4%91%E1%BA%B7t-ch%E1%BB%A9ng-ch%E1%BB%89-SSL"/>
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="th" href="https://th.wikihow.com/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87-SSL-Certificate"/>
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href="https://ar.wikihow.com/%D8%AA%D8%AB%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D8%B3-%D8%A5%D8%B3-%D8%A5%D9%84"/>
<script>window.abgSmall = true;window.abgLarge = true;window.fcdomain = true;window.bucketId = 8;window.affpage = false;window.dfpSmall = true;window.dfpMedium = true;window.dfpLarge = true;window.apsVideo = false;window.dfpSmallAltDTest = true;window.dfpPageType = 'article';window.dfpCategory = null;window.sendAffiliateTargeting = false;window.nlpCategory = null;window.isCoppa = 'false';
</script><script>var loadAdsense=!0;"undefined"!=typeof WH.gdpr&&WH.gdpr.isEULocation()&&WH.gdpr.hasCookiePolicyPageOptOut()&&(loadAdsense=!1);var waitForFC=!1;window.fcdomain&&WH.gdpr.isEULocation()&&(waitForFC=!0);loadAdsense&&!waitForFC&&(WH.shared.isLargeSize&&window.abgLarge||WH.shared.isSmallSize&&window.abgSmall||WH.shared.isMedSize)&&function(){var a=document.createElement("script");a.async=!0;a.type="text/javascript";a.src=("https:"==document.location.protocol?"https:":"http:")+"//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js";var b=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b)}();if(waitForFC){var checkFC=function(){if("undefined"!==typeof window.googlefc||2E3<=Date.now()-start){2E3<=Date.now()-start&&console.log("fctimeout");var a=document.createElement("script");a.async=!0;a.type="text/javascript";a.src=("https:"==document.location.protocol?"https:":"http:")+"//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js";var b=document.getElementsByTagName(
"script")[0];b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b)}else setTimeout(checkFC,30)},start=Date.now();checkFC()};var loadDFP=!0,isEULoc="undefined"!=typeof WH.gdpr&&WH.gdpr.isEULocation();isEULoc&&WH.gdpr.hasCookiePolicyPageOptOut()&&(loadDFP=!1);!isEULoc&&(WH.shared.isSmallSize||WH.shared.isMedSize)&&window.dfpSmallAltDTest&&(loadDFP=!1);window.ccpaOut=0<=document.cookie.indexOf("ccpa_out=");var format="sma",viewportWidth=window.innerWidth||document.documentElement.clientWidth;0==WH.isMobile?format="dsk":viewportWidth>=WH.largeScreenMinWidth?format="lrg":viewportWidth>=WH.mediumScreenMinWidth&&(format="med");function setDFPTargeting(a,c){c=c[a.getAdUnitPath()];for(var b in c)a.setTargeting(b,c[b]);b=window.bucketId;10>b&&(b="0"+b);a.setTargeting("bucket",b);window.sendAffiliateTargeting&&(b="false","undefined"!=typeof window.WH&&1==window.WH.isaffiliatelocation&&(b="true"),a.setTargeting("affiliate",b));a.setTargeting("language",WH.pageLang);a.setTargeting("format",format);a.setTargeting("site",
window.location.hostname);a.setTargeting("coppa",window.isCoppa);window.nlpCategory&&a.setTargeting("nlp_category",window.nlpCategory);a.setTargeting("pagetype",window.dfpPageType);dfpCategory&&""!=dfpCategory&&a.setTargeting("category",window.dfpCategory)}function loadABG(){var a=document.createElement("script");a.async=!0;a.type="text/javascript";a.src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js";var c=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];c.parentNode.insertBefore(a,c);window.dfprequested=!0}loadDFP&&(WH.shared.isLargeSize&&window.dfpLarge||WH.shared.isMedSize&&window.dfpMedium||WH.shared.isSmallSize&&window.dfpSmall)&&(WH.shared.isSmallSize&&"IntersectionObserver"in window||loadABG(),(WH.shared.isSmallSize||WH.shared.isMedSize)&&window.dfpSmallAltDTest&&loadABG(),window.googletag=window.googletag||{},window.googletag.cmd=window.googletag.cmd||[],window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){"true"==window.isCoppa&&window.googletag.pubads().setTagForChildDirectedTreatment(1);
window.googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest();window.googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad();var a=window.location.href;a&&0>a.indexOf("showemptyads=1")&&window.googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs();window.googletag.enableServices();window.googletag.pubads().addEventListener("slotRenderEnded",function(a){WH.ads&&WH.ads.slotRendered(a.slot,a.size,a)});window.googletag.pubads().addEventListener("impressionViewable",function(a){WH.ads&&WH.ads.impressionViewable(a.slot)});window.ccpaOut&&window.googletag.pubads().setPrivacySettings({restrictDataProcessing:!0})}));function loadAps(){!function(a,b,e,f,g,c,d){b[a]||(b[a]={init:function(){b[a]._Q.push(["i",arguments])},fetchBids:function(){b[a]._Q.push(["f",arguments])},setDisplayBids:function(){},targetingKeys:function(){return[]},_Q:[]},c=e.createElement(f),c.async=!0,c.src=g,d=e.getElementsByTagName(f)[0],d.parentNode.insertBefore(c,d))}("apstag",window,document,"script","//c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/apstag.js");var a=null;0<=document.
cookie.indexOf("vr=US-CA")&&(a="1YN");0<=document.cookie.indexOf("ccpa_out=")&&(a="1YY");a?window.apsVideo?(apstag.init({pubID:"3271",adServer:"googletag",videoAdServer:"DFP",aps_privacy:a}),console.log("apsttag init with videoAdServer DFP")):apstag.init({pubID:"3271",adServer:"googletag",aps_privacy:a}):window.apsVideo?apstag.init({pubID:"3271",adServer:"googletag",videoAdServer:"DFP"}):apstag.init({pubID:"3271",adServer:"googletag"})}window.googletag=window.googletag||{};window.googletag.cmd=window.googletag.cmd||[];"undefined"!==typeof WH.gdpr&&!WH.gdpr.isEULocation()&&(WH.shared.isLargeSize&&window.dfpLarge||WH.shared.isMedSize&&window.dfpMedium||WH.shared.isSmallSize&&window.dfpSmall)&&(WH.shared.isSmallSize&&"IntersectionObserver"in window?window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){loadAps()}):loadAps());</script><style>.w_label:before{content:'Werbeanzeige';}</style>
<script>(function(){var wh=window.WH=(window.WH||{}),ok=typeof window.addEventListener=='function',d=document,e='event_tracker_ready';wh.largeEvent=function(z,y){ok&&d.addEventListener(e,function(){wh.largeEvent(z,y)})};wh.event=function(z,y){ok&&d.addEventListener(e,function(){wh.event(z,y)})}
wh.largeEventView=function(z,y,x,w,v,u){ok&&d.addEventListener(e,function(){wh.largeEventView(z,y,x,w,v,u)})};wh.eventView=function(z,y,x,w,v,u){ok&&d.addEventListener(e,function(){wh.eventView(z,y,x,w,v,u)})}})();</script>
<!--[if lt IE 9]><script src="/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=de&amp;modules=html5shiv&amp;only=scripts&amp;siterev=8zhWk&amp;skin=wh&amp;sync=1"></script><![endif]-->
</head>
<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr capitalize-all-nouns mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ein_SSL_Zertifikat_installieren rootpage-Ein_SSL_Zertifikat_installieren stable skin-minervawh action-view"><script>var dfpKeyVals = [];
</script><script>WH.gaType = "mobile";
WH.gaID = "UA-2375655-1";
WH.gaConfig = {"extraPropertyIds":[],"v4PropertyId":"G-5XMN2HHVJL","mainv4PropertyId":"G-5VNCK4B0SE"};
</script><div id="header_container" class="header_container" data-responsive="1"><div id="header" class="header" role="navigation"><a href="#" title="Hauptmenü öffnen" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" class="mainmenu element main-menu-button"></a><a id="header_logo" href="/Hauptseite"></a><div id="hs"><form action="/wikiHowTo" class="search" target="_top" id="search_form_top"><input id="hs_query" role="textbox" tabindex="0" name="search" aria-label="Suchen" required="" placeholder="" x-webkit-speech=""><button type="submit" id="hs_submit"></button><div id="hs_close" role="button" tabindex="0"></div></form></div><ul id="actions" role="menubar" aria-label="Titel Navigation"><li id="nav_messages_li" class="nav_item" role="menuitem" aria-labelledby="nav_messages"><div class="nav_icon"></div><a id="nav_messages" class="nav" href="#">NACHRICHTEN</a></li><li id="nav_profile_li" class="nav_item" role="menuitem" aria-labelledby="nav_profile"><div class="nav_icon"></div><a id="nav_profile" class="nav" href="#wh-dialog-login" rel="nofollow" data-link="#wh-dialog-login">ANMELDEN</a><div class="menu_login" role="menu">
<div name="userlogin" class="userlogin">
<h3>Anmelden</h3>
<div id='social-login-navbar' data-return-to=''>
<label class='social-disabled'>Das Login über soziale Medien ist mit inkognito und privaten Browsern nicht möglich. Bitte loge dich mit deinem Benutzernamen und deinem Passwort ein.</label>
<div id="fb_connect_head">
<a id="fb_login_head" href="#" role="button" class="ulb_button ulb_social_button loading" aria-label="Login mit Facebook">
<span class="ulb_icon"></span>
<span class="ulb_label">Facebook</span>
</a>
</div>
<div id="gplus_connect_head">
<a id="gplus_login_head" href="#" role="button" class="ulb_button ulb_social_button loading" aria-label="Login mit Google">
<span class="ulb_icon"></span>
<span class="ulb_label">Google</span>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="#wh-dialog-login" role="button" id="wh_login_head" class="ulb_button ulb_login" aria-label="Anmelden"><span class="ulb_icon"></span><span class="ulb_label">wikiHow Konto</span></a>
</div>
<div class="userlogin_links">
Du hast noch kein Konto? <a href="/Spezial:UserLogin?type=signup">Erstelle ein Konto</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li><li id="nav_explore_li" class="nav_item" role="menuitem" aria-labelledby="nav_explore"><div class="nav_icon"></div><a id="nav_explore" class="nav" href="#">SUCHEN</a><div class="menu" role="menu">
<a href="/wikiHow:%C3%9Cber-wikiHow" class="menuitem " >
Über Uns
</a>
<a href="/wikiHow:Gemeinschaftsportal" class="menuitem " >
Gemeinschaftsportal
</a>
<a href="/Spezial:Randomizer" class="menuitem " >
Zufällige Seite
</a>
<a href="/Spezial:CategoryListing" class="menuitem " >
Kategorien
</a>
</div>
</li><li id="nav_help_li" class="nav_item" role="menuitem" aria-labelledby="nav_help"><div class="nav_icon"></div><a id="nav_help" class="nav" href="#">HELFT UNS</a><div class="menu" role="menu">
<a href="/Mitmachen" class="menuitem " >
Weitere Vorschläge
</a>
</div>
</li></ul></div></div><div id="header_container_small" class="header_container shrunk"></div><div id="header_top_watch"></div><div id="mw-mf-viewport"><div id="mw-mf-page-left"><ul id="mobile_menu"><li class="icon-home"><a href="/Hauptseite">Start</a></li><li id="randomButton" class="icon-random"><a href="/Spezial:Randomizer">Zufall</a></li><li id="icon-categories" class="icon-categories"><a href="/Spezial:CategoryListing">Kategorien durchsuchen</a></li><li id="icon-aboutwikihow" class="icon-aboutwikihow"><a href="/wikiHow:%C3%9Cber-wikiHow">Über wikiHow</a></li></ul><ul><li class="icon-anon"><a href="#wh-dialog-login">Anmelden/ Registrieren</a></li></ul><div class="mw-mf-display-toggle"><a href="/wikiHow:Richtlinien" class="gdpr-menu">Richtlinien</a></div></div><div id="mw-mf-page-center"><div id="siteNotice"></div><div id="content_wrapper" role="main"><script>var $jscomp=$jscomp||{};$jscomp.scope={};$jscomp.ASSUME_ES5=!1;$jscomp.ASSUME_NO_NATIVE_MAP=!1;$jscomp.ASSUME_NO_NATIVE_SET=!1;$jscomp.defineProperty=$jscomp.ASSUME_ES5||"function"==typeof Object.defineProperties?Object.defineProperty:function(c,l,h){c!=Array.prototype&&c!=Object.prototype&&(c[l]=h.value)};$jscomp.getGlobal=function(c){return"undefined"!=typeof window&&window===c?c:"undefined"!=typeof global&&null!=global?global:c};$jscomp.global=$jscomp.getGlobal(this);$jscomp.SYMBOL_PREFIX="jscomp_symbol_";$jscomp.initSymbol=function(){$jscomp.initSymbol=function(){};$jscomp.global.Symbol||($jscomp.global.Symbol=$jscomp.Symbol)};$jscomp.Symbol=function(){var c=0;return function(l){return $jscomp.SYMBOL_PREFIX+(l||"")+c++}}();$jscomp.initSymbolIterator=function(){$jscomp.initSymbol();var c=$jscomp.global.Symbol.iterator;c||(c=$jscomp.global.Symbol.iterator=$jscomp.global.Symbol("iterator"));"function"!=typeof Array.prototype[c]&&$jscomp.defineProperty(Array.prototype,c,{configurable:!
0,writable:!0,value:function(){return $jscomp.arrayIterator(this)}});$jscomp.initSymbolIterator=function(){}};$jscomp.initSymbolAsyncIterator=function(){$jscomp.initSymbol();var c=$jscomp.global.Symbol.asyncIterator;c||(c=$jscomp.global.Symbol.asyncIterator=$jscomp.global.Symbol("asyncIterator"));$jscomp.initSymbolAsyncIterator=function(){}};$jscomp.arrayIterator=function(c){var l=0;return $jscomp.iteratorPrototype(function(){return l<c.length?{done:!1,value:c[l++]}:{done:!0}})};$jscomp.iteratorPrototype=function(c){$jscomp.initSymbolIterator();c={next:c};c[$jscomp.global.Symbol.iterator]=function(){return this};return c};$jscomp.makeIterator=function(c){$jscomp.initSymbolIterator();$jscomp.initSymbol();$jscomp.initSymbolIterator();var l=c[Symbol.iterator];return l?l.call(c):$jscomp.arrayIterator(c)};$jscomp.iteratorFromArray=function(c,l){$jscomp.initSymbolIterator();c instanceof String&&(c+="");var h=0,p={next:function(){if(h<c.length){var n=h++;return{value:l(n,c[n]),done:!1}}p.next
=function(){return{done:!0,value:void 0}};return p.next()}};p[Symbol.iterator]=function(){return p};return p};$jscomp.polyfill=function(c,l,h,p){if(l){h=$jscomp.global;c=c.split(".");for(p=0;p<c.length-1;p++){var n=c[p];n in h||(h[n]={});h=h[n]}c=c[c.length-1];p=h[c];l=l(p);l!=p&&null!=l&&$jscomp.defineProperty(h,c,{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:l})}};$jscomp.polyfill("Array.prototype.keys",function(c){return c?c:function(){return $jscomp.iteratorFromArray(this,function(c){return c})}},"es6","es3");$jscomp.polyfill("Number.isFinite",function(c){return c?c:function(c){return"number"!==typeof c?!1:!isNaN(c)&&Infinity!==c&&-Infinity!==c}},"es6","es3");$jscomp.polyfill("Number.isInteger",function(c){return c?c:function(c){return Number.isFinite(c)?c===Math.floor(c):!1}},"es6","es3");$jscomp.polyfill("Object.is",function(c){return c?c:function(c,h){return c===h?0!==c||1/c===1/h:c!==c&&h!==h}},"es6","es3");$jscomp.polyfill("Array.prototype.includes",function(c){return c?c:function(c,h){
var l=this;l instanceof String&&(l=String(l));var n=l.length;h=h||0;for(0>h&&(h=Math.max(h+n,0));h<n;h++){var y=l[h];if(y===c||Object.is(y,c))return!0}return!1}},"es7","es3");$jscomp.checkStringArgs=function(c,l,h){if(null==c)throw new TypeError("The 'this' value for String.prototype."+h+" must not be null or undefined");if(l instanceof RegExp)throw new TypeError("First argument to String.prototype."+h+" must not be a regular expression");return c+""};$jscomp.polyfill("String.prototype.includes",function(c){return c?c:function(c,h){return-1!==$jscomp.checkStringArgs(this,c,"includes").indexOf(c,h||0)}},"es6","es3");$jscomp.findInternal=function(c,l,h){c instanceof String&&(c=String(c));for(var p=c.length,n=0;n<p;n++){var y=c[n];if(l.call(h,y,n,c))return{i:n,v:y}}return{i:-1,v:void 0}};$jscomp.polyfill("Array.prototype.find",function(c){return c?c:function(c,h){return $jscomp.findInternal(this,c,h).v}},"es6","es3");WH.ads=function(){function c(){return z?!1:0<=[1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,
13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24].indexOf(parseInt(window.bucketId))?!0:!1}function l(){var a=("; "+document.cookie).split("; vr=");return 2==a.length&&(a=a.pop().split(";").shift(),"US-"==a.substring(0,3))?!0:!1}function h(){var a=(new URLSearchParams(window.location.search)).get("forcebidder");if(a){g("prebid force bidder:",a);var d=[],b;for(b in w){var f=w[b],e=[],c;for(c in f.bids){var U=f.bids[c];U.bidder==a&&e.push(U)}0<e.length&&(f.bids=e,d.push(f))}g("prebid filtered adUnits",d);w=d}}function p(){var a=window.location.href,d="";0<a.indexOf("pwtv=")&&(a=/pwtv=(.*?)(&|$)/g.exec(a),2<=a.length&&0<a[1].length&&(d="/"+a[1]));a=document.createElement("script");a.addEventListener("load",function(){1==window.pbjsloaded&&(g("pwt loaded second"),w.forEach(function(a){a.bids.forEach(function(a){a.userId=window.PWT.getUserIds();a.userIdAsEids=owpbjs.getUserIdsAsEids()})}))});a.async=!0;a.type="text/javascript";a.src="//ads.pubmatic.com/AdServer/js/pwt/159508/3580"+d+"/pwt.js";d=document
.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];d.parentNode.insertBefore(a,d)}function n(){if(1!=window.pbjsrequested){c()&&p();var a=document.createElement("script");a.async=!0;a.type="text/javascript";a.src="/load.php?modules=ext.wikihow.prebid629&only=scripts&v=1";z&&(g("using prebid server js"),a.src="/load.php?modules=ext.wikihow.prebidserver&only=scripts&v=1");var d=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];d.parentNode.insertBefore(a,d);window.pbjsrequested=!0;g("prebid js requested");window.pbjs.que.push(function(){g("prebid initializing prebid configuration and adding ad units");window.pbjsloaded=!0;window.pbjs.bidderSettings={triplelift:{bidCpmAdjustment:function(a,b){return.98*a},sendStandardTargeting:!0,adserverTargeting:[{key:"tl_source",val:function(a){return a.tl_source}}]},pubmatic:{bidCpmAdjustment:function(a,b){return.99*a}},ix:{bidCpmAdjustment:function(a,b){return.98*a}},onemobile:{bidCpmAdjustment:function(a,b){return.92*a}},appnexus:{bidCpmAdjustment:function(a,b){return.98*
a}},sharethrough:{bidCpmAdjustment:function(a,b){return.92*a}},openx:{bidCpmAdjustment:function(a,b){return.98*a}},verizonmedia:{bidCpmAdjustment:function(a,b){return.92*a}},rubicon:{bidCpmAdjustment:function(a,b){return.99*a}},yieldmo:{bidCpmAdjustment:function(a,b){return.94*a}}};var a={enableSendAllBids:!1,priceGranularity:V,useBidCache:!0,gptPreAuction:{enabled:!0,useDefaultPreAuction:!1,customPreAuction:function(a,b){b=a.code;"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_all_scrol"==a.code&&(b=a.code+"/"+(t-1));g("customPreAuction result is",b,"adUnitCode",a.code);return a.code}}};h();z&&(g("updating ad units and config for prebid server mode"),w=W,a={enableSendAllBids:!1,priceGranularity:V,s2sConfig:[{accountId:"1",bidders:"grid verizonmedia pubmatic ix openx triplelift yieldmo rubicon".split(" "),adapter:"prebidServer",enabled:!0,endpoint:{p1Consent:"https://bid.wikihow.com/openrtb2/auction",noP1Consent:"https://bid.wikihow.com/openrtb2/auction"},syncEndpoint:{p1Consent:
"https://bid.wikihow.com/cookie_sync",noP1Consent:"https://bid.wikihow.com/cookie_sync"},timeout:1E3}]});!z&&(a.userSync={userIds:[{name:"identityLink",params:{pid:"13360"},storage:{type:"html5",name:"idl_env",expires:15,refreshInSeconds:1800}}],syncDelay:3E3});pbjs.setConfig(a);c()&&window.PWT&&"function"==typeof window.PWT.getUserIds&&(g("pwt loaded first"),w.forEach(function(a){a.bids.forEach(function(a){a.userId=window.PWT.getUserIds();a.userIdAsEids=owpbjs.getUserIdsAsEids()})}));window.pbjs.addAdUnits(w);!z&&pbjs.enableAnalytics([{provider:"atsAnalytics",options:{pid:"13360"}}])})}}function y(a){return function(d){return a.getSlotElementId()==q.adTargetId}}function sa(a){g("pbRequestBids",a.adTargetId,a.adunitpath);a.pbTimedOut=!1;a.last_pb_request_time=(new Date).getTime();var d=a.adunitpath;1==a.rightrailmore&&"rightrail"==a.type&&(d=a.adTargetId);var b=1E3;I&&"rightrail"==a.type&&1==a.isRefreshLoad&&(g("using 2500 timeout for prebid"),b=2500);var f=!1;"scrollto"==a.type&&1==a.
prebidAdUnitTest&&(g("using custom gpt targeting function"),f=!0);window.pbjs.requestBids({adUnitCodes:[d],timeout:b,bidsBackHandler:function(b,c){a.pbTimedOut=c;var e=Object.keys(b)[0];"undefined"!=typeof e&&(g("pbRequestBids result",a.adTargetId,b[e],", timedOut:",c),f?(g("using custom gpt targeting function"),window.pbjs.setTargetingForGPTAsync(d,y)):window.pbjs.setTargetingForGPTAsync([d]));a.pbTargetingAdded=!0;1==a.apsDisplayBidsCalled||0==a.apsload?(g("pbRequestBids: done and aps targeting done (or inactive). will load ad",a.adTargetId),x(a)):g("pbRequestBids: done. waiting on aps bid",a.adTargetId)}})}function O(a){window.pbjs.que.push(function(){sa(a)})}function ta(a){a=a.slot;var d=a.getSlotId().getDomId();if(q&&q.adTargetId==d)return q;for(d=0;d<k.length;d++){var b=k[d];if(r[b.adTargetId]==a)return b}for(d in v)if(b=v[d],r[b.adTargetId]==a)return b;for(d in C)if(b=C[d],r[b.adTargetId]==a)return b;return null}function g(){-1!=window.location.href.indexOf("adslog=1")&&console.
log.apply(console,arguments)}function ua(){var a=!1;null!=document.hidden?a=document.hidden:null!=document.mozHidden?a=document.mozHidden:null!=document.webkitHidden?a=document.webkitHidden:null!=document.msHidden&&(a=document.msHidden);return a}function va(a,d,b){g("apsFetchBids:",b.adTargetId);b.apsTimeout||console.warn("ad has no timeout value",b);for(var f=[],e=0;e<d.length;e++)f.push(r[d[e]]);d=b.apsTimeout;I&&"rightrail"==b.type&&1==b.isRefreshLoad&&(g("using 2500 timeout for aps"),d=2500);"undefined"==typeof apstag?b.pbload?1==b.pbTargetingAdded&&(g("apstag not defined:pb targeting done. will load ad",b.adTargetId),x(b)):(g("apstag not defined: will load ad",b.adTargetId),x(b)):(g("apstag fetchBids slots",a),apstag.fetchBids({slots:a,timeout:d},function(a){window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){g("calling apstag.setDisplayBids()");apstag.setDisplayBids();b.apsDisplayBidsCalled=!0;b.pbload?1==b.pbTargetingAdded?(g("apsFetchBids: done. pb targeting also done. will load ad",b.
adTargetId),x(b)):g("apsFetchBids: done. waiting for prebid bids",b.adTargetId):(g("apsFetchBids: done will load ad",b.adTargetId),x(b))})}))}function x(a){g("setDFPTargetingAndRefresh",a.adTargetId);var d=r[a.adTargetId];setDFPTargeting(d,dfpKeyVals);if(a.pbload){a.insertSlotValue&&d.setTargeting("slot",a.insertSlotValue);var b=0,f=d.getTargetingMap().hb_pb;if("undefined"!=typeof f&&"undefined"!=typeof f[0]){var e=f[0];b=0;f=a.adunitpath;if("undefined"==typeof f)b=void 0;else{var c=X[f];"undefined"!=typeof f&&(b=c);e=3<e?300:.05>e?5:parseInt(10*Math.ceil(10*e));b>e||(b=X[f]=e)}g("floorSignal",b)}d.setTargeting("floor_signal",b);b=d.getTargetingMap().hb_bidder;"undefined"!=typeof b&&"triplelift"!=b[0]&&d.clearTargeting("tl_source")}"rightrail"==a.type&&(d.setTargeting("refreshing",a.refreshCount),a.refreshCount++,a=J,10>J?a="0"+a:20<J&&(a="max"),d.setTargeting("totalcount",a),J++);g("calling googletag.pubads().refresh on slot",[d]);-1!=window.location.href.indexOf("testad=")&&(a=(new
URLSearchParams(window.location.search)).get("testad"),d.setTargeting("testad",a));window.googletag.pubads().refresh([d])}function P(a){for(var d=a.adTargetId,b=r[d].getAdUnitPath(),f=r[d].getSizes(),e=[],c=0;c<f.length;c++){var g=[];"fluid"!=f[c]&&(g.push(f[c].getWidth()),g.push(f[c].getHeight()),e.push(g))}b=[{slotID:d,slotName:b,sizes:e}];a.apsVid&&(b=[{slotID:d,mediaType:"video"}]);va(b,[d],a)}function wa(a,d){g("adData observe on",a.adTargetId);var b=a.logData;(new MutationObserver(function(a,d){a=$jscomp.makeIterator(a);for(var f=a.next();!f.done;f=a.next())if(f=f.value,"attributes"===f.type){var e=!0;if("filled"==f.target.getAttribute(f.attributeName)){e=!1;var c=f.target.getAttribute("data-ad-slot")}else WH.eventView("empty_adsense_ad");b&&Y(c,e);d.disconnect()}})).observe(d,{attributeFilter:["data-ad-status"],subtree:!1})}function Y(a,d){if(a){if(!Number.isInteger(a)){a=a.split("/");if(!a||0==a.length)return;a=a[a.length-1]}var b=new XMLHttpRequest;g("adData log",window.
bucketId,a);b.open("GET","/Special:AdEventEndpoint?bucket="+window.bucketId+"&name="+a+"&empty="+d,!0);b.send(null)}}function xa(a){var d=window.document.createElement("script");d.async=!0;d.type="text/javascript";d.src=a.adElement.getAttribute("data-scriptsrc");d.setAttribute("data-divid",a.adTargetId);d.setAttribute("data-adslot","demo_optout");d.setAttribute("data-adsizes","300x250");window.document.getElementById(a.adTargetId).appendChild(d)}function Z(a){g("inserting adsense ad",a.type);var d=window.document.createElement("ins");d.setAttribute("data-ad-client","ca-pub-9543332082073187");a.adLabelClass?d.setAttribute("class","adsbygoogle "+a.adLabelClass):d.setAttribute("class","adsbygoogle");var b=a.slot;if(b){d.setAttribute("data-ad-slot",b);b=null;"en"!==window.WH.pageLang&&(1==window.affpage&&l()?(b=3258435188,"intro"==a.type&&(b+=",9504036457",WH.eventView("article_feature_affiliate_page_load_go_vt"))):b=6518366808);var f=0<=document.cookie.indexOf("ccpa_out=")?!0:!1;f?(d.
setAttribute("data-restrict-data-processing",1),"intro"==a.type&&(b+=",2385774741")):"intro"==a.type&&(b+=",2001974826");a.adElement.getAttribute("data-ad-format")&&d.setAttribute("data-ad-format",a.adElement.getAttribute("data-ad-format"));a.adElement.getAttribute("data-full-width-responsive")&&d.setAttribute("data-full-width-responsive",a.adElement.getAttribute("data-full-width-responsive"));WH.shared.isSmallSize&&"intro"!=a.type&&d.setAttribute("data-full-width-responsive","false");WH.shared.isSmallSize&&a.adElement.getAttribute("data-full-width-intro")&&(a.width=document.documentElement.clientWidth);"middlerelated"==a.type&&(d.setAttribute("data-ad-format","fluid"),d.setAttribute("data-ad-layout-key","-fb+5w+4e-db+86"));f=0;var e=document.getElementById("mw-content-text");e&&(f=e.offsetWidth);"medium"==a.adSize&&700>f||("medium"==a.adSize&&728>f&&(a.width=f),f="display:inline-block;width:"+a.width+"px;height:"+a.height+"px;",e="step2 method qa tips warnings quizpage".split(" "),
"small"==a.adSize&&e.includes(a.type)&&(f="display:block;height:"+a.height+"px;"),d.style.cssText=f,a.adTargetId&&(f=a.element,"scrollto"==a.type&&(f=window.document.getElementById(a.adTargetId)),"intro"==a.type||a.fullwidthadsense||(a.element.parentElement.style.width=a.width+"px"),(a.logData||a.logUnfilled)&&wa(a,d),f.appendChild(d),a.channels&&(b=b?a.channels+","+b:a.channels),b||(b=""),"undefined"===typeof adsbygoogle&&(window.adsbygoogle=[]),a.nonPersonalized&&((window.adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).requestNonPersonalizedAds=1),(window.adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({params:{google_ad_channel:b}})))}}function ya(a){var d=document.documentElement.clientWidth;switch(a){case"intro":d-=30;break;case"method":d-=20;break;case"related":d-=14;break;default:d-=20}return d}function za(a){if(!l())return!1;a=a.adElement;var d=a.getAttribute("data-fa-psrc"),b=a.getAttribute("data-fa-isrc"),f=a.getAttribute("data-fa-href"),e=a.getAttribute("data-fa-oid"),c=a.getAttribute(
"data-fa-sub2");WH.shared.isSmallSize&&(b=a.getAttribute("data-fa-isrcsmall"));if(null==b||null==d||null==f)return!1;a.style.height="90px";var g=document.createElement("img");g.setAttribute("width",728);g.setAttribute("height",90);g.src=b;g.style.width="auto";g.style.maxWidth="none";b=document.createElement("a");b.id="fa_edge_intro";b.href=f;b.appendChild(g);a.appendChild(b);f=document.createElement("img");f.setAttribute("width",1);f.setAttribute("height",1);f.style.width="1px";f.src=d;a.appendChild(f);WH.eventView("firearc_edge_intro",{oid:e,sub2:c},"#fa_edge_intro","click");return!0}function Aa(){var a="en"!==window.WH.pageLang,d=4288474698;a&&(d=8493149871);var b=("; "+document.cookie).split("; vr=");if(2==b.length&&(b=b.pop().split(";").shift(),1<b.length))switch(b=b.substring(0,2),b){case"AT":d=a?3749973557:1537414198;break;case"AU":d=a?1395272953:4766212761;break;case"CA":d=a?7417755827:8031165194;break;case"CH":d=a?5878864326:9052602829;break;case"DE":d=a?7371075248:7498233609;
break;case"DK":d=a?4871483535:6618011172;break;case"ES":d=a?8412694172:8637669854;break;case"FI":d=a?7282024450:2970410202;break;case"FR":d=a?6439221239:2870337854;break;case"IT":d=a?4096623761:2112129267;break;case"NL":d=a?8622531446:2331621115;break;case"NO":d=a?5142946278:5819934820;break;case"SE":d=a?9932238527:4957784454;break;case"GB":d=a?7306075183:7224855145;break;case"US":d=a?6856904076:1124396943}return d}function Ba(a,d){if("intro_ad_1"==a||"rightrail0_ad_1"==a||"step2_ad_1"==a)return a=null,d in aa&&(a=aa[d]),a}function ba(a){var d=a.parentElement;this.element=a;this.adElement=d;this.height=this.adElement.offsetHeight;this.adTargetId=a.id;var b=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-small"),f=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-medium"),e=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-large");this.okForSize=!1;if(b&&WH.shared.isSmallSize||f&&WH.shared.isMedSize||e&&WH.shared.isLargeSize)this.okForSize=!0;var c=window.navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase();/iphone|ipod|ipad/.test(c);var h=
/edg/.test(c);-1!=window.location.href.indexOf("firearc=1")&&(h=!0);c=/musical_ly[_\/][0-9]+/.test(c);this.type=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-type");if(c&&("intro"==this.type||"step2"==this.type||"method"==this.type&&2>ca)){if("step2"==this.type||"method"==this.type)for(b=d.nextElementSibling;b;){if("al_method"==b.className){b.parentElement.removeChild(b);break}b=b.nextElementSibling}this.disabled=!0;d.parentElement.removeChild(d);ca++;d.style.display="none"}else{c=Ba(this.element.id,this.type);if(h&&"intro"==this.type&&(c=Aa(),za(this))){d.removeChild(a);this.disabled=!0;return}this.width=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-width");this.service=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-service");this.apsload=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-apsload");this.pbload=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-prebidload");this.sizesArray=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-size");b&&WH.shared.isSmallSize&&(this.sizesArray=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-smallsize")||this.sizesArray);'["fluid"]'==
this.sizesArray&&(this.pbload=this.apsload=!1);this.sizesArray&&(this.sizesArray=JSON.parse(this.sizesArray));this.disabled=this.isRefreshLoad=!1;if(this.okForSize){this.adElement.classList.add("wh_ad_active");this.fullwidthadsense=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-fullwidthadsense");this.questionsPage=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-questionspage");this.listPage=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-listpage");this.gptLateLoad=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-lateload");D&&(this.apsload=!1);this.apsDisplayBidsCalled=!1;var k=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-adunitpath");this.rightrailmore=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-rightrailmore");this.pbserverload=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-prebidserverload");if(this.pbload){var m=!1;this.pbserverload&&W.forEach(function(a){a.code==k&&(m=!0)});var l=this.type,n=[],p=this.rightrailmore;w.forEach(function(b){b.code==k&&(m=!0,1==p&&"rightrail"==l&&(b=JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(b)),b.code=a.id,n.push(b)))});0<n.length&&(1==
window.pbjsrequested?window.pbjs.que.push(function(){window.pbjs.addAdUnits(n)}):n.forEach(function(a){w.push(a)}));0==m&&(this.pbload=!1,g("ad set up for prebid but not found in bids list. will set prebid to false for",k))}WH.shared.isSmallSize&&window.dfpSmall||(this.pbserverload=!1);this.pbTargetingAdded=!1;this.insertSlotValue=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-insertslotvalue");if("true"==window.isCoppa||window.ccpaOut)this.pbload=!1;D?(this.pbload=!1,this.nonPersonalized=!0):this.nonPersonalized=!1;1==window.fcdomain&&(this.nonPersonalized=!1);this.slot=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-slot");this.adunitpath=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-adunitpath");b&&WH.shared.isSmallSize&&(this.adunitpath=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-smalladunitpath")||this.adunitpath);this.channels=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-channels");this.mobileChannels=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-mobilechannels");this.refreshable=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-refreshable");this.actionrefresh=1
==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-actionrefresh");this.slotName=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-slot-name");this.refreshType=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-refresh-type");this.last_pb_request_time=0;this.dfpdisplaylate=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-gptdisplaylate");"rightrail"==this.type&&(this.position="initial",this.refreshCount=1);this.viewablerefresh=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-viewablerefresh");this.height=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-height");this.containerless=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-containerless");this.lastRRAd=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-lastrrad");b&&WH.shared.isSmallSize&&(this.adSize="small",this.channels=this.mobileChannels,this.smallchannels=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-smallchannels"),this.channels=this.channels?this.channels+","+this.smallchannels:this.smallchannels,this.slot=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-smallslot")||this.slot,this.height=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-smallheight")||this.height,this.width=
ya(this.type),this.service=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-smallservice")||this.service,"adsense"!=this.service||this.fullwidthadsense||this.containerless||(this.adElement.className+=" as-small"));f&&WH.shared.isMedSize&&(this.element.className=this.element.className?this.element.className+" medium_a":"medium_a",this.adSize="medium",this.slot=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-mediumslot")||this.slot,this.height=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-mediumslot")||this.height,this.width=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-mediumwidth")||this.width,this.service=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-mediumservice")||this.service,this.mediumChannels=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-mediumchannels"),this.channels=this.channels?this.channels+","+this.mediumChannels:this.mediumChannels);e&&WH.shared.isLargeSize&&(this.adSize="large",this.channels=this.largeChannels=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-largechannels"));this.channels&&c?this.channels=this.channels+","+c:c&&(this.channels=c);"adsense"!=
this.service||this.slot?(this.instantLoad=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-instantload"),"adsense"==this.service&&(this.adElement.classList.remove("dfpsmall"),this.adElement.classList.remove("dfpsmallmethod")),this.adLabelClass=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-adlabelclass"),this.apsTimeout=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-aps-timeout"),this.apsVid=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-apsvid"),this.refreshtimeout=!1,this.refreshNumber=1,this.maxRefresh=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-max-refresh"),this.refreshTime=(this.refreshTime=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-refresh-time"))?parseInt(this.refreshTime):3E4,this.firstRefresh=!0,this.firstRefreshTime=(this.firstRefreshTime=this.adElement.getAttribute("data-first-refresh-time"))?parseInt(this.firstRefreshTime):this.refreshTime,this.useScrollLoader=!0,this.observerLoading=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-observerloading"),this.logData=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-logdata"),this.logUnfilled=!0,this.logData&&(d=this.
adElement.getAttribute("data-logdatapercent"),Math.floor(1E3*Math.random())>d&&(this.logData=!1)),this.getRefreshTime=function(){var a=this.refreshTime;1==this.firstRefresh&&(this.firstRefresh=!1,a=this.firstRefreshTime);I&&(a-=1500);return a},this.getRefreshValue=function(){if(0==this.refreshNumber&&!this.refreshable)return"not";this.refreshNumber++;return 20<this.refreshNumber?"max":this.refreshNumber.toString()},this.load=function(){var a=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-small"),b=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-medium"),d=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-large"),f=!1;if(a&&WH.shared.isSmallSize||b&&WH.shared.isMedSize||d&&WH.shared.isLargeSize)f=!0;if(!f)this.disabled=!0;else if(!("undefined"!=typeof WH.gdpr&&WH.gdpr.isEULocation()&&WH.gdpr.hasCookiePolicyPageOptOut()||1==this.isLoaded)){if("dfp"==this.service){var c=this;window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){0==c.slotDefined&&(g("defining new ad slot",c.adTargetId,c.sizesArray,c),g("defineSlot new ad slot",c.adunitpath
,c.sizesArray,c.adTargetId),r[c.adTargetId]=window.googletag.defineSlot(c.adunitpath,c.sizesArray,c.adTargetId),r[c.adTargetId].addService(window.googletag.pubads()),r[c.adTargetId].setCollapseEmptyDiv(!1),window.googletag.display(c.adTargetId),c.slotDefined=!0);c.isDFPLoading=!0;"small"!=c.adSize&&0<c.height&&"lgm_outvd"!=c.type&&"lgm_gamoutvd"!=c.type&&"sma_gamoutvd"!=c.type&&(c.element.style.minHeight=c.height+"px");if(a=r[a])g("clearing kvp for ad",c.adTargetId),a.clearTargeting();if(c.apsload){var a=c.adTargetId;P(c)}c.pbload&&O(c);c.apsload||c.pbload||x(c)})}else"dfplight"==this.service?insertDFPLightAd(this):"optout"==this.service?xa(this):Z(this);this.isLoaded=!0}},this.refresh=function(){var a=this;if(ua())g("refresh: doc hidden"),setTimeout(function(){a.refresh()},5E3);else{this.lastRefreshScrollY=window.scrollY;var b=window.innerHeight||document.documentElement.clientHeight,d=this.element.getBoundingClientRect();E(d,b,!1,a)?(b=this.getRefreshValue(),this.maxRefresh&&b>this.
maxRefresh?(g("max refreshes reached returning"),this.refreshable=!1):(this.isRefreshLoad=!0,this.apsload&&P(this),this.pbload&&O(this),this.apsload||this.pbload||x(this))):setTimeout(function(){a.refresh()},5E3)}},this.show=function(){this.adElement.style.display="block"},this.instantLoad&&"adsense"==this.service&&this.load()):(this.disabled=!0,d.style.display="none")}else this.disabled=!0,d.parentElement.removeChild(d),d.style.display="none"}}function da(a){ba.call(this,a)}function Ca(a){ba.call(this,a);this.disabled||(a.parentElement.style.display="none",this.scrollToTimer=null,this.slotRendered=!0,this.lastScrollPositionY=0,this.scrolltoNewLoad=!0,"IntersectionObserver"in window||(this.scrolltoNewLoad=!1),this.prebidAdUnitTest=1==this.adElement.getAttribute("data-prebidadunittest"),this.maxNonSteps=parseInt(this.adElement.getAttribute("data-maxnonsteps")),this.maxSteps=parseInt(this.adElement.getAttribute("data-maxsteps")),this.noStepsAds=!1,0<document.getElementsByClassName(
"questions_as_methods_articles").length&&(this.noStepsAds=!0),this.loadedElements=[],this.updateVisibility=function(){if(0==this.slotRendered)g("updateVisibility: will not try to insert scrollto ad because prev render is not done");else if(1>this.maxNonSteps&&1>this.maxSteps)F&&(window.removeEventListener("scroll",F),F=null);else if(this.lastScrollPositionY=window.scrollY,10<this.lastScrollPositionY){null!==this.scrollToTimer&&clearTimeout(this.scrollToTimer);var a=this;this.scrollToTimer=setTimeout(function(){a.load()},1E3)}},this.loadScrolltoNew=function(){G.unobserve(u);var a=1==u.getAttribute("data-isstep");if(!(a&&1>this.maxSteps||!a&&1>this.maxNonSteps)){var b=document.createElement("div"),f=document.createElement("div");this.height&&(b.style.minHeight=this.height+"px");f.id=this.adTargetId;b.className="wh_ad_inner wh_ad_active wh_ad_spacing";b.className+=" w_label al_grey";u.classList.contains("before")&&(b.className+=" before");u.classList.contains("during")&&(b.className+=
" during");u.classList.contains("after")&&(b.className+=" after");b.appendChild(f);u.after(b);this.insertSlotValue=10<t?"0"+t:"00"+t;t++;this.element.id="scrollto_ad_"+t;a?this.maxSteps--:this.maxNonSteps--;ea(this)}},this.load=function(){if(!this.scrolltoNewLoad)if((window.innerWidth||document.documentElement.clientWidth)<WH.mediumScreenMinWidth)this.maxSteps=this.maxNonSteps=0;else if("undefined"==typeof WH.gdpr||!WH.gdpr.isEULocation()||!WH.gdpr.hasCookiePolicyPageOptOut()){a:{var a=window.innerHeight||document.documentElement.clientHeight;var b=document.getElementsByClassName("section"),f=!1;this.questionsPage&&(f=!0,b=document.getElementsByClassName("qa_aq"));this.listPage&&(f=!0);for(var c=null,g=!1,h=0;h<b.length;h++)if(!(f&&h%2)){var k=b[h];if("aiinfo"!=k.id&&!k.classList.contains("bss_share_container")&&!k.classList.contains("tips")&&!k.classList.contains("references")){if(1==g){var m=k.getElementsByClassName("section_text");if(!m.length&&!f){a=null;break a}f||(k=m[m.length-1]
);if("references_second"==k.id)continue;m=k.getBoundingClientRect();if(m.bottom>=screenTop&&m.bottom<=a)continue;c=k;break}if("intro"!=k.id){if(k.classList.contains("steps")&&!this.noStepsAds){m=k.getElementsByClassName("steps_list_2");if(!m||!m[0])continue;k=a;m=m[0].childNodes;for(var l=null,n=0;n<m.length;n++){var p=m[n];if("LI"==p.nodeName){var q=p.getBoundingClientRect();if(E(q,k,!1,this)&&!(q.bottom>=screenTop&&q.bottom<=k)){l=p;break}}}k=l;if(!k)continue;c=k;break}if((m=k.getElementsByClassName("section_text"))&&m[0]||f)if(f||(k=m[0]),m=k.getBoundingClientRect(),E(m,a,!1,this))if(m.bottom>=screenTop&&m.bottom<=a)g=!0;else{c=k;break}}}}a=c}a&&(b="LI"==a.tagName,b&&1>this.maxSteps||!b&&1>this.maxNonSteps||(f=a.getElementsByTagName("INS"),0<f.length||(f=a.getElementsByClassName("wh_ad_active"),0<f.length||(0<a.getElementsByClassName("addTipElement").length&&a.classList.add("has_scrolltoad"),f=document.createElement("div"),c=document.createElement("div"),this.height&&(f.style.
minHeight=this.height+"px"),c.id=this.adTargetId,f.className="wh_ad_inner wh_ad_active wh_ad_spacing",f.className+=" w_label al_grey scrollto_old",f.appendChild(c),a.appendChild(f),this.insertSlotValue=10<t?"0"+t:"00"+t,t++,this.element.id="scrollto_ad_"+t,b?this.maxSteps--:this.maxNonSteps--,ea(this)))))}})}function Da(a){var d=document.getElementById("scrollto-promo"),b=d.getAttribute("data-promos"),c=JSON.parse(b);b=c.pop();d.setAttribute("data-promos",JSON.stringify(c));c=document.createElement("a");c.setAttribute("href",b.url);d=a.adTargetId+"_a";c.id=d;var e=document.createElement("img");e.setAttribute("loading","lazy");e.setAttribute("width",728);e.setAttribute("height",90);e.setAttribute("src",b.src);c.appendChild(e);e=document.getElementById(a.adTargetId);e.appendChild(c);e.style.width="728px";document.getElementById(a.adTargetId).appendChild(c);c=a.adElement.getAttribute("data-adexcludepage");WH.eventView("article_promo_house_scrollto_click_go_sc",{course_name:b.course_name,
dest_url:b.url,ad_exclude:c},"#"+d,"click");a.adTargetId=a.element.id;a.slotRendered=!0}function ea(a){"house"==a.service?Da(a):"dfp"==a.service?(a.slotRendered=!1,window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){g("defining new ad slot",a.adTargetId,a.sizesArray,a);r[a.adTargetId]=window.googletag.defineSlot(a.adunitpath,a.sizesArray,a.adTargetId);r[a.adTargetId].addService(window.googletag.pubads());r[a.adTargetId].clearTargeting();r[a.adTargetId].setTargeting("slot",a.insertSlotValue);window.googletag.display(a.adTargetId);a.apsload&&P(a);a.pbload&&O(a);a.pbload||a.apsload||x(a)})):(Z(a),a.adTargetId=a.element.id,a.slotRendered=!0)}function E(a,d,b,c){var f=H;b&&(b=d,c instanceof da&&(b=2*d),f=0-b,d+=b);return a.top>=f&&a.top<=d||a.bottom>=f&&a.bottom<=d||a.top<=f&&a.bottom>=d||c.last&&a.top<=f?!0:!1}function fa(a,d){if(!a.isLoaded&&0!=a.useScrollLoader){var b=a.element.getBoundingClientRect();E(b,d,!0,a)&&a.load()}}function Ea(){for(var a=window.innerHeight||document.documentElement.
clientHeight,d=[],b=0;b<k.length;b++){var c=b;var e=k[b];var g=a;if(K)e=void 0;else{var h=e.adElement.getBoundingClientRect();if(E(h,g,!1,e))if(g=H+parseInt(e.height),h.bottom<g&&!e.last)"bottom"!=e.position&&(e.element.style.position="absolute",e.element.style.top="auto",e.element.style.bottom="0",e.position="bottom");else if(h.top<=H){"fixed"!=e.position&&(e.element.style.position="fixed",e.isFixed=!0,e.position="fixed");g=H;if(e.last){var l=window.scrollY+H+parseInt(e.height),m=document.documentElement.scrollHeight-Q;l>m&&(g-=l-m)}e.element.style.top=g+"px"}else"top"!=e.position&&(e.element.style.position="absolute",e.element.style.top="0",e.element.style.bottom="auto",e.position="top");else"fixed"==e.position&&(e.element.style.position="absolute",e.element.style.top="0",e.element.style.bottom="auto",e.position="top");e=h.height}d[c]=e}a=k;if(WH.shared.isLargeSize&&!(ha||40<=ia||"complete"!=document.readyState)){ia++;b=0;if(c=document.getElementById("sidebar"))b=c.offsetHeight;c=0;
if(e=document.getElementById("article"))c=e.offsetHeight;if(0<c&&0<b&&b>c){c=parseInt((b-c+10)/3);e=!1;for(b=0;b<a.length;b++){h=d[b]-c;if(600>h){e=!0;break}a[b].element.style.height=h+"px"}if(1==e){for(b=1;b<a.length;b++)d=a[b].element,d.parentElement.removeChild(d);a.length=1}ha=!0}}}function R(){for(var a=!0,d=window.innerHeight||document.documentElement.clientHeight,b=0;b<k.length;b++){var c=k[b];c.isLoaded||(a=!1,fa(c,d))}for(b in v)c=v[b],c.isLoaded||(a=!1,fa(c,d));a&&(window.removeEventListener("scroll",L),L=null)}function Fa(){q.updateVisibility()}function Ga(a){(new IntersectionObserver(function(a,b){a.forEach(function(a){a.isIntersecting&&loadABG()})},{rootMargin:"0px 0px "+(5*M+40)+"px 0px"})).observe(a)}function ja(a){!a&&WH.shared.isSmallSize||"undefined"!=typeof WH.gdpr&&WH.gdpr.isEULocation()&&WH.gdpr.hasCookiePolicyPageOptOut()||!("IntersectionObserver"in window)||G||(g("setting up scrollto observer"),G=new IntersectionObserver(function(a,b){a.forEach(function(a){Ha(a.
target,a.isIntersecting)})},{rootMargin:"0px 0px 0px 0px"}),document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){if(q&&!q.disabled)for(var a=document.getElementsByClassName("scrolltomarker"),b=0;b<a.length;b++)G.observe(a[b])},!1))}function ka(){if(1==la)return!1;var a=document.getElementById("sidebar").offsetHeight;return 600>document.scrollingElement.scrollHeight-a?(la=!0,!1):!0}function ma(){if(!(1>k.length)){var a=k[k.length-1];if(!(2>k.length&&1!=a.lastRRAd)){var d=document.getElementById("sidebar").offsetHeight,b=document.scrollingElement.scrollHeight,c=a.adElement.offsetHeight,e=document.scrollingElement.scrollHeight;e>b&&(a.adElement.style.height=b-(d-c)-500-(e-b)-50+"px")}}}function na(a){var d=document.getElementById(a);if(d)if(1==d.parentElement.getAttribute("data-affiliatecheck"))d.parentElement.setAttribute("data-affiliatecheck",0),d.parentElement.classList.remove("w_label"),d.classList.remove("w_label"),S.push(a);else{var b=null;a=d.parentElement.getAttribute(
"data-type");if("rightrail"==a&&2<k.length&&!ka())d.parentElement.parentElement.removeChild(d.parentElement);else{b="scrollto"==a?new Ca(d):new da(d);d=null==A?!1:!0;var c=!1;b.disabled||((I=1==b.adElement.getAttribute("data-prebidtimeouttest"))&&g("prebid timeout test active"),"rightrail"==b.type?(b.last=!0,0<k.length&&(k[k.length-1].last=!1),k.push(b),d&&b.observerLoading&&0==b.instantLoad&&(c=!0,b.useScrollLoader=!1)):"toc"==b.type?(B=b,b.adElement.style.display="none"):"scrollto"==b.type?(q=b,b.scrolltoNewLoad||(F=WH.shared.throttle(Fa,100),window.addEventListener("scroll",F))):"quiz"==b.type?(C[b.adElement.parentElement.id]=b,b.adElement.parentElement.addEventListener("change",function(a){a=this.id;C[a]&&(b.adElement.classList.remove("hidden"),C[a].load())})):(v[b.element.id]=b,d&&b.observerLoading&&0==b.instantLoad&&(c=!0,b.useScrollLoader=!1)),"dfp"==b.service?(oa&&(oa=!1,Ga(b.element)),"scrollto"!=b.type&&b.dfpdisplaylate?window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){b.slotDefined=!1;b.
instantLoad&&(g("will do instant load"),b.load());1==c&&("lgm_outvd"==b.type||"sma_outvd"==b.type?T.observe(b.element):A.observe(b.element))}):"scrollto"!=b.type&&window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){window.googletag.display(b.adTargetId)})):1==c&&A.observe(b.element),b.pbserverload&&(z=!0),b.pbload&&"dfp"==b.service&&window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){n()}))}}}function pa(a){var d=v[a.id];d&&d.load();for(var b=!1,c=null,e=0;e<k.length;e+=1)d=k[e],d.element==a&&(c=d),1==d.isDFPLoading&&(b=!0);null!=c&&(0==b?c.load():qa.push(c))}function Ha(a,d){d?u!=a&&1!=q.isLoadingAd&&(u=a,q.newScrollToTimer=setTimeout(function(){u!=a||q.loadedElements.includes(a)||(q.loadedElements.push(a),q.isLoadingAd=!0,q.loadScrolltoNew(),q.isLoadingAd=!1)},1700)):u==a&&(u=null)}var k=[],qa=[],r=[],S=[],oa=!0,ha=!1,ia=0,J=1,I=!1,C={},X={},q=null,u=null,t=1,B,v={},L=null,F=null,G=null,ra=null,la=!1,ca=0,H=WH.shared.TOP_MENU_HEIGHT,Q=114,M=window.innerHeight||document.documentElement.clientHeight,A=null,N=2*M,T=
null;WH.shared.isSmallSize&&window.dfpSmall&&(N=5*M);N="0px 0px "+N+"px 0px";var Ia="0px 0px "+M+"px 0px",D=!1,K=!1;window.CSS&&window.CSS.supports&&window.CSS.supports("position","sticky")&&(K=!0);var z=!1;"undefined"!==typeof WH.gdpr&&(WH.gdpr.isEULocation()&&(D=!0),D&&"fr.wikihow.com"==location.hostname&&0<=[25].indexOf(parseInt(window.bucketId))&&(D=!1));window.googletag=window.googletag||{};window.googletag.cmd=window.googletag.cmd||[];var V={buckets:[{precision:2,max:3,increment:.01},{precision:2,max:8,increment:.05},{precision:2,max:20,increment:.5},{precision:2,max:45,increment:1}]},W=[{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_sma_intro",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,100]}},bids:[{bidder:"grid",params:{uid:168936}},{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"3920756"}},{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"689109",size:[300,100]}},{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"545615509",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}},{bidder:"triplelift",params:{inventoryCode:
"Wikihow_engl_ads_sma_intro_320x100_PrebidS2S"}},{bidder:"verizonmedia",params:{pos:"engl_engl_ads_sma_intro_320x100",dcn:"8a96902b01787864b5a56696f2ad0130"}},{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2787128458482753542"}},{bidder:"rubicon",params:{accountId:15274,zoneId:2111142,siteId:365592}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_sma_step2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"grid",params:{uid:168939}},{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"3920757"}},{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"689110",size:[300,250]}},{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"545615510",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}},{bidder:"triplelift",params:{inventoryCode:"Wikihow_engl_ads_sma_step2_300x250_PrebidS2S"}},{bidder:"verizonmedia",params:{pos:"engl_engl_ads_sma_step2_300x250",dcn:"8a96902b01787864b5a56696f2ad0130"}},{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2787128459212562439"}},{bidder:"rubicon",params:{accountId:15274,zoneId:2111144,siteId:365592}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_sma_step5",
mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"grid",params:{uid:168941}},{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"3920758"}},{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"689111",size:[300,250]}},{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"545615511",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}},{bidder:"triplelift",params:{inventoryCode:"Wikihow_engl_ads_sma_step5_300x250_PrebidS2S"}},{bidder:"verizonmedia",params:{pos:"engl_engl_ads_sma_step5_300x250",dcn:"8a96902b01787864b5a56696f2ad0130"}},{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2787128459682324488"}},{bidder:"rubicon",params:{accountId:15274,zoneId:2111146,siteId:365592}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_sma_meth0",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"grid",params:{uid:168938}},{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"3920759"}},{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"689112",size:[300,250]}},{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"545615512",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}},{bidder:"triplelift",params:{inventoryCode:
"Wikihow_engl_ads_sma_meth0_300x250_PrebidS2S"}},{bidder:"verizonmedia",params:{pos:"engl_engl_ads_sma_meth0_300x250",dcn:"8a96902b01787864b5a56696f2ad0130"}},{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2787128460068200457"}},{bidder:"rubicon",params:{accountId:15274,zoneId:2111148,siteId:365592}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_sma_qanda",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"grid",params:{uid:168937}},{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"3920760"}},{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"689113",size:[300,250]}},{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"545615513",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}},{bidder:"triplelift",params:{inventoryCode:"Wikihow_engl_ads_sma_qanda_300x250_PrebidS2S"}},{bidder:"verizonmedia",params:{pos:"engl_engl_ads_sma_qanda_300x250",dcn:"8a96902b01787864b5a56696f2ad0130"}},{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2787128460806397962"}},{bidder:"rubicon",params:{accountId:15274,zoneId:2111150,siteId:365592}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_sma_tipps",
mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"grid",params:{uid:168942}},{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"3920761"}},{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"689114",size:[300,250]}},{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"545615514",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}},{bidder:"triplelift",params:{inventoryCode:"Wikihow_engl_ads_sma_tipps_300x250_PrebidS2S"}},{bidder:"verizonmedia",params:{pos:"engl_engl_ads_sma_tipps_300x250",dcn:"8a96902b01787864b5a56696f2ad0130"}},{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2787128461099999243"}},{bidder:"rubicon",params:{accountId:15274,zoneId:2111152,siteId:365592}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_sma_warns",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"grid",params:{uid:168943}},{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"3920762"}},{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"689115",size:[300,250]}},{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"545615515",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}},{bidder:"triplelift",params:{inventoryCode:
"Wikihow_engl_ads_sma_warns_300x250_PrebidS2S"}},{bidder:"verizonmedia",params:{pos:"engl_engl_ads_sma_warns_300x250",dcn:"8a96902b01787864b5a56696f2ad0130"}},{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2787128462039523340"}},{bidder:"rubicon",params:{accountId:15274,zoneId:2111154,siteId:365592}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_sma_relat",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"grid",params:{uid:168940}},{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"3920763"}},{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"689116",size:[300,250]}},{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"545615516",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}},{bidder:"triplelift",params:{inventoryCode:"Wikihow_engl_ads_sma_relat_300x250_PrebidS2S"}},{bidder:"verizonmedia",params:{pos:"engl_engl_ads_sma_relat_300x250",dcn:"8a96902b01787864b5a56696f2ad0130"}},{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2787128463348146189"}},{bidder:"rubicon",params:{accountId:15274,zoneId:2111156,siteId:365592}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_sma_bottm",
mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"grid",params:{uid:168934}},{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"3920764"}},{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"689117",size:[300,250]}},{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"545615517",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}},{bidder:"triplelift",params:{inventoryCode:"Wikihow_engl_ads_sma_bottm_300x250_PrebidS2S"}},{bidder:"verizonmedia",params:{pos:"engl_engl_ads_sma_bottm_300x250",dcn:"8a96902b01787864b5a56696f2ad0130"}},{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2787128464228950030"}},{bidder:"rubicon",params:{accountId:15274,zoneId:2111158,siteId:365592}}]}],w=[{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[[300,250],[300,600],[120,600],[160,600]]}},bids:[{bidder:"grid",params:{uid:168935}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"appnexus",params:{placementId:19512203}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,600]}},bids:[{
bidder:"appnexus",params:{placementId:19512204}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[120,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"appnexus",params:{placementId:19512206}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[160,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"appnexus",params:{placementId:19512207}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"2946786"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"2946788"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[120,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"2946816"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[160,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"2946817"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:
{banner:{sizes:[[300,250],[300,600],[120,600],[160,600]]}},bids:[{bidder:"rubicon",params:{accountId:"15274",zoneId:"1753132",siteId:"333816"}},{bidder:"triplelift",params:{inventoryCode:"Wikihow_engl_gam_lgm_rght2_Prebid"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"531042",size:[300,250]}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"531043",size:[300,600]}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[120,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"531044",size:[120,600]}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[160,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"531045",size:[160,600]}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"541138158",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",
mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"541138159",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[120,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"541138160",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[160,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"541138161",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"onemobile",params:{pos:"8a96954f01747430358b365407b70330",dcn:"8a96954f01747430358b3651f057032b"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"onemobile",params:{pos:"8a96954f01747430358b36549b1d0332",dcn:"8a96954f01747430358b3651f057032b"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[120,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"onemobile",params:{pos:"8a96954f01747430358b3654d1b40333",dcn:
"8a96954f01747430358b3651f057032b"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[160,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"onemobile",params:{pos:"8a96954f01747430358b3653c5d0032f",dcn:"8a96954f01747430358b3651f057032b"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2508866731389165650"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2508866731498217555"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[120,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2508866731573715028"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[160,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2508866731657601109"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[160,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"sharethrough",params:{pkey:"TEFyg552FA0rWm8WyfBGUjyZ",iframeSize:[160,
600]}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"sharethrough",params:{pkey:"QdqFVSPLRV5oZNThNKyH9cpm",iframeSize:[300,250]}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght2",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"sharethrough",params:{pkey:"iclw8Nduh0yGDBIML8Fh0I08",iframeSize:[300,600]}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[[300,250],[300,600],[120,600],[160,600]]}},bids:[{bidder:"grid",params:{uid:168935}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"appnexus",params:{placementId:19512203}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"appnexus",params:{placementId:19512204}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[120,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"appnexus",params:{placementId:19512206}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[160,
600]}},bids:[{bidder:"appnexus",params:{placementId:19512207}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"2946786"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"2946788"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[120,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"2946816"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[160,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"2946817"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[[300,250],[300,600],[120,600],[160,600]]}},bids:[{bidder:"rubicon",params:{accountId:"15274",zoneId:"1753132",siteId:"333816"}},{bidder:"triplelift",params:{inventoryCode:"Wikihow_engl_gam_lgm_rght2_Prebid"}}]},{code:
"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"531042",size:[300,250]}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"531043",size:[300,600]}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[120,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"531044",size:[120,600]}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[160,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"531045",size:[160,600]}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"541138158",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"541138159",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[120,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"openx",params:{
unit:"541138160",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[160,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"541138161",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"onemobile",params:{pos:"8a96954f01747430358b365407b70330",dcn:"8a96954f01747430358b3651f057032b"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"onemobile",params:{pos:"8a96954f01747430358b36549b1d0332",dcn:"8a96954f01747430358b3651f057032b"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[120,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"onemobile",params:{pos:"8a96954f01747430358b3654d1b40333",dcn:"8a96954f01747430358b3651f057032b"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[160,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"onemobile",params:{pos:"8a96954f01747430358b3653c5d0032f",dcn:"8a96954f01747430358b3651f057032b"}}]},
{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2508866731389165650"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2508866731498217555"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[120,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2508866731573715028"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[160,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2508866731657601109"}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[160,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"sharethrough",params:{pkey:"TEFyg552FA0rWm8WyfBGUjyZ",iframeSize:[160,600]}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"sharethrough",params:{pkey:"QdqFVSPLRV5oZNThNKyH9cpm",iframeSize:[300,250]}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_rght3",mediaTypes
:{banner:{sizes:[300,600]}},bids:[{bidder:"sharethrough",params:{pkey:"iclw8Nduh0yGDBIML8Fh0I08",iframeSize:[300,600]}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_promo",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[300,250]}},bids:[{bidder:"grid",params:{uid:168930}},{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"3484049"}},{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"632550",size:[300,250]}},{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"543971537",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}},{bidder:"appnexus",params:{placementId:"21222616"}},{bidder:"triplelift",params:{inventoryCode:"Wikihow_engl_gam_lgm_promo_300x250_Prebid"}},{bidder:"onemobile",params:{pos:"engl_gam_lgm_promo",dcn:"8a96954f01747430358b3651f057032b"}},{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2687163485543932751"}},{bidder:"rubicon",params:{accountId:"15274",zoneId:"1986294",siteId:"333816"}},{bidder:"sharethrough",params:{pkey:"2dgIVEkekDipUsLpIoCw26EN",iframeSize:[300,250]}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_intro",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[728,90]}},bids:[{bidder:
"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"3224244"}},{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"579269",size:[728,90]}},{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"542288967",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}},{bidder:"appnexus",params:{placementId:"20261433"}},{bidder:"triplelift",params:{inventoryCode:"Wikihow_engl_gam_lgm_intro_728x90_Prebid"}},{bidder:"onemobile",params:{pos:"8a9694c7017474db0327dc33df760300",dcn:"8a96954f01747430358b3651f057032b"}},{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2581129714336735279"}},{bidder:"rubicon",params:{accountId:"15274",zoneId:"1849302",siteId:"333816"}},{bidder:"sharethrough",params:{pkey:"QziDJYElLkw7LFscfNzZmTfF",iframeSize:[728,90]}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_all_scrol",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[728,90]}},bids:[{bidder:"grid",params:{uid:168908}},{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"2946818"}},{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"531046",size:[728,90]}},{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"541138162",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}},{bidder:"appnexus",
params:{placementId:"19512208"}},{bidder:"triplelift",params:{inventoryCode:"Wikihow_engl_gam_all_728x90_Prebid"}},{bidder:"onemobile",params:{pos:"8a96954f01747430358b365459b80331",dcn:"8a96954f01747430358b3651f057032b"}},{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2508866731741487190"}},{bidder:"rubicon",params:{accountId:"15274",zoneId:"1753134",siteId:"333816"}},{bidder:"sharethrough",params:{pkey:"YRwAUQ4n3r0xdDMH0TOrPfnH",iframeSize:[728,90]}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_early",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[728,90]}},bids:[{bidder:"grid",params:{uid:168926}},{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"3224245"}},{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"579271",size:[728,90]}},{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"542288968",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}},{bidder:"appnexus",params:{placementId:"20261434"}},{bidder:"triplelift",params:{inventoryCode:"Wikihow_engl_gam_lgm_early_728x90_Prebid"}},{bidder:"onemobile",params:{pos:"8a9690fd017474dafe8adc342f970052",dcn:
"8a96954f01747430358b3651f057032b"}},{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2581129714420621360"}},{bidder:"rubicon",params:{accountId:"15274",zoneId:"1849304",siteId:"333816"}},{bidder:"sharethrough",params:{pkey:"gRRuNlH2aMjBmEgjkjw9vqwh",iframeSize:[728,90]}}]},{code:"/10095428/engl/engl_gam_lgm_later",mediaTypes:{banner:{sizes:[728,90]}},bids:[{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"159508",adSlot:"3224246"}},{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:"579273",size:[728,90]}},{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:"542288969",delDomain:"wikihow-d.openx.net"}},{bidder:"appnexus",params:{placementId:"20261435"}},{bidder:"triplelift",params:{inventoryCode:"Wikihow_engl_gam_lgm_later_728x90_Prebid"}},{bidder:"onemobile",params:{pos:"8a9694c7017474db0327dc347a0a0301",dcn:"8a96954f01747430358b3651f057032b"}},{bidder:"yieldmo",params:{placementId:"2581129714504507441"}},{bidder:"rubicon",params:{accountId:"15274",zoneId:"1849306",siteId:"333816"}}]}];window.pbjs=window.pbjs||{};window.pbjs.que=window.pbjs.que||[]
;window.pbjsrequested=!1;window.pbjsloaded=!1;window.googletag&&(window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){window.googletag.pubads().addEventListener("slotRequested",function(a){a=a.slot;var d=a.getSlotId().getDomId(),b=a.getSlotId().getAdUnitPath();g("GPT slotRequested:",d,b,a.getTargetingMap())})}),window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){window.googletag.pubads().addEventListener("slotResponseReceived",function(a){a=a.slot;var d=a.getSlotId().getDomId(),b=a.getSlotId().getAdUnitPath(),c=a.getResponseInformation(),e=null,k=null;c?(e=c.campaignId,k=c.lineItemId):g("GPT slotResponseReceived: no response information received for request",d);2622783038==e?g("GPT slotResponseReceived: aps won",d,b,"campaign:",e,"lineItem:",k,"queryId:",a.getEscapedQemQueryId()):2709340992==e?g("GPT slotResponseReceived: prebid won",d,b,"campaign:",e,"lineItem:",k,"queryId:",a.getEscapedQemQueryId()):g("GPT slotResponseReceived",d,b,"response info",c,"queryId:",a.getEscapedQemQueryId())})}));"IntersectionObserver"
in window&&(A=new IntersectionObserver(function(a,d){a.forEach(function(a){a.isIntersecting&&(pa(a.target),A.unobserve(a.target))})},{rootMargin:N}),T=new IntersectionObserver(function(a,d){a.forEach(function(a){a.isIntersecting&&(pa(a.target),T.unobserve(a.target))})},{rootMargin:Ia}));WH.isMobile&&(Q=314);var aa=function(){var a=window.navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase(),d="",b=/safari/.test(a);b&&(d="safari");var c=/chrome/.test(a);c&&b&&(d="chrome");(c=/crios/.test(a))&&b&&(d="chrome");(b=/firefox/.test(a))&&(d="firefox");(b=/fxios/.test(a))&&(d="firefox");if(d){a="intl";"en"==window.WH.pageLang&&(a="en");b="desktop";WH.shared.isSmallSize&&(b="mobile");c="";var e=("; "+document.cookie).split("; vr=");2==e.length&&(e=e.pop().split(";").shift(),1<e.length&&(c=e.substring(0,2)));if("US"!=c)return{};c={chrome:{mobile:{en:{intro:3831013383,step2:2761689897},intl:{intro:4981525093,step2:2952142028}},desktop:{en:{intro:3427263678,rightrail:1512187404},intl:{intro:7301847935,rightrail:
7547112715}}},firefox:{mobile:{en:{intro:6026147487,step2:2909029558},intl:{intro:4819757463,step2:8189238406}},desktop:{en:{intro:2422175900,rightrail:6764514081},intl:{intro:3707337418,rightrail:4628185779}}},safari:{mobile:{en:{intro:1042280081,step2:8891768372},intl:{intro:1453381617,step2:8537626724}},desktop:{en:{intro:7366508688,rightrail:2323572165},intl:{intro:9708519428,rightrail:6103035071}}}};e={};d in c&&b in c[d]&&a in c[d][b]&&(e=c[d][b][a]);return e}}();return{init:function(){var a=(window.innerWidth||document.documentElement.clientWidth)>=WH.largeScreenMinWidth;A||(L=WH.shared.throttle(R,100),window.addEventListener("scroll",L));1!=a||K||(ra=WH.shared.throttle(Ea,10),window.addEventListener("scroll",ra));a&&document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){if(10>k.length){var a=document.getElementById("afscontainer1");a&&a.parentElement.parentElement.removeChild(a.parentElement)}var d=document.getElementById("sidebar"),c=document.getElementById("content_inner");!
d||!c||1>k.length||(a=k[k.length-1],2>k.length&&1!=a.lastRRAd||(d=d.offsetHeight,c=c.offsetHeight,a.adElement.style.height=document.scrollingElement.scrollHeight-(d-a.adElement.offsetHeight)-500+"px",c=d-c,0<c&&(c=2E3-c,600>c&&(c=600),a&&a.adElement&&(a.adElement.style.height=c+"px"),1<k.length&&"house"==a.service&&(a=k[k.length-2])&&a.adElement&&(a.adElement.style.height="600px")),ma()))},!1);document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){R()},!1);WH.shared&&WH.shared.addResizeFunction(R);if(K&&"ResizeObserver"in window){a=new ResizeObserver(function(a){ma()});document.scrollingElement&&a.observe(document.scrollingElement);var d=document.getElementById("mw-mf-page-center");d&&a.observe(d)}ja(!1)},addBodyAd:na,addExtraRRElemement:function(a,d){var b=document.getElementById(a);ka()||b.parentElement.removeChild(b);WH.eventView("rightrail_extra_sections_click",{section:d},"#"+a+" a","click")},loadTOCAd:function(a){if("string"===typeof a&&(a=a.slice(1),a=document.getElementById(a)
,B)){var d=$(a).next(".section").find(".steps_list_2 > li:first");$(a).hasClass("mw-headline")&&(d=$(a).parents(".section:first").find(".steps_list_2 > li:first"));d.length&&(d.append($(B.adElement)),B.load(),B.adElement.style.display="block",B=null)}},slotRendered:function(a,d,b){a=b.slot;var c=a.getSlotId().getDomId(),e=a.getSlotId().getAdUnitPath(),k=b.isEmpty,h="",l=a.getResponseInformation(),m=window.location.href;-1!=m.indexOf("adslog=1")&&(l&&0==l.isBackfill&&(window.location.href.indexOf("adsraw=1"),h=a.getHtml(),h=[h]),1==k?(g("GPT slotRenderedEnded: ad is empty:",c,e),(-1<c.indexOf("scrollto_ad")||-1<c.indexOf("method_ad"))&&(h=document.getElementById(c))&&(m=window.location.href)&&0>m.indexOf("showemptyads=1")&&(g("GPT slotRenderedEnded: removing empty ad:",h),h.parentElement.parentElement.removeChild(h.parentElement))):(m=a.getResponseInformation().campaignId,2622783038==m?g("GPT slotRenderedEnded:",c,"aps creative:",h):2709340992==m?g("GPT slotRenderedEnded:",c,
"prebid creative:",h):g("GPT slotRenderedEnded creative:",c,h)));1!=k||"outstreamVid"!=c&&"outstreamVidSmall"!=c&&"gamOutstreamVidSmall_ad_1"!=c||(h=document.getElementById(c),m=window.location.href,h&&m&&0>m.indexOf("showemptyads=1")&&(WH.shared.isSmallSize&&(c=h.parentElement.nextSibling.nextSibling.nextSibling)&&"al_method"==c.className&&(c.parentElement.removeChild(c),g("removing ad label for empty video ad")),g("GPT slotRenderedEnded: removing empty video ad:",h),h.parentElement.parentElement.removeChild(h.parentElement)));if(b=ta(b))b.logData&&Y(b.adunitpath,k),k&&WH.largeEventView("empty_GPT_ad",{ad:e}),b.pbTargetingAdded=!1,b.apsDisplayBidsCalled=!1,b.slotRendered=!0,b.isDFPLoading=!1,"scrollto"==b.type&&(b.adTargetId=b.element.id),"rightrail"==b.type&&(b.height=b.element.offsetHeight,b.element.classList.remove("blockthrough"),b.extraChild&&d&&300>parseInt(d[1])?b.extraChild.style.visibility="visible":b.extraChild&&(b.extraChild.style.visibility="hidden"),(d=qa.shift())&&d.load
())},impressionViewable:function(a){for(var c,b=0;b<k.length;b++){var f=k[b];r[f.adTargetId]==a&&(c=f)}c&&(c.height=c.element.offsetHeight,c.refreshable&&c.viewablerefresh&&setTimeout(function(){c.refresh()},c.getRefreshTime()))},loadAdSpacing:function(){for(var a in v){var c=v[a];c&&c.element&&c.height&&(c.element.style.height=c.height+"px")}},gdprAccepted:function(){for(var a=0;a<k.length;a++){var c=k[a];0==a&&c.load()}for(a in v)c=v[a],c.instantLoad&&c.load()},promoLoadEvent:function(a,c,b){},refreshRRAd:function(){if(WH.shared.isLargeSize&&!(1>k.length)){var a=k[0];a.actionrefresh&&(a.adElement.style.height="600px",a.refresh())}},setCustomBottomMarginHeight:function(a){Q=parseInt(a)},noAffiliatePlacements:function(){for(var a in S){var c=S[a];na(c);"rightrail0_ad_1"==c&&(c=document.getElementById(c))&&c.classList.add("w_label")}if(q)for($('<div class="scrolltomarker before"></div>').insertAfter("#intro"),$('<div class="scrolltomarker before"></div>').insertBefore(
".youmightalsolike"),$('<div class="scrolltomarker during after"></div>').insertBefore("#quiz_container"),$('<div class="scrolltomarker during after"></div>').insertBefore("#newsletter_block_main"),ja(!0),c=document.getElementsByClassName("scrolltomarker"),a=0;a<c.length;a++)G.observe(c[a])}}}();WH.ads.init();</script><div id="content_inner"><script>if (typeof mw != 'undefined') { mw.mobileFrontend.emit( 'header-loaded' ); }</script><div class="pre-content"><ul id="breadcrumb" class="breadcrumbs" aria-label="Category breadcrumbs"><li><a href="/Spezial:CategoryListing" title="Spezial:CategoryListing">Kategorien</a></li><li><a href="/Kategorie:Technik-%26-Elektronik" title="Kategorie:Technik &amp; Elektronik">Technik & Elektronik</a></li><li><a href="/Kategorie:Internet" title="Kategorie:Internet">Internet</a></li><li><a href="/Kategorie:Internet-Sicherheit" title="Kategorie:Internet Sicherheit">Internet Sicherheit</a></li></ul><h1 id="section_0" class="title_md"><a href="https://de.wikihow.com/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren">Ein SSL Zertifikat installieren</a></h1></div><div id="bodyContent" class="content"><script>(function(){'use strict';window.WH=window.WH||{};window.WH.performance={};window.WH.performance.mark=function(name){if(typeof performance!=='undefined'&&typeof performance.mark==='function'){return performance.mark(name);}};window.WH.performance.clearMarks=function(name){if(typeof performance!=='undefined'&&typeof performance.clearMarks==='function'){return performance.clearMarks(name);}};}());</script>
<div id="mw-content-text" lang="de" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
<script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-parser-output">
<div id="intro" class="section hasad sticky">
<a class="large_pdf_link pdf_link slider disabled intl " href="#">
<img src="/extensions/wikihow/socialstamp/images/icon-pdf.svg" width="15" height="15">
PDF herunterladen
</a>
<div id="coauthor_byline" class="article_byline ">
<div id="byline_info">
<a href="#" class="coauthor_link hover_pop hover_pop">Autoreninformation</a>
<p>
<a href="#Referenzen" class="byline_references">Referenzen</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<a class="small_pdf_link pdf_link slider disabled intl " href="#">
<img src="/extensions/wikihow/socialstamp/images/icon-pdf.svg" width="15" height="15">
PDF herunterladen
</a>
<div id="byline_hover" hidden>
<div id="byline_hover_close">X</div>
<div id="byline_hover_body">
<p>
wikiHow ist ein "wiki", was bedeutet, dass viele unserer Artikel von zahlreichen Mitverfassern geschrieben werden. An diesem Artikel arbeiteten bis jetzt 9 Leute, einige anonym, mit, um ihn immer wieder zu aktualisieren.
<br><br>
Dieser Artikel wurde 31.758 Mal aufgerufen.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div role="navigation" id="method_toc" class="intl_toc">
<div>
<div id="method_toc_list">
<span class="header_toc">In diesem Artikel:</span>
<div class="method_toc_item toc_method " id="" data-section="">
<a href="#Mit-Apache">
Mit Apache
</a>
</div>
<div class="method_toc_item toc_method " id="" data-section="">
<a href="#Mit-Microsoft-Internet-Information-Services-.28IIS.29">
Mit Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS)
</a>
</div>
<div class="method_toc_item toc_method " id="" data-section="">
<a href="#Mit-Exchange">
Mit Exchange
</a>
</div>
<div class="method_toc_item toc_method toc_hidden " id="" data-section="">
<a href="#Mit-cPanel">
Mit cPanel
</a>
</div>
<div class="method_toc_item toc_method toc_nav" id="toc_showmore" data-section="">
<a href="#">
Mehr 1 zeigen...
</a>
</div>
<div class="method_toc_item toc_method toc_nav" id="toc_showless" data-section="">
<a href="#">
Weniger zeigen...
</a>
</div>
<div class="method_toc_item toc_post" id="rwh_toc" data-section="#relatedwikihows">
<a href="#relatedwikihows">
Verwandte Artikel
</a>
</div>
<div class="method_toc_item toc_post" id="toc_ref" data-section="#Referenzen">
<a href="#Referenzen">
Literaturhinweise
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div id="toc_line"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0">
<p>SSL-Zertifikate legen fest, wie Webseiten und Dienstleistungen die Validierung für die Verschlüsselung der zwischen ihnen und ihren Kunden übermittelten Daten erhalten. Sie können auch für die Verifizierung benutzt werden, so dass du mit dem Service verbunden bist, mit dem du auch verbunden sein willst (melde ich mich z.B. wirklich bei meinem E-Mail-Anbieter an oder ist das eine betrügerische Kopie?). Wenn du eine Webseite oder einen Dienst betreibst, die bzw. der eine sichere Verbindung erfordert, dann möchtest du vielleicht ein SSL-Zertifikat installieren, um deine Vertrauenswürdigkeit zu validieren. Lies weiter, um zu erfahren, wie das geht.
</p>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="wh_ad_inner w_label al_grey" data-service="adsense" data-instantload="1" data-slot="2583804979" data-width="728" data-height="120" data-smallslot="2831688978" data-smallheight="120" data-type="intro" data-small="1" data-medium="1" data-large="1" data-fa-psrc="https://somoto.imp2aff.com/imp?aid=473&amp;oid=14039107&amp;sub2=728X90_DE_White_Green_Open" data-fa-isrc="/skins/owl/images/fa_assets/de/728X90_DE_White_Green_Open.png" data-fa-href="https://tracking.utlservice.com/click?pid=473&amp;offer_id=14039107&amp;sub2=728X90_DE_White_Green_Open" data-fa-sub2="728X90_DE_White_Green_Open" data-fa-oid="14039107" data-channels="5232454650" data-mobilechannels="" data-largechannels="" data-smallchannels="" data-mediumchannels="" data-observerloading="1" data-sizes-array="0" data-gptdisplaylate="1"><div id="intro_ad_1"></div></div>
<script>WH.ads.addBodyAd('intro_ad_1')</script><script>WH.performance.mark('intro_rendered');</script>
</div>
<div class="wh_ad_inner" data-service="adsense" data-type="scrollto" data-slot="5411724845" data-maxsteps="3" data-maxnonsteps="0" data-width="728" data-height="90" data-large="1" data-channels="5232454650" data-mobilechannels="" data-largechannels="" data-smallchannels="" data-mediumchannels="" data-observerloading="1" data-sizes-array="0" data-gptdisplaylate="1"><div id="scrollto_ad_1"></div></div>
<script>WH.ads.addBodyAd('scrollto_ad_1')</script><h2 class="section-heading hidden" onclick="javascript:mfTempOpenSection(1)">
<div class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element indicator"></div>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Vorgehensweise">Vorgehensweise</span>
</h2>
<div class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1">
<div class="section steps steps_first sticky">
<h3 class="in-block block_header">
<div class="altblock"><div>Methode <span>1</span>
</div>
</div>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Mit-Apache"><div class="method_label">Methode 1 von 4:</div>Mit Apache</span>
</h3>
<div id="vorgehensweise_1" class="section_text">
<ol class="steps_list_2">
<li id="step-id-00">
<a name="step_1_1" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">1</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Erzeuge einen Certificate Signing Request (CSR).</b> Bevor du ein SSL-Zertifikat kaufen und installieren kannst, musst du auf deinem Server ein CSR erzeugen. Diese Datei enthält Daten über deinen Server und deinen öffentlichen Schlüssel und ist erforderlich, um den privaten Schlüssel zu erzeugen. Du kannst ein CSR direkt von der Apache-Kommandozeile erzeugen:
<ul>
<li>Öffne das OpenSSL Dienstprogramm. Dieses ist normalerweise in /usr/local/ssl/bin/ zu finden</li>
<li>Erstelle ein Schlüsselpaar durch Eingabe des folgenden Befehls:<br><div class="codebox" style="display:inline-block; background-color: #f6f5f4; border-style: dashed; border-width: 1px; border-color: #000000; padding-top: .5em; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-left: .5em; overflow: auto;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:0.5em;border-radius: 4px;-moz-border-radius: 4px;-webkit-border-radius: 4px;border: 1px solid #000; width:100%;">
<div class="mw-highlight mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span> <span class="nb">openssl</span> genrsa –des3 –out www.mydomain.com.key <span class="m">2048</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li>Erstelle eine Passphrase. Diese Passphrase muss eingegeben werden, wenn du mit deinen Schlüsseln interagierst.</li>
<li>Starte den Vorgang zur Erzeugung des CSR. Gib den folgenden Befehl ein, wenn du dazu aufgefordert wirst, um die CSR-Datei zu erzeugen:<br><div class="codebox" style="display:inline-block; background-color: #f6f5f4; border-style: dashed; border-width: 1px; border-color: #000000; padding-top: .5em; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-left: .5em; overflow: auto;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:0.5em;border-radius: 4px;-moz-border-radius: 4px;-webkit-border-radius: 4px;border: 1px solid #000; width:100%;">
<div class="mw-highlight mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">openssl</span> req –new –key www.mydomain.com.key –out www.mydomain.com.csr
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li>Fülle die erforderlichen Informationen aus. Du musst deinen zweistelligen Ländercode, den Bundesstaat oder die Provinz, den Ort, den Namen der Firma, Abteilungsname (z.B. IT oder Marketing) und den üblichen Namen (typischerweise der Domainname) eingeben.</li>
<li>Erstelle die CSR-Datei. Sobald die Informationen eingegeben wurden, führe den folgenden Befehl aus, um die CSR-Datei auf deinem Server zu erzeugen:<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference" aria-label="Link zur Referenz 1"><a href="#_note-1">[1]</a><span class="ts_popup " hidden id="ts_popup_1" style="display: none;">
<span class="ts_close">X</span>
<span class="ts_name">Forschungsquelle</span>
<span class="ts_description"></span>
<a href="#" class="ts_source" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener"></a>
</span>
</sup><br><div class="codebox" style="display:inline-block; background-color: #f6f5f4; border-style: dashed; border-width: 1px; border-color: #000000; padding-top: .5em; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-left: .5em; overflow: auto;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:0.5em;border-radius: 4px;-moz-border-radius: 4px;-webkit-border-radius: 4px;border: 1px solid #000; width:100%;">
<div class="mw-highlight mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">openssl</span> req -noout -text -in www.mydomain.com.csr
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<script>WH.performance.mark('step1_rendered');</script>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-01">
<a name="step_1_2" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">2</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Bestelle dein SSL-Zertifikat.</b> Es gibt mehrere Dienste im Internet, die SSL-Zertifikate anbieten. Achte darauf, nur von einem seriösen Dienst zu kaufen, da du und die Sicherheit deiner Kunden auf dem Spiel stehen. Beliebte Anbieter sind DigiCert, Symantec, GlobalSign etc. Der für dich beste Dienst wird von deinen Bedürfnissen abhängen (mehrere Zertifikate, Unternehmenslösungen etc.).
<ul>
<li>Du musst deine CSR-Datei zum Zertifikat-Dienst hochladen, wenn du es bestellst. Dies wird verwendet, um das Zertifikat für deinen Server zu erzeugen.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-02">
<a name="step_1_3" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">3</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Lade deine Zertifikate herunter.</b> Du musst die vorläufigen Zertifikate vom Anbieter herunterladen, bei dem du deine Zertifikate gekauft hast. Du empfängst dein primäres Zertifikat per E-Mail oder über den Kundenbereich auf der Webseite. Dein Schlüssel sollte ähnlich aussehen wie dies hier:<br><div class="codebox" style="display:inline-block; background-color: #f6f5f4; border-style: dashed; border-width: 1px; border-color: #000000; padding-top: .5em; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-left: .5em; overflow: auto;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:0.5em;border-radius: 4px;-moz-border-radius: 4px;-webkit-border-radius: 4px;border: 1px solid #000; width:100%;">
<div class="mw-highlight mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="err">-----</span><span class="nb">BEGIN</span> CERTIFICATE-----
<span class="err">[</span><span class="nb">Encoded</span> Certificate]
<span class="err">-----</span><span class="nb">END</span> CERTIFICATE-----
</pre></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Wenn die Zertifikate in einer Textdatei sind, dann musst du sie vor dem Hochladen in eine CRT-Datei umwandeln.</li>
<li>Prüfe die Schlüssel, die du herunterlädst. Es sollten fünf Querstriche “-” auf jeder Seite der Linien BEGIN CERTIFICATE und END CERTIFICATE sein. Stelle ebenfalls sicher, dass keine Leerzeichen oder Zeilenumbrüche in deinem Schlüssel sind. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-03">
<a name="step_1_4" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">4</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Lade die Zertifikate auf deinen Server.</b> Die Zertifikate sollten in einem für Zertifikate und Schlüsseldateien bestimmten Ordner abgelegt werden. Ein Beispiel wäre /usr/local/ssl/crt/. Alle deine Zertifikate müssen im gleichen Ordner liegen.</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-04">
<a name="step_1_5" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">5</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Öffne die Datei <b>“httpd.conf” in einem Texteditor.</b></b>. Einige Versionen von Apache haben eine Datei “ssl.conf” für die SSL-Zertifikate. Bearbeite nur eine der beiden, wenn du beide hast. Füge die folgende Zeile dem Bereich Virtual Host hinzu:<br><div class="codebox" style="display:inline-block; background-color: #f6f5f4; border-style: dashed; border-width: 1px; border-color: #000000; padding-top: .5em; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-left: .5em; overflow: auto;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:0.5em;border-radius: 4px;-moz-border-radius: 4px;-webkit-border-radius: 4px;border: 1px solid #000; width:100%;">
<div class="mw-highlight mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">SSLCertificateFile</span> <span class="sx">/usr/local/ssl/crt/primary.crt</span>
<span class="nb">SSLCertificateKeyFile</span> <span class="sx">/usr/local/ssl/private/private.key</span>
<span class="nb">SSLCertificateChainFile</span> <span class="sx">/usr/local/ssl/crt/intermediate.crt</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Speichere die Änderungen in der Datei, wenn du fertig bist. Lade die Datei, falls erforderlich, wieder hoch.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-05">
<a name="step_1_6" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">6</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Starte deinen Server neu.</b> Sobald die Datei geändert wurde, kannst du mit der Nutzung des SSL-Zertifikats beginnen, indem du deinen Server neu startest. Die meisten Versionen können mit diesen Befehlen neu gestartet werden:<br><div class="codebox" style="display:inline-block; background-color: #f6f5f4; border-style: dashed; border-width: 1px; border-color: #000000; padding-top: .5em; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-left: .5em; overflow: auto;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:0.5em;border-radius: 4px;-moz-border-radius: 4px;-webkit-border-radius: 4px;border: 1px solid #000; width:100%;">
<div class="mw-highlight mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">apachectlp</span> stop
<span class="nb">apachectl</span> startssl
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-06">
<a name="step_1_7" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">7</div><div class="step">Teste dein Zertifikat. Verwende verschiedene Browser, um zu testen, ob dein Zertifikat ordentlich funktioniert. Verbinde dich mit “https://” auf deine Webseite, um die SSL-Verbinkdung zu erzwingen. Du solltest das Vorhängeschloss-Icon in der Adresszeile sehen, normalerweise auf einem grünen Hintergrund.<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference" aria-label="Link zur Referenz 2"><a href="#_note-2"><b class="whb">[2]</b></a><span class="ts_popup " hidden id="ts_popup_2" style="display: none;">
<span class="ts_close">X</span>
<span class="ts_name">Forschungsquelle</span>
<span class="ts_description"></span>
<a href="#" class="ts_source" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener"></a>
</span>
</sup>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="wh_ad_inner w_label al_grey" data-service="dfp" data-adunitpath="/10095428/intl/intl_gam_lgm_meth1" data-size="[728, 90]" data-apsload="1" data-aps-timeout="2000" data-width="728" data-height="90" data-large="1" data-channels="5232454650" data-mobilechannels="" data-largechannels="" data-smallchannels="" data-mediumchannels="" data-observerloading="1" data-sizes-array="[728, 90]" data-gptdisplaylate="1"><div id="method_ad_1"></div></div>
<script>WH.ads.addBodyAd('method_ad_1')</script><div class="wh_ad_inner w_label al_grey" data-service="adsense" data-slot="6771527778" data-width="728" data-height="90" data-smallheight="250" data-type="method" data-small="1" data-medium="1" data-channels="5232454650" data-mobilechannels="" data-largechannels="" data-smallchannels="" data-mediumchannels="" data-observerloading="1" data-sizes-array="0" data-gptdisplaylate="1"><div id="mobilemethod_ad_1"></div></div>
<div class="al_method">Werbeanzeige</div>
<script>WH.ads.addBodyAd('mobilemethod_ad_1')</script>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="clearall"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section steps sticky">
<h3 class="in-block block_header">
<div class="altblock"><div>Methode <span>2</span>
</div>
</div>
<span id="Mit-Microsoft-Internet-Information-Services-(IIS)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Mit-Microsoft-Internet-Information-Services-.28IIS.29"><div class="method_label">Methode 2 von 4:</div>Mit Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS)</span>
</h3>
<div id="vorgehensweise_2" class="section_text">
<ol class="steps_list_2">
<li id="step-id-17">
<a name="step_2_1" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">1</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Erzeuge einen Certificate Signing Request (CSR).</b> Bevor du ein SSL-Zertifikat kaufen und installieren kannst, musst du auf deinem Server ein CSR erzeugen. Diese Datei enthält Daten über deinen Server und deinen öffentlichen Schlüssel und ist erforderlich, um den privaten Schlüssel zu erzeugen. Du kannst ein CSR in IIS 8 mit wenigen Mausklicks erzeugen:<sup id="_ref-3" class="reference" aria-label="Link zur Referenz 3"><a href="#_note-3">[3]</a><span class="ts_popup " hidden id="ts_popup_3" style="display: none;">
<span class="ts_close">X</span>
<span class="ts_name">Forschungsquelle</span>
<span class="ts_description"></span>
<a href="#" class="ts_source" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener"></a>
</span>
</sup><ul>
<li>Öffne den Server Manager.</li>
<li>Klicke auf "Tools" und wähle "Internet Information Services (IIS) Manager".</li>
<li>Wähle den Rechner, auf dem du das Zertifikat installierst, aus der Liste der Verbindungen.</li>
<li>Öffne das Server Certificates Tool.</li>
<li>Klicke oben rechts unter der Liste mit den Aktionen auf den Link "Create Certificate Request".</li>
<li>Fülle die Informationen im Request Certificate-Assistenten aus. Du musst deinen zweistelligen Ländercode, den Bundesstaat oder die Provinz, den Ort, den Namen der Firma, Abteilungsname (z.B. IT oder Marketing) und den üblichen Namen (typischerweise der Domainname) eingeben.</li>
<li>Lasse den “Cryptographic service provider” auf dem Standardwert.</li>
<li>Setze die “Bit length”auf “2048”.</li>
<li>Benenne die Certificate Request-Datei. Der Name der Datei ist unwichtig, so lange du sie unter deinen Dateien finden kannst.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-18">
<a name="step_2_2" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">2</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Bestelle dein SSL-Zertifikat.</b> Es gibt mehrere Dienste im Internet, die SSL-Zertifikate anbieten. Achte darauf, nur von einem seriösen Dienst zu kaufen, da du und die Sicherheit deiner Kunden auf dem Spiel stehen. Beliebte Anbieter sind DigiCert, Symantec, GlobalSign etc. Der für dich beste Dienst wird von deinen Bedürfnissen abhängen (mehrere Zertifikate, Unternehmenslösungen etc.).
<ul><li>Du musst deine CSR-Datei zum Zertifikat-Dienst hochladen, wenn du es bestellst. Dies wird verwendet, um das Zertifikat für deinen Server zu erzeugen. Einige Anbieter lassen dich den Inhalt der CSR-Datei kopieren, während andere dich die Datei selbst hochladen lassen.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-19">
<a name="step_2_3" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">3</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Lade deine Zertifikate herunter.</b> Du musst die vorläufigen Zertifikate vom Anbieter herunterladen, bei dem du deine Zertifikate gekauft hast. Du empfängst dein primäres Zertifikat per E-Mail oder über den Kundenbereich auf der Webseite.
<ul><li>Benenne das primäre Zertifikat um in “NameDeinerWebseite.cer”.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-110">
<a name="step_2_4" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">4</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Öffne erneut das Server Certificates Tool im IIS.</b> Klicke hier auf den Link “Complete Certificate Request” unterhalb des “Create Certificate Request”-Links, den du zum Erzeugen des CSR angeklickt hast.</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-111">
<a name="step_2_5" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">5</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Suche nach deiner Zertifikat-Datei.</b> Wenn du sie auf deinem Computer gefunden hast, musst du ihr einen "freundlichen Namen" zuweisen, welcher der schnelle Name für die Identifizierung des Zertifikats auf deinem Server ist. Speichere das Zertifikat im Ordner "Personal". Klicke auf "OK", um das Zertifikat zu installieren.
<ul><li>Dein Zertifikat sollte in der Liste erscheinen. Wenn es das nicht tut, dann stelle sicher, dass du den gleichen Server verwendest, auf dem du das CSR auch erzeugt hast.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-112">
<a name="step_2_6" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">6</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Verknüpfe das Zertifikat mit deiner Webseite.</b> Jetzt, wo das Zertifikat installiert wurde, musst du es mit der Webseite, die du schützen willst, verknüpfen. Erweitere den "Sites"-Ordner in der Liste der Verbindungen und klicke dann auf die Webseite.
<ul>
<li>Klicke in der Liste der Aktionen auf den Verknüpfungslink.</li>
<li>Klicke auf den Button "Hinzufügen" im Seitenverknüpfungsfenster, das erscheint.</li>
<li>Wähle aus dem Dropdown-Menü "Typ" “https” und aus dem Dropdown-Menü "SSL-Zertifikate" dein installiertes Zertifikat.</li>
<li>Klicke auf "OK" und dann auf "Schließen".</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-113">
<a name="step_2_7" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">7</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Installiere die vorläufigen Zertifikate.</b> Finde die vorläufigen Zertifikate, die du vom Zertifikatsanbieter heruntergeladen hast. Einige Anbieter stellen mehr als ein Zertifikat zur Verfügung, das installiert werden muss, während andere nur eines haben. Kopiere diese Zertifikate in einen dafür vorgesehenen Ordner auf deinem Server. <sup id="_ref-4" class="reference" aria-label="Link zur Referenz 4"><a href="#_note-4">[4]</a><span class="ts_popup " hidden id="ts_popup_4" style="display: none;">
<span class="ts_close">X</span>
<span class="ts_name">Forschungsquelle</span>
<span class="ts_description"></span>
<a href="#" class="ts_source" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener"></a>
</span>
</sup><ul>
<li>Doppelklicke auf das Zertifikat, um die Details des Zertifikats zu öffnen, sobald es auf den Server kopiert wurde.</li>
<li>Klicke auf den Reiter "Allgemein". Klicke auf den Button "Zertifikat installieren" unten im Fenster.</li>
<li>Wähle “Alle Zertifikate im folgenden Ordner ablegen” und durchsuche dann deine Festplatte nach dem lokalen Ordner. Du findest ihn, indem du ein Häkchen bei “Lokale Speichermedien anzeigen” setzt, Vorübergehende Zertifikate auswählst und dann auf Lokaler Computer klickst.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-114">
<a name="step_2_8" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">8</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Starte den IIS neu.</b> Um die Verteilung der Zertifikate zu starten, musst du deinen IIS-Server neu starten. Klicke auf "Start" und wähle dann "Ausführen", um den IIS neu zu starten. Gib “IISREset” ein und drücke auf Enter. Die Kommandozeile erscheint und zeigt den Status des Neustarts des IIS an.<sup id="_ref-5" class="reference" aria-label="Link zur Referenz 5"><a href="#_note-5">[5]</a><span class="ts_popup " hidden id="ts_popup_5" style="display: none;">
<span class="ts_close">X</span>
<span class="ts_name">Forschungsquelle</span>
<span class="ts_description"></span>
<a href="#" class="ts_source" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener"></a>
</span>
</sup>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-115">
<a name="step_2_9" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">9</div><div class="step">Teste dein Zertifikat. Verwende verschiedene Browser, um zu testen, ob dein Zertifikat ordentlich funktioniert. Verbinde dich mit “https://” auf deine Webseite, um die SSL-Verbinkdung zu erzwingen. Du solltest das Vorhängeschloss-Icon in der Adresszeile sehen, normalerweise auf einem grünen Hintergrund.</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="wh_ad_inner w_label al_grey" data-service="adsense" data-slot="6771527778" data-width="728" data-height="90" data-smallheight="250" data-type="method" data-small="1" data-medium="1" data-channels="5232454650" data-mobilechannels="" data-largechannels="" data-smallchannels="" data-mediumchannels="" data-observerloading="1" data-sizes-array="0" data-gptdisplaylate="1"><div id="mobilemethod_ad_2"></div></div>
<div class="al_method">Werbeanzeige</div>
<script>WH.ads.addBodyAd('mobilemethod_ad_2')</script><div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="clearall"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section steps sticky">
<h3 class="in-block block_header">
<div class="altblock"><div>Methode <span>3</span>
</div>
</div>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Mit-Exchange"><div class="method_label">Methode 3 von 4:</div>Mit Exchange</span>
</h3>
<div id="vorgehensweise_3" class="section_text">
<ol class="steps_list_2">
<li id="step-id-216">
<a name="step_3_1" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">1</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Erzeuge einen Certificate Signing Request (CSR).</b> Bevor du ein SSL-Zertifikat kaufen und installieren kannst, musst du auf deinem Server ein CSR erzeugen. Diese Datei enthält Daten über deinen Server und deinen öffentlichen Schlüssel und ist erforderlich, um den privaten Schlüssel zu erzeugen.
<ul>
<li>Öffne die Exchange Management Console. Du findest sie, indem du auf "Start" und dann auf "Programme" klickst, Microsoft Exchange 2010 auswählst und dann auf "Exchange Management Console" klickst.</li>
<li>Klicke auf den Link "Datenbanken verwalten" in der Mitte des Fensters, sobald das Programm geladen ist.</li>
<li>Wähle “Serverkonfiguration”. Dies ist im linken Bereich zu finden. Klicke in der Liste der Aktionen rechts im Fenster auf den Link “Neues Exchange Zertifikat”.</li>
<li>Gib einen Namen für das Zertifikat ein, den du dir merken kannst. Dieser Name ist nur für dich und hat keine Auswirkungen auf das Zertifikat.</li>
<li>Gib die Konfigurationsdaten ein. Exchange sollte automatisch die richtigen Dienste wählen, wenn es dies jedoch nicht tut, dann kannst du sie selbst einstellen. Stelle sicher, dass alle Dienste, die du geschützt haben willst, ausgewählt sind.</li>
<li>Gib die Daten deiner Organisation ein. Du musst deinen zweistelligen Ländercode, den Bundesstaat oder die Provinz, den Ort, den Namen der Firma, Abteilungsname (z.B. IT oder Marketing) und den üblichen Namen (typischerweise der Domainname) eingeben.</li>
<li>Gib einen Namen und einen Ort für die CSR-Datei ein, die erzeugt wird. Notiere dir diesen Ort für den späteren Bestellvorgang des Zertifikats.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-217">
<a name="step_3_2" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">2</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Bestelle dein SSL-Zertifikat.</b> Es gibt mehrere Dienste im Internet, die SSL-Zertifikate anbieten. Achte darauf, nur von einem seriösen Dienst zu kaufen, da du und die Sicherheit deiner Kunden auf dem Spiel stehen. Beliebte Anbieter sind DigiCert, Symantec, GlobalSign etc. Der für dich beste Dienst wird von deinen Bedürfnissen abhängen (mehrere Zertifikate, Unternehmenslösungen etc.).
<ul><li>Du musst deine CSR-Datei zum Zertifikat-Dienst hochladen, wenn du es bestellst. Dies wird verwendet, um das Zertifikat für deinen Server zu erzeugen. Einige Anbieter lassen dich den Inhalt der CSR-Datei kopieren, während andere dich die Datei selbst hochladen lassen.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-218">
<a name="step_3_3" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">3</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Lade deine Zertifikate herunter.</b> Du musst die vorläufigen Zertifikate vom Anbieter herunterladen, bei dem du deine Zertifikate gekauft hast. Du empfängst dein primäres Zertifikat per E-Mail oder über den Kundenbereich auf der Webseite.
<ul><li>Kopiere die empfangene Zertifikatdatei auf deinen Exchange-Server.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-219">
<a name="step_3_4" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">4</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Installiere das vorläufige Zertifikat.</b> In den meisten Fällen kannst du die bereitgestellten Zertifikatdaten in ein Textdokument speichern und es als “intermediate.cer” speichern. Öffne die Microsoft Manage Console (MMC) durch Klicken auf "Start", Auswahl von "Ausführen" und Eingabe von “mmc”.
<ul>
<li>Klicke auf "Datei" und wähle "Snap In hinzufügen/entfernen".</li>
<li>Klicke auf "Ausgewählte Zertifikate hinzufügen" und dann erneut auf "Hinzufügen".</li>
<li>Wähle "Computer-Account" und klicke dann auf "Weiter". Wähle den lokalen Computer als Speicherort. Klicke auf "Beenden" und dann auf "OK". Dies bringt dich zurück zum MMC.</li>
<li>Wähle "Zertifikate im MMC". Wähle “Intermediate Certification Authorities” und dann "Zertifikate".</li>
<li>Klicke mit der rechten Maustaste auf "Zertifikate", wähle "Alle Tasks" und dann "Importieren". Verwende den Assistenten, um die vorläufigen Zertifikate, die du von deinem Anbieter erhalten hast, zu laden.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-220">
<a name="step_3_5" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">5</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Öffne den Bereich “Serverkonfiguration” in der Exchange Management Console.</b> Sieh in Schritt 1 nach, wie du sie öffnest. Klicke in der Mitte des Fensters auf dein Zertifikat und klicke dann in der Liste der Aktionen auf den Link “Complete Pending Request”.<sup id="_ref-6" class="reference" aria-label="Link zur Referenz 6"><a href="#_note-6">[6]</a><span class="ts_popup " hidden id="ts_popup_6" style="display: none;">
<span class="ts_close">X</span>
<span class="ts_name">Forschungsquelle</span>
<span class="ts_description"></span>
<a href="#" class="ts_source" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener"></a>
</span>
</sup><ul>
<li>Durchsuche deine Festplatte nach deinem primären Zertifikat und klicke dann auf "Complete". Sobald das Zertifikat geladen wurde, klicke auf "Beenden".</li>
<li>Ignoriere alle Fehlermeldungen, die angeben, dass der Vorgang fehlgeschlagen ist; dies ist ein bekannter Fehler.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-221">
<a name="step_3_6" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">6</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Aktiviere das Zertifikat.</b> Klicke am unteren Ende der Liste der Aktionen auf den Link “Assign Services to Certificate”, sobald das Zertifikat installiert wurde.
<ul>
<li>Wähle aus der erscheinenden Liste deinen Server und klicke auf "Weiter".</li>
<li>Wähle, welchen Dienst du durch das Zertifikat geschützt haben möchtest: Klicke auf "Weiter", dann auf "Zuweisen" und dann auf "Beenden".</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="wh_ad_inner w_label al_grey" data-service="adsense" data-slot="6771527778" data-width="728" data-height="90" data-smallheight="250" data-type="method" data-small="1" data-medium="1" data-channels="5232454650" data-mobilechannels="" data-largechannels="" data-smallchannels="" data-mediumchannels="" data-observerloading="1" data-sizes-array="0" data-gptdisplaylate="1"><div id="mobilemethod_ad_3"></div></div>
<div class="al_method">Werbeanzeige</div>
<script>WH.ads.addBodyAd('mobilemethod_ad_3')</script><div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="clearall"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section steps sticky">
<h3 class="in-block block_header">
<div class="altblock"><div>Methode <span>4</span>
</div>
</div>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Mit-cPanel"><div class="method_label">Methode 4 von 4:</div>Mit cPanel</span>
</h3>
<div id="vorgehensweise_4" class="section_text">
<ol class="steps_list_2">
<li id="step-id-322">
<a name="step_4_1" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">1</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Erzeuge einen Certificate Signing Request (CSR).</b> Bevor du ein SSL-Zertifikat kaufen und installieren kannst, musst du auf deinem Server ein CSR erzeugen. Diese Datei enthält Daten über deinen Server und deinen öffentlichen Schlüssel und ist erforderlich, um den privaten Schlüssel zu erzeugen.
<ul>
<li>Melde dich auf cPanel an. Öffne die Steuerungsleiste und suche nach dem SSL-/TLS-Manager.</li>
<li>Klicke auf die Links “Private Schlüssel erzeugen, ansehen, hochladen oder löschen”.</li>
<li>Scrolle nach unten zum Bereich “Neuen Schlüssel erzeugen”. Gib deinen Domainnamen ein oder wähle ihn aus dem Dropdown-Menü aus. Wähle bei “Key Size” 2048. Klicke auf den Button "Erzeugen".</li>
<li>Klicke auf “Zum SSL Manager zurückkehren”. Wähle im Hauptmenü den Link “SSL Certificate Signing Requests erzeugen, ansehen oder löschen”.</li>
<li>Gib die Daten deiner Organisation ein. Du musst deinen zweistelligen Ländercode, den Bundesstaat oder die Provinz, den Ort, den Namen der Firma, Abteilungsname (z.B. IT oder Marketing) und den üblichen Namen (typischerweise der Domainname) eingeben.</li>
<li>Klicke auf den Button "Erzeugen". Dein CSR wird angezeigt. Du kannst diesen kopieren und in das Bestellformular für das Zertifikat einfügen. Wenn der Dienst den CSR als Datei benötigt, dann kopiere den Text in einen Texteditor und speichere die Datei als .CSR-Datei.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-323">
<a name="step_4_2" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">2</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Bestelle dein SSL-Zertifikat.</b> Es gibt mehrere Dienste im Internet, die SSL-Zertifikate anbieten. Achte darauf, nur von einem seriösen Dienst zu kaufen, da du und die Sicherheit deiner Kunden auf dem Spiel stehen. Beliebte Anbieter sind DigiCert, Symantec, GlobalSign etc. Der für dich beste Dienst wird von deinen Bedürfnissen abhängen (mehrere Zertifikate, Unternehmenslösungen etc.).
<ul><li>Du musst deine CSR-Datei zum Zertifikat-Dienst hochladen, wenn du es bestellst. Dies wird verwendet, um das Zertifikat für deinen Server zu erzeugen. Einige Anbieter lassen dich den Inhalt der CSR-Datei kopieren, während andere dich die Datei selbst hochladen lassen.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-324">
<a name="step_4_3" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">3</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Lade deine Zertifikate herunter.</b> Du musst die vorläufigen Zertifikate vom Anbieter herunterladen, bei dem du deine Zertifikate gekauft hast. Du empfängst dein primäres Zertifikat per E-Mail oder über den Kundenbereich auf der Webseite.</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-325">
<a name="step_4_4" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">4</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Öffne erneut das SSL-Manager-Menü in cPanel.</b> Klicke auf den Link “SSL-Zertifikate erzeugen, ansehen, hochladen oder löschen”. Klicke auf den Upload-Button, um deine Festplatte nach dem Zertifikat, das du vom Anbieter empfangen hast, zu durchsuchen. Wenn das Zertifikat als Text geliefert wurde, dann kopiere ihn und füge ihn in das Feld im Browser ein.</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li id="step-id-326">
<a name="step_4_5" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">5</div><div class="step">
<b class="whb">Klicke auf den Link “SSL-Zertifikat installieren”.</b> Dies schließt die Installation des SSL-Zertifikats ab. Dein Server wird neu starten und dein Zertifikat wird verteilt werden.</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
<li class="final_li" id="step-id-327">
<a name="step_4_6" class="stepanchor"></a><div class="step_num">6</div><div class="step">Teste dein Zertifikat. Verwende verschiedene Browser, um zu testen, ob dein Zertifikat ordentlich funktioniert. Verbinde dich mit “https://” auf deine Webseite, um die SSL-Verbinkdung zu erzwingen. Du solltest das Vorhängeschloss-Icon in der Adresszeile sehen, normalerweise auf einem grünen Hintergrund.</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="wh_ad_inner w_label al_grey" data-service="adsense" data-slot="6771527778" data-width="728" data-height="90" data-smallheight="250" data-type="method" data-small="1" data-medium="1" data-channels="5232454650" data-mobilechannels="" data-largechannels="" data-smallchannels="" data-mediumchannels="" data-observerloading="1" data-sizes-array="0" data-gptdisplaylate="1"><div id="mobilemethod_ad_4"></div></div>
<div class="al_method">Werbeanzeige</div>
<script>WH.ads.addBodyAd('mobilemethod_ad_4')</script><div class="scrolltomarker" data-isstep="1"></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="clearall"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="printfooter">
</div>
<div class="section relatedwikihows sticky">
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_wikiHows">Verwandte wikiHows</span></h2>
<div id="relatedwikihows" class="section_text">
<a class="related-wh" href="/Deinen-Reddit-Verlauf-l%C3%B6schen"><div class="content-spacer">
<img id="c707c597c4e15e83ebb50ffd23b54ecd" class="scrolldefer content-fill" alt="Deinen Reddit Verlauf löschen" width="342" height="184" data-src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/d/d5/Clear-Reddit-History-Step-15.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-Clear-Reddit-History-Step-15.jpg"><span class="related-wh-title">3 einfache Methoden um deinen Reddit Suchverlauf und alle Kommentare zu löschen</span>
</div>
<script>WH.shared.addScrollLoadItem('c707c597c4e15e83ebb50ffd23b54ecd')</script><noscript><img src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/d/d5/Clear-Reddit-History-Step-15.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-Clear-Reddit-History-Step-15.jpg"></noscript></a><a class="related-wh" href="/Auf-Tinder-Scams-und-Spam-erkennen"><div class="content-spacer">
<img id="0ff01f7cb4b683b27b222df9c1131bd0" class="scrolldefer content-fill" alt="Auf Tinder Scams und Spam erkennen" width="342" height="184" data-src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/d/d8/Spot-Scams-and-Spam-on-Tinder-Step-11-Version-2.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-Spot-Scams-and-Spam-on-Tinder-Step-11-Version-2.jpg"><span class="related-wh-title"><div class="related-wh-howto"></div>Auf Tinder Scams und Spam erkennen</span>
</div>
<script>WH.shared.addScrollLoadItem('0ff01f7cb4b683b27b222df9c1131bd0')</script><noscript><img src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/d/d8/Spot-Scams-and-Spam-on-Tinder-Step-11-Version-2.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-Spot-Scams-and-Spam-on-Tinder-Step-11-Version-2.jpg"></noscript></a><div class="wh_ad_inner" data-service="adsense" data-smallslot="7920322351" data-smallheight="250" data-type="middlerelated" data-small="1" data-channels="5232454650" data-mobilechannels="" data-largechannels="" data-smallchannels="" data-mediumchannels="" data-observerloading="1" data-sizes-array="0" data-gptdisplaylate="1"><div id="middlerelated_ad_1"></div></div>
<script>WH.ads.addBodyAd('middlerelated_ad_1')</script><a class="related-wh" href="/Internetseiten-auf-einem-Mac-sperren-und-entsperren"><div class="content-spacer">
<img id="b740fbf0b4993188737bc4b9a4602517" class="scrolldefer content-fill" alt="Internetseiten auf einem Mac sperren und entsperren" width="342" height="184" data-src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/a/a6/Block-and-Unblock-Internet-Sites-%28On-a-Mac%29-Step-21-Version-2.jpg/-crop-342-184-247px-Block-and-Unblock-Internet-Sites-%28On-a-Mac%29-Step-21-Version-2.jpg"><span class="related-wh-title"><div class="related-wh-howto"></div>Internetseiten auf einem Mac sperren und entsperren</span>
</div>
<script>WH.shared.addScrollLoadItem('b740fbf0b4993188737bc4b9a4602517')</script><noscript><img src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/a/a6/Block-and-Unblock-Internet-Sites-%28On-a-Mac%29-Step-21-Version-2.jpg/-crop-342-184-247px-Block-and-Unblock-Internet-Sites-%28On-a-Mac%29-Step-21-Version-2.jpg"></noscript></a><a class="related-wh" href="/Einen-Online-Dating-Betr%C3%BCger-erkennen"><div class="content-spacer">
<img id="fa210a7877c6f25b6ea7cdec02b3eba8" class="scrolldefer content-fill" alt="Einen Online Dating Betrüger erkennen" width="342" height="184" data-src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/d/d4/Spot-an-Online-Dating-Scammer-Step-17-Version-2.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-Spot-an-Online-Dating-Scammer-Step-17-Version-2.jpg"><span class="related-wh-title"><div class="related-wh-howto"></div>Einen Online Dating Betrüger erkennen</span>
</div>
<script>WH.shared.addScrollLoadItem('fa210a7877c6f25b6ea7cdec02b3eba8')</script><noscript><img src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/d/d4/Spot-an-Online-Dating-Scammer-Step-17-Version-2.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-Spot-an-Online-Dating-Scammer-Step-17-Version-2.jpg"></noscript></a><a class="related-wh" href="/Einen-harmlosen-Computer-Virus-erstellen"><div class="content-spacer">
<img id="27a52e600411f41a29bd63eba76e4e81" class="scrolldefer content-fill" alt="Einen harmlosen Computer Virus erstellen" width="342" height="184" data-src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/8/8a/Create-a-Virus-Step-9-Version-2.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-Create-a-Virus-Step-9-Version-2.jpg"><span class="related-wh-title"><div class="related-wh-howto"></div>Einen harmlosen Computer Virus erstellen</span>
</div>
<script>WH.shared.addScrollLoadItem('27a52e600411f41a29bd63eba76e4e81')</script><noscript><img src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/8/8a/Create-a-Virus-Step-9-Version-2.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-Create-a-Virus-Step-9-Version-2.jpg"></noscript></a><a class="related-wh" href="/Seitenweiterleitungen-blockieren"><div class="content-spacer">
<img id="8a0b8de642a42d6134cf91ffede03420" class="scrolldefer content-fill" alt="Seitenweiterleitungen blockieren" width="342" height="184" data-src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/0/0c/Block-Page-Redirects-Step-7.jpg/-crop-342-184-251px-Block-Page-Redirects-Step-7.jpg"><span class="related-wh-title"><div class="related-wh-howto"></div>Seitenweiterleitungen blockieren</span>
</div>
<script>WH.shared.addScrollLoadItem('8a0b8de642a42d6134cf91ffede03420')</script><noscript><img src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/0/0c/Block-Page-Redirects-Step-7.jpg/-crop-342-184-251px-Block-Page-Redirects-Step-7.jpg"></noscript></a><a class="related-wh" href="/Spyware-auf-deinem-Computer-erkennen"><div class="content-spacer">
<img id="9afc573dc786868470d81c88b108d67e" class="scrolldefer content-fill" alt="Spyware auf deinem Computer erkennen" width="342" height="184" data-src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/0/06/Know-if-You-Have-Spyware-on-Your-Computer-Step-26.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-Know-if-You-Have-Spyware-on-Your-Computer-Step-26.jpg"><span class="related-wh-title"><div class="related-wh-howto"></div>Spyware auf deinem Computer erkennen</span>
</div>
<script>WH.shared.addScrollLoadItem('9afc573dc786868470d81c88b108d67e')</script><noscript><img src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/0/06/Know-if-You-Have-Spyware-on-Your-Computer-Step-26.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-Know-if-You-Have-Spyware-on-Your-Computer-Step-26.jpg"></noscript></a><a class="related-wh" href="/Mc-Afee-deaktivieren"><div class="content-spacer">
<img id="8cfbdede34e9e02a0ef5d5d9f36c541f" class="scrolldefer content-fill" alt="Mc Afee deaktivieren" width="342" height="184" data-src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/4/48/Disable-McAfee-Step-31.jpg/-crop-342-184-246px-Disable-McAfee-Step-31.jpg"><span class="related-wh-title"><div class="related-wh-howto"></div>Mc Afee deaktivieren</span>
</div>
<script>WH.shared.addScrollLoadItem('8cfbdede34e9e02a0ef5d5d9f36c541f')</script><noscript><img src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/4/48/Disable-McAfee-Step-31.jpg/-crop-342-184-246px-Disable-McAfee-Step-31.jpg"></noscript></a><a class="related-wh" href="/Pornografie-auf-dem-Android-blockieren"><div class="content-spacer">
<img id="ec79d3be6744e043e407b9c3b6233752" class="scrolldefer content-fill" alt="Pornografie auf dem Android blockieren" width="342" height="184" data-src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/0/0d/Block-Porn-on-Android-Step-29.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-Block-Porn-on-Android-Step-29.jpg"><span class="related-wh-title"><div class="related-wh-howto"></div>Pornografie auf dem Android blockieren</span>
</div>
<script>WH.shared.addScrollLoadItem('ec79d3be6744e043e407b9c3b6233752')</script><noscript><img src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/0/0d/Block-Porn-on-Android-Step-29.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-Block-Porn-on-Android-Step-29.jpg"></noscript></a><a class="related-wh" href="/Cookies-anzeigen"><div class="content-spacer">
<img id="4a53b2c482d5b3a390a8e0bf0e55eb5c" class="scrolldefer content-fill" alt="Cookies anzeigen" width="342" height="184" data-src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/5/50/View-Cookies-Step-32-Version-3.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-View-Cookies-Step-32-Version-3.jpg"><span class="related-wh-title"><div class="related-wh-howto"></div>Cookies anzeigen</span>
</div>
<script>WH.shared.addScrollLoadItem('4a53b2c482d5b3a390a8e0bf0e55eb5c')</script><noscript><img src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/5/50/View-Cookies-Step-32-Version-3.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-View-Cookies-Step-32-Version-3.jpg"></noscript></a><a class="related-wh" href="/Den-Suchverlauf-bei-Instagram-l%C3%B6schen"><div class="content-spacer">
<img id="ead95b84ba020db177ea8061a5e1fdf2" class="scrolldefer content-fill" alt="Den Suchverlauf bei Instagram löschen" width="342" height="184" data-src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/1/1b/Delete-Instagram%E2%80%99s-Search-History-Step-13-Version-3.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-Delete-Instagram%E2%80%99s-Search-History-Step-13-Version-3.jpg"><span class="related-wh-title"><div class="related-wh-howto"></div>Den Suchverlauf bei Instagram löschen</span>
</div>
<script>WH.shared.addScrollLoadItem('ead95b84ba020db177ea8061a5e1fdf2')</script><noscript><img src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/1/1b/Delete-Instagram%E2%80%99s-Search-History-Step-13-Version-3.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-Delete-Instagram%E2%80%99s-Search-History-Step-13-Version-3.jpg"></noscript></a><a class="related-wh" href="/Norton-Antivirus-deaktivieren"><div class="content-spacer">
<img id="7c61686983db1e29434cfa875f132a13" class="scrolldefer content-fill" alt="Norton Antivirus deaktivieren" width="342" height="184" data-src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/7/77/Turn-Off-Norton-Antivirus-Step-16-Version-2.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-Turn-Off-Norton-Antivirus-Step-16-Version-2.jpg"><span class="related-wh-title"><div class="related-wh-howto"></div>Norton Antivirus deaktivieren</span>
</div>
<script>WH.shared.addScrollLoadItem('7c61686983db1e29434cfa875f132a13')</script><noscript><img src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/7/77/Turn-Off-Norton-Antivirus-Step-16-Version-2.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-Turn-Off-Norton-Antivirus-Step-16-Version-2.jpg"></noscript></a><a class="related-wh" href="/Erkennen-ob-du-gehackt-wurdest"><div class="content-spacer">
<img id="615cb90d6342d5e59800b6f47cd852f5" class="scrolldefer content-fill" alt="Erkennen ob du gehackt wurdest" width="342" height="184" data-src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/3/39/Know-if-You%27ve-Been-Hacked-Step-31.jpg/-crop-342-184-295px-Know-if-You%27ve-Been-Hacked-Step-31.jpg"><span class="related-wh-title"><div class="related-wh-howto"></div>Erkennen ob du gehackt wurdest</span>
</div>
<script>WH.shared.addScrollLoadItem('615cb90d6342d5e59800b6f47cd852f5')</script><noscript><img src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/3/39/Know-if-You%27ve-Been-Hacked-Step-31.jpg/-crop-342-184-295px-Know-if-You%27ve-Been-Hacked-Step-31.jpg"></noscript></a><a class="related-wh" href="/Paypal-Passwort-%C3%A4ndern"><div class="content-spacer">
<img id="ba3df2367ce950cf6aaa527a1aa82be8" class="scrolldefer content-fill" alt="Paypal Passwort ändern" width="342" height="184" data-src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/f/fa/Change-a-PayPal-Password-Step-13.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-Change-a-PayPal-Password-Step-13.jpg"><span class="related-wh-title"><div class="related-wh-howto"></div>Paypal Passwort ändern</span>
</div>
<script>WH.shared.addScrollLoadItem('ba3df2367ce950cf6aaa527a1aa82be8')</script><noscript><img src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/f/fa/Change-a-PayPal-Password-Step-13.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-Change-a-PayPal-Password-Step-13.jpg"></noscript></a><div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="wh_ad_inner" data-service="dfp" data-adunitpath="/10095428/intl/intl_gam_lgm_relat" data-size="[728, 90]" data-apsload="1" data-aps-timeout="2000" data-width="728" data-height="90" data-medium="1" data-large="1" data-channels="5232454650" data-mobilechannels="" data-largechannels="" data-smallchannels="" data-mediumchannels="" data-observerloading="1" data-sizes-array="[728, 90]" data-gptdisplaylate="1"><div id="related_ad_1"></div></div>
<script>WH.ads.addBodyAd('related_ad_1')</script><div class="wh_ad_inner w_label al_grey" data-service="adsense" data-smallslot="9724994176" data-smallheight="250" data-type="related" data-small="1" data-medium="1" data-channels="5232454650" data-mobilechannels="" data-largechannels="" data-smallchannels="" data-mediumchannels="" data-observerloading="1" data-sizes-array="0" data-gptdisplaylate="1"><div id="mobilerelated_ad_1"></div></div>
<div class="al_method">Werbeanzeige</div>
<script>WH.ads.addBodyAd('mobilerelated_ad_1')</script><div class="scrolltomarker"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section references sourcesandcitations sticky">
<h2 class="section-heading">
<div class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element indicator" id="references_first"></div>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Referenzen">Referenzen</span>
</h2>
<div id="referenzen" class="section_text"><ol class="firstref references">
<li id="_note-1">
<a href="#_ref-1" target="_blank">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external free" href="https://support.globalsign.com/customer/portal/articles/1221018">https://support.globalsign.com/customer/portal/articles/1221018</a></span>
</li>
<li id="_note-2">
<a href="#_ref-2" target="_blank">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external free" href="http://www.digicert.com/ssl-certificate-installation-apache.htm">http://www.digicert.com/ssl-certificate-installation-apache.htm</a></span>
</li>
<li id="_note-3">
<a href="#_ref-3" target="_blank">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external free" href="http://www.entrust.net/knowledge-base/technote.cfm?tn=8712">http://www.entrust.net/knowledge-base/technote.cfm?tn=8712</a></span>
</li>
<li id="_note-4">
<a href="#_ref-4" target="_blank">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external free" href="http://www.sslshopper.com/article-installing-an-ssl-certificate-in-windows-server-2008-iis-7.0.html">http://www.sslshopper.com/article-installing-an-ssl-certificate-in-windows-server-2008-iis-7.0.html</a></span>
</li>
<li id="_note-5">
<a href="#_ref-5" target="_blank">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external free" href="http://www.digicert.com/ssl-certificate-installation-microsoft-iis-8.htm">http://www.digicert.com/ssl-certificate-installation-microsoft-iis-8.htm</a></span>
</li>
<li id="_note-6">
<a href="#_ref-6" target="_blank">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external free" href="http://exchangeserverpro.com/configure-an-ssl-certificate-for-exchange-server-2010/">http://exchangeserverpro.com/configure-an-ssl-certificate-for-exchange-server-2010/</a></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
</div>
<div class="section aboutthisarticle sticky" id="aboutthisarticle">
<h2 id="sp_h2"><span class="mw-headline">Über dieses wikiHow</span></h2>
<div id="social_proof_mobile">
<a name="social_proof_anchor" id="social_proof_anchor"></a>
<div class="sp_inner">
<div id="sp_expert_desc">
wikiHow ist ein "wiki", was bedeutet, dass viele unserer Artikel von zahlreichen Mitverfassern geschrieben werden. An diesem Artikel arbeiteten bis jetzt 9 Leute, einige anonym, mit, um ihn immer wieder zu aktualisieren. Dieser Artikel wurde 31.758 Mal aufgerufen.
</div>
<div class="sp_box sp_fullbox">
Kategorien: <span dir="ltr"><a href="/Kategorie:Internet-Sicherheit" title="Kategorie:Internet Sicherheit">Internet Sicherheit</a></span>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="other_languages" class="section_text">
<a href="#other_languages" class="collapse_link">In anderen Sprachen</a><div id="language_links">
<div class="language_link">
<span>English:</span><a href="https://www.wikihow.com/Install-an-SSL-Certificate">Install an SSL Certificate</a>
</div>
<div class="language_link">
<span>Español:</span><a href="https://es.wikihow.com/instalar-un-certificado-SSL">instalar un certificado SSL</a>
</div>
<div class="language_link">
<span>中文:</span><a href="https://zh.wikihow.com/%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85SSL%E8%AF%81%E4%B9%A6">安装SSL证书</a>
</div>
<div class="language_link">
<span>Italiano:</span><a href="https://www.wikihow.it/Installare-un-Certificato-SSL">Installare un Certificato SSL</a>
</div>
<div class="language_link">
<span>Français:</span><a href="https://fr.wikihow.com/installer-un-certificat-SSL">installer un certificat SSL</a>
</div>
<div class="language_link">
<span>Nederlands:</span><a href="https://nl.wikihow.com/Een-SSL-certificaat-installeren">Een SSL certificaat installeren</a>
</div>
<div class="language_link">
<span>日本語:</span><a href="https://www.wikihow.jp/SSL%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E8%A8%BC%E6%98%8E%E6%9B%B8%E3%82%92%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B">SSLサーバ証明書をインストールする</a>
</div>
<div class="language_link">
<span>हिन्दी:</span><a href="https://hi.wikihow.com/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95-SSL-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82">एक SSL सर्टिफिकेट इन्स्टाल करें</a>
</div>
<div class="language_link">
<span>Tiếng Việt:</span><a href="https://www.wikihow.vn/C%C3%A0i-%C4%91%E1%BA%B7t-ch%E1%BB%A9ng-ch%E1%BB%89-SSL">Cài đặt chứng chỉ SSL</a>
</div>
<div class="language_link">
<span>ไทย:</span><a href="https://th.wikihow.com/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87-SSL-Certificate">ติดตั้ง SSL Certificate</a>
</div>
<div class="language_link">
<span>العربية:</span><a href="https://ar.wikihow.com/%D8%AA%D8%AB%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D8%B3-%D8%A5%D8%B3-%D8%A5%D9%84">تثبيت شهادة إس إس إل</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<ul id="end_options" class="section_text">
<li><a href="#" id="printLink">Drucken</a></li>
<div class="clearall"></div>
</ul>
<div class="page_stats section_text">Diese Seite wurde bisher 31.758 mal abgerufen.<div class="clearall"></div>
<div class="scrolltomarker"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="article_rating_mobile" class="section_text">
<h2 id="article_rating_header"><span class="mw-headline">War dieser Artikel hilfreich?</span></h2>
<div id="article_rating">
<button id="gatAccuracyYes" pageid="32533" role="button" tabindex="0" class="button secondary vote_up aritem">Ja</button>
<button id="gatAccuracyNo" pageid="32533" role="button" tabindex="1" class="button secondary vote_down aritem">Nein</button>
</div>
<div class="clearall"></div>
</div>
<div id="pagebottom">
<div class="wh_ad_inner" data-service="adsense" data-smallslot="3373074232" data-smallheight="250" data-type="pagebottom" data-small="1" data-channels="5232454650" data-mobilechannels="" data-largechannels="" data-smallchannels="" data-mediumchannels="" data-observerloading="1" data-sizes-array="0" data-gptdisplaylate="1"><div id="pagebottom_ad_1"></div></div>
<div class="al_method">Werbeanzeige</div>
<script>WH.ads.addBodyAd('pagebottom_ad_1')</script>
</div>
</div></div><div id="sidebar"><div id="cookie_notice" class="sidebox notice_bgcolor"><a href="#" id="cookie_notice_x"></a>Cookies machen wikiHow besser. Wenn du unsere Seite weiter nutzt, akzeptierst du unsere <a href="/wikiHow:Cookie-Policy" target="_blank">Cookie Regeln</a>.</div><div class="wh_ad_inner rr_container" data-service="adsense" data-slot="4060538172" data-instantload="0" data-width="300" data-height="600" style="height:2000px" data-innerclass="w_label al_grey" data-type="rightrail" data-large="1" data-channels="5232454650" data-mobilechannels="" data-largechannels="" data-smallchannels="" data-mediumchannels="" data-observerloading="1" data-sizes-array="0" data-gptdisplaylate="1"><div id="rightrail0_ad_1" class="w_label al_grey blockthrough"></div></div><script>WH.ads.addBodyAd('rightrail0_ad_1')</script><div id="side_related_articles" class="sidebox related_articles">
<h3>Verwandte Artikel</h3><a class="related-wh" href="/Deinen-Reddit-Verlauf-l%C3%B6schen"><div class="content-spacer"><img id="11a91b93aa8b7d8dbbcac90ef948b31c" class="scrolldefer content-fill" alt="Deinen Reddit Verlauf löschen" width="127" height="140" data-src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/d/d5/Clear-Reddit-History-Step-15.jpg/-crop-127-140-127px-Clear-Reddit-History-Step-15.jpg"/><span class="related-wh-title">3 einfache Methoden um deinen Reddit Suchverlauf und alle Kommentare zu löschen</span></div><script>WH.shared.addScrollLoadItem('11a91b93aa8b7d8dbbcac90ef948b31c')</script><noscript><img src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/d/d5/Clear-Reddit-History-Step-15.jpg/-crop-127-140-127px-Clear-Reddit-History-Step-15.jpg"/></noscript></a><a class="related-wh" href="/Auf-Tinder-Scams-und-Spam-erkennen"><div class="content-spacer"><img id="cd1cbfaad261a14f3c9df39ef55d1f11" class="scrolldefer content-fill" alt="Auf Tinder Scams und Spam erkennen" width="127" height="140" data-src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/d/d8/Spot-Scams-and-Spam-on-Tinder-Step-11-Version-2.jpg/-crop-127-140-127px-Spot-Scams-and-Spam-on-Tinder-Step-11-Version-2.jpg"/><span class="related-wh-title"><div class="related-wh-howto"></div>Auf Tinder Scams und Spam erkennen</span></div><script>WH.shared.addScrollLoadItem('cd1cbfaad261a14f3c9df39ef55d1f11')</script><noscript><img src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/d/d8/Spot-Scams-and-Spam-on-Tinder-Step-11-Version-2.jpg/-crop-127-140-127px-Spot-Scams-and-Spam-on-Tinder-Step-11-Version-2.jpg"/></noscript></a><a class="related-wh" href="/Internetseiten-auf-einem-Mac-sperren-und-entsperren"><div class="content-spacer"><img id="ef9ea9e652a5b8c982e787906f54bc8e" class="scrolldefer content-fill" alt="Internetseiten auf einem Mac sperren und entsperren" width="127" height="140" data-src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/a/a6/Block-and-Unblock-Internet-Sites-%28On-a-Mac%29-Step-21-Version-2.jpg/-crop-127-140-127px-Block-and-Unblock-Internet-Sites-%28On-a-Mac%29-Step-21-Version-2.jpg"/><span class="related-wh-title"><div class="related-wh-howto"></div>Internetseiten auf einem Mac sperren und entsperren</span></div><script>WH.shared.addScrollLoadItem('ef9ea9e652a5b8c982e787906f54bc8e')</script><noscript><img src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/a/a6/Block-and-Unblock-Internet-Sites-%28On-a-Mac%29-Step-21-Version-2.jpg/-crop-127-140-127px-Block-and-Unblock-Internet-Sites-%28On-a-Mac%29-Step-21-Version-2.jpg"/></noscript></a><a class="related-wh" href="/Einen-Online-Dating-Betr%C3%BCger-erkennen"><div class="content-spacer"><img id="d7f3d248a77ae59cebcfbf9d40669fe9" class="scrolldefer content-fill" alt="Einen Online Dating Betrüger erkennen" width="127" height="140" data-src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/d/d4/Spot-an-Online-Dating-Scammer-Step-17-Version-2.jpg/-crop-127-140-127px-Spot-an-Online-Dating-Scammer-Step-17-Version-2.jpg"/><span class="related-wh-title"><div class="related-wh-howto"></div>Einen Online Dating Betrüger erkennen</span></div><script>WH.shared.addScrollLoadItem('d7f3d248a77ae59cebcfbf9d40669fe9')</script><noscript><img src="https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/d/d4/Spot-an-Online-Dating-Scammer-Step-17-Version-2.jpg/-crop-127-140-127px-Spot-an-Online-Dating-Scammer-Step-17-Version-2.jpg"/></noscript></a><div class="clearall"></div>
</div><div id="rr_newsletter" class="sidebox rr_newsletter_class">
<div id="rr_newsletter_container">
<img src="/extensions/wikihow/homepage/images/newsletter.png" loading="lazy" />
<h4>Melde dich für den kostenlosen wikiHow Newsletter an!</h4>
<p>Du erhältst hilfreiche Tipps und Anleitungen jede Woche direkt in eine Inbox.</p>
<a href="https://mailchi.mp/3092cf9a6d79/deutsches-wikihow" target="_blank" id="rr_newsletter_signup" class="rr_newsletter_button">Registriere mich!</a>
</div>
</div><div id="side_follow" class="sidebox follow_sidebox">
<h3>Folge uns</h3><div id="follow_table">
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/wikiHow.de/" target="_blank" id="gatFollowFacebook" class='fw_cell' role="button" aria-label="Facebook"></a>
<a href="https://twitter.com/WikihowD" target="_blank" id="gatFollowTwitter" class='fw_cell' role="button" aria-label="Twitter"></a>
<a href="https://de.wikihow.com/feed.rss" target="_blank" id="gatFollowRss" class='fw_cell' role="button" aria-label="RSS"></a>
<a href="https://www.instagram.com/wikihow.deutsch/" target="_blank" id="gatFollowInstagram" class='fw_cell' role="button" aria-label="Instagram"></a>
<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/wikihow/_created/" target="_blank" id="gatFollowPinterest" class='fw_cell' role="button" aria-label="Pinterest"></a>
<a href="https://mailchi.mp/3092cf9a6d79/deutsches-wikihow" target="_blank" id="gatFollowNewsletter" class='fw_cell' role="button" aria-label="Newsletter Sign-up"></a>
<a href="https://wikihow.tumblr.com/" target="_blank" id="gatFollowTumblr" class='fw_cell' role="button" aria-label="Tumblr"></a>
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/wikiHow" target="_blank" id="gatFollowYouTube" class='fw_cell' role="button" aria-label="YouTube"></a>
<a href="https://market.android.com/details?id=com.wikihow.wikihowapp" target="_blank" id="gatFollowAndroid" class='fw_cell' role="button" aria-label="Android App"></a>
<a href="http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/wikihow-how-to-diy-survival/id309209200?mt=8" target="_blank" id="gatFollowApp" class='fw_cell' role="button" aria-label="Apple App Store"></a>
</div>
</div><div id="sidebar_share" class="sidebox logged_out">
<h3>Teilen</h3><div class="admin_state"><a href="https://twitter.com/share" style="display:none; background-image: none; color: #ffffff;" class="twitter-share-button" data-count="vertical" data-via="wikiHow" data-text="Ein SSL Zertifikat installieren" data-related="JackH:Founder of wikiHow">Tweet</a></div><div id="pinterest"><a href="https://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://de.wikihow.com/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren&media=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikihow.com%2Fimages_de%2Fe%2Fe2%2FCategories_Header_Computers.jpg&description=Wie+man+Ein+SSL+Zertifikat+installieren+--+%C3%BCber+wikiHow.com" class="pin-it-button">Pin It</a></div><div class="like_button like_button_de"><fb:like href="https://de.wikihow.com/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren" send="false" layout="button" width="80px" show_faces="false"></fb:like></div><div class="email_share"><a href="mailto:?subject=Ein SSL Zertifikat installieren&amp;body=Schau dir diesen hilfreichen wikiHow Artikel an: https://de.wikihow.com/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren" title=Email><img src=../../../skins/owl/images/mail_wH.png width="30px" height="25px"></a></div>
</div><div class="wh_ad_inner rr_container" data-service="dfp" data-adunitpath="/10095428/intl/intl_gam_lgm_rght2" data-size="[[300, 250],[300, 600],[120,600],[160,600]]" data-apsload="1" data-refreshable="1" data-viewablerefresh="1" data-first-refresh-time="30000" data-refresh-time="28000" data-aps-timeout="800" data-width="300" data-height="600" style="height:3300px" data-innerclass="w_label al_grey" data-type="rightrail" data-large="1" data-channels="5232454650" data-mobilechannels="" data-largechannels="" data-smallchannels="" data-mediumchannels="" data-observerloading="1" data-sizes-array="[[300, 250],[300, 600],[120,600],[160,600]]" data-gptdisplaylate="1"><div id="rightrail1_ad_1" class="w_label al_grey blockthrough"></div></div><script>WH.ads.addBodyAd('rightrail1_ad_1')</script></div><br class="clearall"></div><br class="clearall"><script type="application/ld+json">{
"@context": "http:\/\/schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Ein SSL Zertifikat installieren \u2013 wikiHow",
"name": "Ein SSL Zertifikat installieren \u2013 wikiHow",
"mainEntityOfPage": {
"@type": "WebPage",
"id": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren"
},
"image": {
"@type": "ImageObject",
"url": "https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/e\/e2\/Categories_Header_Computers.jpg\/1200px-Categories_Header_Computers.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"height": 675
},
"author": {
"@context": "http:\/\/schema.org",
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "wikiHow",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com",
"logo": {
"@type": "ImageObject",
"url": "https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/skins\/owl\/images\/wikihow_logo_nobg_60.png",
"width": 326,
"height": 60
},
"sameAs": [
"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/wikiHow.de\/"
]
},
"datePublished": "2014-04-24",
"dateModified": "2021-11-08",
"publisher": {
"@context": "http:\/\/schema.org",
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "wikiHow",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com",
"logo": {
"@type": "ImageObject",
"url": "https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/skins\/owl\/images\/wikihow_logo_nobg_60.png",
"width": 326,
"height": 60
},
"sameAs": [
"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/wikiHow.de\/"
]
},
"description": "Ein SSL Zertifikat installieren. SSL-Zertifikate legen fest, wie Webseiten und Dienstleistungen die Validierung f\u00fcr die Verschl\u00fcsselung der zwischen ihnen und ihren Kunden \u00fcbermittelten Daten erhalten. Sie k\u00f6nnen auch f\u00fcr die Verifizierung..."
}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{
"@context": "http:\/\/schema.org",
"@type": "HowTo",
"headline": "Ein SSL Zertifikat installieren \u2013 wikiHow",
"name": "Ein SSL Zertifikat installieren \u2013 wikiHow",
"image": {
"@type": "ImageObject",
"url": "https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/e\/e2\/Categories_Header_Computers.jpg\/1200px-Categories_Header_Computers.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"height": 675
},
"author": {
"@context": "http:\/\/schema.org",
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "wikiHow",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com",
"logo": {
"@type": "ImageObject",
"url": "https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/skins\/owl\/images\/wikihow_logo_nobg_60.png",
"width": 326,
"height": 60
},
"sameAs": [
"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/wikiHow.de\/"
]
},
"datePublished": "2014-04-24",
"dateModified": "2021-11-08",
"publisher": {
"@context": "http:\/\/schema.org",
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "wikiHow",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com",
"logo": {
"@type": "ImageObject",
"url": "https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/skins\/owl\/images\/wikihow_logo_nobg_60.png",
"width": 326,
"height": 60
},
"sameAs": [
"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/wikiHow.de\/"
]
},
"step": [
{
"@type": "HowToSection",
"name": "Mit Apache",
"itemListElement": [
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Erzeuge einen Certificate Signing Request (CSR). Bevor du ein SSL-Zertifikat kaufen und installieren kannst, musst du auf deinem Server ein CSR erzeugen. Diese Datei enth\u00e4lt Daten \u00fcber deinen Server und deinen \u00f6ffentlichen Schl\u00fcssel und ist erforderlich, um den privaten Schl\u00fcssel zu erzeugen. Du kannst ein CSR direkt von der Apache-Kommandozeile erzeugen:\n\u00d6ffne das OpenSSL Dienstprogramm. Dieses ist normalerweise in \/usr\/local\/ssl\/bin\/ zu finden\nErstelle ein Schl\u00fcsselpaar durch Eingabe des folgenden Befehls:\n openssl genrsa \u2013des3 \u2013out www.mydomain.com.key 2048\n\n\n\nErstelle eine Passphrase. Diese Passphrase muss eingegeben werden, wenn du mit deinen Schl\u00fcsseln interagierst.\nStarte den Vorgang zur Erzeugung des CSR. Gib den folgenden Befehl ein, wenn du dazu aufgefordert wirst, um die CSR-Datei zu erzeugen:\nopenssl req \u2013new \u2013key www.mydomain.com.key \u2013out www.mydomain.com.csr\n\n\n\nF\u00fclle die erforderlichen Informationen aus. Du musst deinen zweistelligen L\u00e4ndercode, den Bundesstaat oder die Provinz, den Ort, den Namen der Firma, Abteilungsname (z.B. IT oder Marketing) und den \u00fcblichen Namen (typischerweise der Domainname) eingeben.\nErstelle die CSR-Datei. Sobald die Informationen eingegeben wurden, f\u00fchre den folgenden Befehl aus, um die CSR-Datei auf deinem Server zu erzeugen:\nopenssl req -noout -text -in www.mydomain.com.csr",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-00"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Bestelle dein SSL-Zertifikat. Es gibt mehrere Dienste im Internet, die SSL-Zertifikate anbieten. Achte darauf, nur von einem seri\u00f6sen Dienst zu kaufen, da du und die Sicherheit deiner Kunden auf dem Spiel stehen. Beliebte Anbieter sind DigiCert, Symantec, GlobalSign etc. Der f\u00fcr dich beste Dienst wird von deinen Bed\u00fcrfnissen abh\u00e4ngen (mehrere Zertifikate, Unternehmensl\u00f6sungen etc.).\nDu musst deine CSR-Datei zum Zertifikat-Dienst hochladen, wenn du es bestellst. Dies wird verwendet, um das Zertifikat f\u00fcr deinen Server zu erzeugen.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-01"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Lade deine Zertifikate herunter. Du musst die vorl\u00e4ufigen Zertifikate vom Anbieter herunterladen, bei dem du deine Zertifikate gekauft hast. Du empf\u00e4ngst dein prim\u00e4res Zertifikat per E-Mail oder \u00fcber den Kundenbereich auf der Webseite. Dein Schl\u00fcssel sollte \u00e4hnlich aussehen wie dies hier:\n-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n\n[Encoded Certificate]\n\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n\n\nWenn die Zertifikate in einer Textdatei sind, dann musst du sie vor dem Hochladen in eine CRT-Datei umwandeln.\nPr\u00fcfe die Schl\u00fcssel, die du herunterl\u00e4dst. Es sollten f\u00fcnf Querstriche \u201c-\u201d auf jeder Seite der Linien BEGIN CERTIFICATE und END CERTIFICATE sein. Stelle ebenfalls sicher, dass keine Leerzeichen oder Zeilenumbr\u00fcche in deinem Schl\u00fcssel sind.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-02"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Lade die Zertifikate auf deinen Server. Die Zertifikate sollten in einem f\u00fcr Zertifikate und Schl\u00fcsseldateien bestimmten Ordner abgelegt werden. Ein Beispiel w\u00e4re \/usr\/local\/ssl\/crt\/. Alle deine Zertifikate m\u00fcssen im gleichen Ordner liegen.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-03"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "\u00d6ffne die Datei \u201chttpd.conf\u201d in einem Texteditor.. Einige Versionen von Apache haben eine Datei \u201cssl.conf\u201d f\u00fcr die SSL-Zertifikate. Bearbeite nur eine der beiden, wenn du beide hast. F\u00fcge die folgende Zeile dem Bereich Virtual Host hinzu:\nSSLCertificateFile \/usr\/local\/ssl\/crt\/primary.crt\nSSLCertificateKeyFile \/usr\/local\/ssl\/private\/private.key\nSSLCertificateChainFile \/usr\/local\/ssl\/crt\/intermediate.crt\n\n\nSpeichere die \u00c4nderungen in der Datei, wenn du fertig bist. Lade die Datei, falls erforderlich, wieder hoch.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-04"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Starte deinen Server neu. Sobald die Datei ge\u00e4ndert wurde, kannst du mit der Nutzung des SSL-Zertifikats beginnen, indem du deinen Server neu startest. Die meisten Versionen k\u00f6nnen mit diesen Befehlen neu gestartet werden:\napachectlp stop\napachectl startssl",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-05"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Teste dein Zertifikat. Verwende verschiedene Browser, um zu testen, ob dein Zertifikat ordentlich funktioniert. Verbinde dich mit \u201chttps:\/\/\u201d auf deine Webseite, um die SSL-Verbinkdung zu erzwingen. Du solltest das Vorh\u00e4ngeschloss-Icon in der Adresszeile sehen, normalerweise auf einem gr\u00fcnen Hintergrund.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-06"
}
]
},
{
"@type": "HowToSection",
"name": "Mit Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS)",
"itemListElement": [
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Erzeuge einen Certificate Signing Request (CSR). Bevor du ein SSL-Zertifikat kaufen und installieren kannst, musst du auf deinem Server ein CSR erzeugen. Diese Datei enth\u00e4lt Daten \u00fcber deinen Server und deinen \u00f6ffentlichen Schl\u00fcssel und ist erforderlich, um den privaten Schl\u00fcssel zu erzeugen. Du kannst ein CSR in IIS 8 mit wenigen Mausklicks erzeugen:\u00d6ffne den Server Manager.\nKlicke auf \"Tools\" und w\u00e4hle \"Internet Information Services (IIS) Manager\".\nW\u00e4hle den Rechner, auf dem du das Zertifikat installierst, aus der Liste der Verbindungen.\n\u00d6ffne das Server Certificates Tool.\nKlicke oben rechts unter der Liste mit den Aktionen auf den Link \"Create Certificate Request\".\nF\u00fclle die Informationen im Request Certificate-Assistenten aus. Du musst deinen zweistelligen L\u00e4ndercode, den Bundesstaat oder die Provinz, den Ort, den Namen der Firma, Abteilungsname (z.B. IT oder Marketing) und den \u00fcblichen Namen (typischerweise der Domainname) eingeben.\nLasse den \u201cCryptographic service provider\u201d auf dem Standardwert.\nSetze die \u201cBit length\u201dauf \u201c2048\u201d.\nBenenne die Certificate Request-Datei. Der Name der Datei ist unwichtig, so lange du sie unter deinen Dateien finden kannst.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-17"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Bestelle dein SSL-Zertifikat. Es gibt mehrere Dienste im Internet, die SSL-Zertifikate anbieten. Achte darauf, nur von einem seri\u00f6sen Dienst zu kaufen, da du und die Sicherheit deiner Kunden auf dem Spiel stehen. Beliebte Anbieter sind DigiCert, Symantec, GlobalSign etc. Der f\u00fcr dich beste Dienst wird von deinen Bed\u00fcrfnissen abh\u00e4ngen (mehrere Zertifikate, Unternehmensl\u00f6sungen etc.).\nDu musst deine CSR-Datei zum Zertifikat-Dienst hochladen, wenn du es bestellst. Dies wird verwendet, um das Zertifikat f\u00fcr deinen Server zu erzeugen. Einige Anbieter lassen dich den Inhalt der CSR-Datei kopieren, w\u00e4hrend andere dich die Datei selbst hochladen lassen.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-18"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Lade deine Zertifikate herunter. Du musst die vorl\u00e4ufigen Zertifikate vom Anbieter herunterladen, bei dem du deine Zertifikate gekauft hast. Du empf\u00e4ngst dein prim\u00e4res Zertifikat per E-Mail oder \u00fcber den Kundenbereich auf der Webseite.\nBenenne das prim\u00e4re Zertifikat um in \u201cNameDeinerWebseite.cer\u201d.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-19"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "\u00d6ffne erneut das Server Certificates Tool im IIS. Klicke hier auf den Link \u201cComplete Certificate Request\u201d unterhalb des \u201cCreate Certificate Request\u201d-Links, den du zum Erzeugen des CSR angeklickt hast.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-110"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Suche nach deiner Zertifikat-Datei. Wenn du sie auf deinem Computer gefunden hast, musst du ihr einen \"freundlichen Namen\" zuweisen, welcher der schnelle Name f\u00fcr die Identifizierung des Zertifikats auf deinem Server ist. Speichere das Zertifikat im Ordner \"Personal\". Klicke auf \"OK\", um das Zertifikat zu installieren.\nDein Zertifikat sollte in der Liste erscheinen. Wenn es das nicht tut, dann stelle sicher, dass du den gleichen Server verwendest, auf dem du das CSR auch erzeugt hast.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-111"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Verkn\u00fcpfe das Zertifikat mit deiner Webseite. Jetzt, wo das Zertifikat installiert wurde, musst du es mit der Webseite, die du sch\u00fctzen willst, verkn\u00fcpfen. Erweitere den \"Sites\"-Ordner in der Liste der Verbindungen und klicke dann auf die Webseite.\nKlicke in der Liste der Aktionen auf den Verkn\u00fcpfungslink.\nKlicke auf den Button \"Hinzuf\u00fcgen\" im Seitenverkn\u00fcpfungsfenster, das erscheint.\nW\u00e4hle aus dem Dropdown-Men\u00fc \"Typ\" \u201chttps\u201d und aus dem Dropdown-Men\u00fc \"SSL-Zertifikate\" dein installiertes Zertifikat.\nKlicke auf \"OK\" und dann auf \"Schlie\u00dfen\".",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-112"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Installiere die vorl\u00e4ufigen Zertifikate. Finde die vorl\u00e4ufigen Zertifikate, die du vom Zertifikatsanbieter heruntergeladen hast. Einige Anbieter stellen mehr als ein Zertifikat zur Verf\u00fcgung, das installiert werden muss, w\u00e4hrend andere nur eines haben. Kopiere diese Zertifikate in einen daf\u00fcr vorgesehenen Ordner auf deinem Server. Doppelklicke auf das Zertifikat, um die Details des Zertifikats zu \u00f6ffnen, sobald es auf den Server kopiert wurde.\nKlicke auf den Reiter \"Allgemein\". Klicke auf den Button \"Zertifikat installieren\" unten im Fenster.\nW\u00e4hle \u201cAlle Zertifikate im folgenden Ordner ablegen\u201d und durchsuche dann deine Festplatte nach dem lokalen Ordner. Du findest ihn, indem du ein H\u00e4kchen bei \u201cLokale Speichermedien anzeigen\u201d setzt, Vor\u00fcbergehende Zertifikate ausw\u00e4hlst und dann auf Lokaler Computer klickst.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-113"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Starte den IIS neu. Um die Verteilung der Zertifikate zu starten, musst du deinen IIS-Server neu starten. Klicke auf \"Start\" und w\u00e4hle dann \"Ausf\u00fchren\", um den IIS neu zu starten. Gib \u201cIISREset\u201d ein und dr\u00fccke auf Enter. Die Kommandozeile erscheint und zeigt den Status des Neustarts des IIS an.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-114"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Teste dein Zertifikat. Verwende verschiedene Browser, um zu testen, ob dein Zertifikat ordentlich funktioniert. Verbinde dich mit \u201chttps:\/\/\u201d auf deine Webseite, um die SSL-Verbinkdung zu erzwingen. Du solltest das Vorh\u00e4ngeschloss-Icon in der Adresszeile sehen, normalerweise auf einem gr\u00fcnen Hintergrund.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-115"
}
]
},
{
"@type": "HowToSection",
"name": "Mit Exchange",
"itemListElement": [
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Erzeuge einen Certificate Signing Request (CSR). Bevor du ein SSL-Zertifikat kaufen und installieren kannst, musst du auf deinem Server ein CSR erzeugen. Diese Datei enth\u00e4lt Daten \u00fcber deinen Server und deinen \u00f6ffentlichen Schl\u00fcssel und ist erforderlich, um den privaten Schl\u00fcssel zu erzeugen.\n\u00d6ffne die Exchange Management Console. Du findest sie, indem du auf \"Start\" und dann auf \"Programme\" klickst, Microsoft Exchange 2010 ausw\u00e4hlst und dann auf \"Exchange Management Console\" klickst.\nKlicke auf den Link \"Datenbanken verwalten\" in der Mitte des Fensters, sobald das Programm geladen ist.\nW\u00e4hle \u201cServerkonfiguration\u201d. Dies ist im linken Bereich zu finden. Klicke in der Liste der Aktionen rechts im Fenster auf den Link \u201cNeues Exchange Zertifikat\u201d.\nGib einen Namen f\u00fcr das Zertifikat ein, den du dir merken kannst. Dieser Name ist nur f\u00fcr dich und hat keine Auswirkungen auf das Zertifikat.\nGib die Konfigurationsdaten ein. Exchange sollte automatisch die richtigen Dienste w\u00e4hlen, wenn es dies jedoch nicht tut, dann kannst du sie selbst einstellen. Stelle sicher, dass alle Dienste, die du gesch\u00fctzt haben willst, ausgew\u00e4hlt sind.\nGib die Daten deiner Organisation ein. Du musst deinen zweistelligen L\u00e4ndercode, den Bundesstaat oder die Provinz, den Ort, den Namen der Firma, Abteilungsname (z.B. IT oder Marketing) und den \u00fcblichen Namen (typischerweise der Domainname) eingeben.\nGib einen Namen und einen Ort f\u00fcr die CSR-Datei ein, die erzeugt wird. Notiere dir diesen Ort f\u00fcr den sp\u00e4teren Bestellvorgang des Zertifikats.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-216"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Bestelle dein SSL-Zertifikat. Es gibt mehrere Dienste im Internet, die SSL-Zertifikate anbieten. Achte darauf, nur von einem seri\u00f6sen Dienst zu kaufen, da du und die Sicherheit deiner Kunden auf dem Spiel stehen. Beliebte Anbieter sind DigiCert, Symantec, GlobalSign etc. Der f\u00fcr dich beste Dienst wird von deinen Bed\u00fcrfnissen abh\u00e4ngen (mehrere Zertifikate, Unternehmensl\u00f6sungen etc.).\nDu musst deine CSR-Datei zum Zertifikat-Dienst hochladen, wenn du es bestellst. Dies wird verwendet, um das Zertifikat f\u00fcr deinen Server zu erzeugen. Einige Anbieter lassen dich den Inhalt der CSR-Datei kopieren, w\u00e4hrend andere dich die Datei selbst hochladen lassen.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-217"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Lade deine Zertifikate herunter. Du musst die vorl\u00e4ufigen Zertifikate vom Anbieter herunterladen, bei dem du deine Zertifikate gekauft hast. Du empf\u00e4ngst dein prim\u00e4res Zertifikat per E-Mail oder \u00fcber den Kundenbereich auf der Webseite.\nKopiere die empfangene Zertifikatdatei auf deinen Exchange-Server.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-218"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Installiere das vorl\u00e4ufige Zertifikat. In den meisten F\u00e4llen kannst du die bereitgestellten Zertifikatdaten in ein Textdokument speichern und es als \u201cintermediate.cer\u201d speichern. \u00d6ffne die Microsoft Manage Console (MMC) durch Klicken auf \"Start\", Auswahl von \"Ausf\u00fchren\" und Eingabe von \u201cmmc\u201d.\nKlicke auf \"Datei\" und w\u00e4hle \"Snap In hinzuf\u00fcgen\/entfernen\".\nKlicke auf \"Ausgew\u00e4hlte Zertifikate hinzuf\u00fcgen\" und dann erneut auf \"Hinzuf\u00fcgen\".\nW\u00e4hle \"Computer-Account\" und klicke dann auf \"Weiter\". W\u00e4hle den lokalen Computer als Speicherort. Klicke auf \"Beenden\" und dann auf \"OK\". Dies bringt dich zur\u00fcck zum MMC.\nW\u00e4hle \"Zertifikate im MMC\". W\u00e4hle \u201cIntermediate Certification Authorities\u201d und dann \"Zertifikate\".\nKlicke mit der rechten Maustaste auf \"Zertifikate\", w\u00e4hle \"Alle Tasks\" und dann \"Importieren\". Verwende den Assistenten, um die vorl\u00e4ufigen Zertifikate, die du von deinem Anbieter erhalten hast, zu laden.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-219"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "\u00d6ffne den Bereich \u201cServerkonfiguration\u201d in der Exchange Management Console. Sieh in Schritt 1 nach, wie du sie \u00f6ffnest. Klicke in der Mitte des Fensters auf dein Zertifikat und klicke dann in der Liste der Aktionen auf den Link \u201cComplete Pending Request\u201d.Durchsuche deine Festplatte nach deinem prim\u00e4ren Zertifikat und klicke dann auf \"Complete\". Sobald das Zertifikat geladen wurde, klicke auf \"Beenden\".\nIgnoriere alle Fehlermeldungen, die angeben, dass der Vorgang fehlgeschlagen ist; dies ist ein bekannter Fehler.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-220"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Aktiviere das Zertifikat. Klicke am unteren Ende der Liste der Aktionen auf den Link \u201cAssign Services to Certificate\u201d, sobald das Zertifikat installiert wurde.\nW\u00e4hle aus der erscheinenden Liste deinen Server und klicke auf \"Weiter\".\nW\u00e4hle, welchen Dienst du durch das Zertifikat gesch\u00fctzt haben m\u00f6chtest: Klicke auf \"Weiter\", dann auf \"Zuweisen\" und dann auf \"Beenden\".",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-221"
}
]
},
{
"@type": "HowToSection",
"name": "Mit cPanel",
"itemListElement": [
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Erzeuge einen Certificate Signing Request (CSR). Bevor du ein SSL-Zertifikat kaufen und installieren kannst, musst du auf deinem Server ein CSR erzeugen. Diese Datei enth\u00e4lt Daten \u00fcber deinen Server und deinen \u00f6ffentlichen Schl\u00fcssel und ist erforderlich, um den privaten Schl\u00fcssel zu erzeugen.\nMelde dich auf cPanel an. \u00d6ffne die Steuerungsleiste und suche nach dem SSL-\/TLS-Manager.\nKlicke auf die Links \u201cPrivate Schl\u00fcssel erzeugen, ansehen, hochladen oder l\u00f6schen\u201d.\nScrolle nach unten zum Bereich \u201cNeuen Schl\u00fcssel erzeugen\u201d. Gib deinen Domainnamen ein oder w\u00e4hle ihn aus dem Dropdown-Men\u00fc aus. W\u00e4hle bei \u201cKey Size\u201d 2048. Klicke auf den Button \"Erzeugen\".\nKlicke auf \u201cZum SSL Manager zur\u00fcckkehren\u201d. W\u00e4hle im Hauptmen\u00fc den Link \u201cSSL Certificate Signing Requests erzeugen, ansehen oder l\u00f6schen\u201d.\nGib die Daten deiner Organisation ein. Du musst deinen zweistelligen L\u00e4ndercode, den Bundesstaat oder die Provinz, den Ort, den Namen der Firma, Abteilungsname (z.B. IT oder Marketing) und den \u00fcblichen Namen (typischerweise der Domainname) eingeben.\nKlicke auf den Button \"Erzeugen\". Dein CSR wird angezeigt. Du kannst diesen kopieren und in das Bestellformular f\u00fcr das Zertifikat einf\u00fcgen. Wenn der Dienst den CSR als Datei ben\u00f6tigt, dann kopiere den Text in einen Texteditor und speichere die Datei als .CSR-Datei.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-322"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Bestelle dein SSL-Zertifikat. Es gibt mehrere Dienste im Internet, die SSL-Zertifikate anbieten. Achte darauf, nur von einem seri\u00f6sen Dienst zu kaufen, da du und die Sicherheit deiner Kunden auf dem Spiel stehen. Beliebte Anbieter sind DigiCert, Symantec, GlobalSign etc. Der f\u00fcr dich beste Dienst wird von deinen Bed\u00fcrfnissen abh\u00e4ngen (mehrere Zertifikate, Unternehmensl\u00f6sungen etc.).\nDu musst deine CSR-Datei zum Zertifikat-Dienst hochladen, wenn du es bestellst. Dies wird verwendet, um das Zertifikat f\u00fcr deinen Server zu erzeugen. Einige Anbieter lassen dich den Inhalt der CSR-Datei kopieren, w\u00e4hrend andere dich die Datei selbst hochladen lassen.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-323"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Lade deine Zertifikate herunter. Du musst die vorl\u00e4ufigen Zertifikate vom Anbieter herunterladen, bei dem du deine Zertifikate gekauft hast. Du empf\u00e4ngst dein prim\u00e4res Zertifikat per E-Mail oder \u00fcber den Kundenbereich auf der Webseite.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-324"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "\u00d6ffne erneut das SSL-Manager-Men\u00fc in cPanel. Klicke auf den Link \u201cSSL-Zertifikate erzeugen, ansehen, hochladen oder l\u00f6schen\u201d. Klicke auf den Upload-Button, um deine Festplatte nach dem Zertifikat, das du vom Anbieter empfangen hast, zu durchsuchen. Wenn das Zertifikat als Text geliefert wurde, dann kopiere ihn und f\u00fcge ihn in das Feld im Browser ein.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-325"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Klicke auf den Link \u201cSSL-Zertifikat installieren\u201d. Dies schlie\u00dft die Installation des SSL-Zertifikats ab. Dein Server wird neu starten und dein Zertifikat wird verteilt werden.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-326"
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"text": "Teste dein Zertifikat. Verwende verschiedene Browser, um zu testen, ob dein Zertifikat ordentlich funktioniert. Verbinde dich mit \u201chttps:\/\/\u201d auf deine Webseite, um die SSL-Verbinkdung zu erzwingen. Du solltest das Vorh\u00e4ngeschloss-Icon in der Adresszeile sehen, normalerweise auf einem gr\u00fcnen Hintergrund.",
"url": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren#step-id-327"
}
]
}
],
"description": "Ein SSL Zertifikat installieren. SSL-Zertifikate legen fest, wie Webseiten und Dienstleistungen die Validierung f\u00fcr die Verschl\u00fcsselung der zwischen ihnen und ihren Kunden \u00fcbermittelten Daten erhalten. Sie k\u00f6nnen auch f\u00fcr die Verifizierung..."
}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{
"@context": "http:\/\/schema.org",
"@type": "BreadcrumbList",
"itemListElement": [
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 1,
"item": {
"@id": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com",
"name": "wikiHow"
}
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 2,
"item": {
"@id": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Kategorie:Technik-%26-Elektronik",
"name": "Technik & Elektronik"
}
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 3,
"item": {
"@id": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Kategorie:Internet",
"name": "Internet"
}
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 4,
"item": {
"@id": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Kategorie:Internet-Sicherheit",
"name": "Internet Sicherheit"
}
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 5,
"item": {
"@id": "https:\/\/de.wikihow.com\/Ein-SSL-Zertifikat-installieren",
"name": "Ein SSL Zertifikat installieren \u2013 wikiHow"
}
}
]
}</script>
<div id="fb-root" ></div>
<div id="footer" role="navigation">
<div id="footer_inner">
<a href='/Hauptseite' id="footer_logo">
<img src='/skins/owl/images/wikihow_logo_intl.png' width='162' height='42' alt='wikiHow' />
</a>
<div id="footer_crumbs">
<ul class="breadcrumbs">
<li><a href="/Spezial:CategoryListing" title="Spezial:CategoryListing">Kategorien</a></li><li><a href="/Kategorie:Technik-%26-Elektronik" title="Kategorie:Technik &amp; Elektronik">Technik & Elektronik</a></li><li><a href="/Kategorie:Internet" title="Kategorie:Internet">Internet</a></li><li><a href="/Kategorie:Internet-Sicherheit" title="Kategorie:Internet Sicherheit">Internet Sicherheit</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="footer_top_divider" class="footer_divider"></div>
<div id="footer_vertical_divider"></div>
<div id="search_footer" class="wh_search " role="search">
<div class="cse_x" role="button"></div>
<form action="/wikiHowTo" id="cse-search-box-bottom">
<div>
<input type="text" class="cse_q search_box" id='search_field_bottom' name="search" value=""
placeholder="Ein SSL Zertifikat installieren"
x-webkit-speech aria-label="Suchen"
/>
<input type="submit" value="" class="cse_sa" alt="" />
</div>
</form>
</div>
<!--end search-->
<div id="footer_links">
<ul>
<li><a href="/Hauptseite" title="Hauptseite">Hauptseite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wikiHow:%C3%9Cber-wikiHow" title="wikiHow:Über wikiHow">Über wikiHow</a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://de.wikihow.com/Experten">Experten</a></li>
<li><a href="/wikiHow:Nimm-mit-uns-Kontakt-auf" title="wikiHow:Nimm mit uns Kontakt auf">Nimm mit uns Kontakt auf</a></li>
<li><a href="/Spezial:Sitemap" title="Spezial:Sitemap">Sitemap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wikiHow:Richtlinien" title="wikiHow:Richtlinien">Nutzungsbedingungen (Englisch)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wikiHow:Datenschutz-Bestimmungen" title="wikiHow:Datenschutz Bestimmungen">Datenschutz Bestimmungen</a></li>
<li><a id="footer_ccpa" href="#">Do Not Sell My Info</a></li>
<li><a id="footer_ccpa_optout" href="#">Not Selling Info</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="sf">
<div>
<p>Folge uns</p>
<a id="sf_ig" class="sf_icon" href="https://www.instagram.com/wikihow.deutsch/" target="_blank" title="Instagram"></a><a id="sf_fb" class="sf_icon" href="https://www.facebook.com/wikiHow.de/" target="_blank" title="Facebook"></a><a id="sf_tt" class="sf_icon" href="https://twitter.com/WikihowD" target="_blank" title="Twitter"></a><a id="sf_yt" class="sf_icon" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/WikiHow" target="_blank" title="YouTube"></a><a id="sf_nl" class="sf_icon" href="https://mailchi.mp/3092cf9a6d79/deutsches-wikihow" target="_blank" title="Newsletter"></a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id='sliderbox' class="newsletter email_icon orange default" data-color="orange">
<div id='slider_container'>
<button id='slider_close_button' on="tap:sliderbox.hide">&times;</button>
<div class='slider_content'>
<p id='slider_small_headline'>Registriere dich für den wöchentlichen</p>
<p id='slider_big_headline'>wikiHow-Newsletter.</p>
<a id="slider_button" class='button slider_button' rel="nofollow" data-event_type="newsletter" href="https://mailchi.mp/3092cf9a6d79/deutsches-wikihow" target="_blank">Registrieren</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.wikihow.com/extensions/min/f/_ads/gads.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.wikihow.com/x/zscsucgm?"></script>
<script>
window.WH = window.WH || {};
WH.hasAdBlockers = ( window._ads !== 2 );
</script>
<div class="pswp" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="pswp__bg"></div>
<div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">
<div class="pswp__container">
<div class="pswp__item"></div>
<div class="pswp__item"></div>
<div class="pswp__item"></div>
</div>
<div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden">
<div class="pswp__top-bar">
<div class="pswp__method_high"></div>
<div class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></div>
<div class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></div>
<div class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></div>
<div class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></div>
<div class="pswp__preloader">
<div class="pswp__preloader__icn">
<div class="pswp__preloader__cut">
<div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap">
<div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div>
</div>
<div class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)">
</div>
<div class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)">
</div>
<div class="pswp__caption">
<div class="pswp__caption__center"></div>
<div class="pswp__caption__info"></div>
</div>
<div class="pswp__method"></div>
<div class="pswp__counter"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div><div id="servedtime" style="display:none" data-app="app31">1190</div><script async="" src="/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=de&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;siterev=8zhWk&amp;skin=wh&amp;target=mobile"></script>
<noscript> <style> .mwimg a.image{display:none}#header_logo{display:none}#cse-search-box{display:none}#cse-search-box-noscript{display:block !important}#cse-search-box-noscript .cse_q{color:#FFF;background-color:#B3CE9C}.wh_search .cse_q{width:88%}#mw-mf-main-menu-button{display:none;visibility:hidden}.header .search{display:none}#search_footer .cse_sa{background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/mobile/images/white_mag.png);background-size:22px}.related_box{display:block;background:#EEE;border:5px solid #FFF;vertical-align:bottom;width:127px;background-size:180px;float:left;height:120px;position:relative}.related_box p{line-height:15px !important;font-size:13px;background-color:rgba(67,95,44,.4);color:#FFF;font-weight:bold;padding:8px;margin:0 !important;position:absolute;bottom:0}#noscript_header_logo{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;background-position:50% 77%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url(/extensions/wikihow/mobile/images/wikihow_logo_230.png);background-size:105px;width:auto;height:51px;padding:0 14px}.articleinfo{display:none}#iorg_free_data{z-index:50;width:100%;position:fixed}#ara_recommendations{display:none}</style> </noscript>
<script>(window.RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.044","walltime":"0.743","ppvisitednodes":{"value":255,"limit":1000000},"ppgeneratednodes":{"value":780,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":2762,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":216,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":3,"limit":40},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":100},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":4689,"limit":5000000},"timingprofile":["100.00% 727.491 1 -total"," 96.75% 703.861 6 Vorlage:CodeBox"," 1.41% 10.261 1 Vorlage:reflist"]},"cachereport":{"timestamp":"20230109235331","ttl":86400,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script>
<script>(window.RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":1191});});</script><script>if ( WH.shared.isDesktopSize && WH.hasAdBlockers ) {
var newScript = document.createElement('script');
newScript.async = true;
newScript.type = 'text/javascript';
// 'videoplayerhub.com' is sometimes blocked, as it appears in:
// https://github.com/easylist/easylist/blob/master/easyprivacy/easyprivacy_trackingservers.txt
newScript.src = 'https://wikihow-com.videoplayerhub.com/galleryloader.js';
var node = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
node.parentNode.insertBefore(newScript, node);
}
</script></body></html>
Reference in New Issue View Git Blame Copy Permalink