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<title>ab - Apache HTTP server benchmarking tool - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</title>
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<body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header">
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<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
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<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</p>
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<img alt="" src="../images/feather.png" /></div>
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<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.4</a> > <a href="./">Programs</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>ab - Apache HTTP server benchmarking tool</h1>
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<div class="toplang">
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<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/programs/ab.html" title="English"> en </a> |
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<a href="../fr/programs/ab.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> |
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<a href="../ko/programs/ab.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> |
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<a href="../tr/programs/ab.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe"> tr </a></p>
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</div>
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<p><code>ab</code> is a tool for benchmarking your Apache Hypertext
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Transfer Protocol (HTTP) server. It is designed to give you an impression
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of how your current Apache installation performs. This especially shows
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you how many requests per second your Apache installation is capable of
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serving.</p>
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</div>
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<div id="quickview"><a href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/contributing.html" class="badge"><img src="https://www.apache.org/images/SupportApache-small.png" alt="Support Apache!" /></a><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#synopsis">Synopsis</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#options">Options</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#output">Output</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#bugs">Bugs</a></li>
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</ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><code class="program"><a href="../programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code></li><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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<div class="section">
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<h2><a name="synopsis" id="synopsis">Synopsis</a></h2>
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<p><code><strong>ab</strong>
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[ -<strong>A</strong> <var>auth-username</var>:<var>password</var> ]
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[ -<strong>b</strong> <var>windowsize</var> ]
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[ -<strong>B</strong> <var>local-address</var> ]
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[ -<strong>c</strong> <var>concurrency</var> ]
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[ -<strong>C</strong> <var>cookie-name</var>=<var>value</var> ]
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[ -<strong>d</strong> ]
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[ -<strong>e</strong> <var>csv-file</var> ]
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[ -<strong>E</strong> <var>client-certificate file</var> ]
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[ -<strong>f</strong> <var>protocol</var> ]
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[ -<strong>g</strong> <var>gnuplot-file</var> ]
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[ -<strong>h</strong> ]
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[ -<strong>H</strong> <var>custom-header</var> ]
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[ -<strong>i</strong> ]
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[ -<strong>k</strong> ]
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[ -<strong>l</strong> ]
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[ -<strong>m</strong> <var>HTTP-method</var> ]
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[ -<strong>n</strong> <var>requests</var> ]
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[ -<strong>p</strong> <var>POST-file</var> ]
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[ -<strong>P</strong> <var>proxy-auth-username</var>:<var>password</var> ]
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[ -<strong>q</strong> ]
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[ -<strong>r</strong> ]
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[ -<strong>s</strong> <var>timeout</var> ]
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[ -<strong>S</strong> ]
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[ -<strong>t</strong> <var>timelimit</var> ]
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[ -<strong>T</strong> <var>content-type</var> ]
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[ -<strong>u</strong> <var>PUT-file</var> ]
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[ -<strong>v</strong> <var>verbosity</var>]
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[ -<strong>V</strong> ]
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[ -<strong>w</strong> ]
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[ -<strong>x</strong> <var><table>-attributes</var> ]
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[ -<strong>X</strong> <var>proxy</var>[:<var>port</var>] ]
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[ -<strong>y</strong> <var><tr>-attributes</var> ]
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[ -<strong>z</strong> <var><td>-attributes</var> ]
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[ -<strong>Z</strong> <var>ciphersuite</var> ]
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[http[s]://]<var>hostname</var>[:<var>port</var>]/<var>path</var></code></p>
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</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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<div class="section">
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<h2><a name="options" id="options">Options</a></h2>
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<dl>
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<dt><code>-A <var>auth-username</var>:<var>password</var></code></dt>
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<dd>Supply BASIC Authentication credentials to the server. The username and
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password are separated by a single <code>:</code> and sent on the wire
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base64 encoded. The string is sent regardless of whether the server needs
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it (<em>i.e.</em>, has sent an 401 authentication needed).</dd>
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<dt><code>-b <var>windowsize</var></code></dt>
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<dd>Size of TCP send/receive buffer, in bytes.</dd>
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<dt><code>-B <var>local-address</var></code></dt>
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<dd>Address to bind to when making outgoing connections.</dd>
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<dt><code>-c <var>concurrency</var></code></dt>
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<dd>Number of multiple requests to perform at a time. Default is one
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request at a time.</dd>
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<dt><code>-C <var>cookie-name</var>=<var>value</var></code></dt>
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<dd>Add a <code>Cookie:</code> line to the request. The argument is
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typically in the form of a <code><var>name</var>=<var>value</var></code>
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pair. This field is repeatable.</dd>
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<dt><code>-d</code></dt>
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<dd>Do not display the "percentage served within XX [ms] table". (legacy
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support).</dd>
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<dt><code>-e <var>csv-file</var></code></dt>
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<dd>Write a Comma separated value (CSV) file which contains for each
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percentage (from 1% to 100%) the time (in milliseconds) it took to serve
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that percentage of the requests. This is usually more useful than the
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'gnuplot' file; as the results are already 'binned'.</dd>
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<dt><code>-E <var>client-certificate-file</var></code></dt>
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<dd>When connecting to an SSL website, use the provided client certificate
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in PEM format to authenticate with the server. The file is expected to
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contain the client certificate, followed by intermediate certificates,
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followed by the private key. Available in 2.4.36 and later.</dd>
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<dt><code>-f <var>protocol</var></code></dt>
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<dd>Specify SSL/TLS protocol (SSL2, SSL3, TLS1, TLS1.1, TLS1.2, or ALL).
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TLS1.1 and TLS1.2 support available in 2.4.4 and later.</dd>
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<dt><code>-g <var>gnuplot-file</var></code></dt>
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<dd>Write all measured values out as a 'gnuplot' or TSV (Tab separate
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values) file. This file can easily be imported into packages like Gnuplot,
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IDL, Mathematica, Igor or even Excel. The labels are on the first line of
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the file. </dd>
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<dt><code>-h</code></dt>
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<dd>Display usage information.</dd>
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<dt><code>-H <var>custom-header</var></code></dt>
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<dd>Append extra headers to the request. The argument is typically in
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the form of a valid header line, containing a colon-separated field-value
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pair (<em>i.e.</em>, <code>"Accept-Encoding: zip/zop;8bit"</code>).</dd>
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<dt><code>-i</code></dt>
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<dd>Do <code>HEAD</code> requests instead of <code>GET</code>.</dd>
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<dt><code>-k</code></dt>
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<dd>Enable the HTTP KeepAlive feature, <em>i.e.</em>, perform multiple
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requests within one HTTP session. Default is no KeepAlive.</dd>
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<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
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<dd>Do not report errors if the length of the responses is not constant. This
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can be useful for dynamic pages.
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Available in 2.4.7 and later.
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</dd>
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<dt><code>-m <var>HTTP-method</var></code></dt>
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<dd>Custom HTTP method for the requests.
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Available in 2.4.10 and later.</dd>
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<dt><code>-n <var>requests</var></code></dt>
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<dd>Number of requests to perform for the benchmarking session. The default
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is to just perform a single request which usually leads to
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non-representative benchmarking results.</dd>
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<dt><code>-p <var>POST-file</var></code></dt>
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<dd>File containing data to POST. Remember to also set <code>-T</code>.</dd>
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<dt><code>-P <var>proxy-auth-username</var>:<var>password</var></code></dt>
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<dd>Supply BASIC Authentication credentials to a proxy en-route. The
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username and password are separated by a single <code>:</code> and sent on
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the wire base64 encoded. The string is sent regardless of whether the
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proxy needs it (<em>i.e.</em>, has sent an 407 proxy authentication
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needed).</dd>
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<dt><code>-q</code></dt>
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<dd>When processing more than 150 requests, <code>ab</code> outputs a
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progress count on <code>stderr</code> every 10% or 100 requests or so. The
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<code>-q</code> flag will suppress these messages.</dd>
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<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
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<dd>Don't exit on socket receive errors.</dd>
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<dt><code>-s <var>timeout</var></code></dt>
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<dd>Maximum number of seconds to wait before the socket times out.
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Default is 30 seconds.
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Available in 2.4.4 and later.</dd>
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<dt><code>-S</code></dt>
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<dd>Do not display the median and standard deviation values, nor display
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the warning/error messages when the average and median are more than
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one or two times the standard deviation apart. And default to the
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min/avg/max values. (legacy support).</dd>
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<dt><code>-t <var>timelimit</var></code></dt>
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<dd>Maximum number of seconds to spend for benchmarking. This implies a
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<code>-n 50000</code> internally. Use this to benchmark the server within a
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fixed total amount of time. Per default there is no timelimit.</dd>
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<dt><code>-T <var>content-type</var></code></dt>
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<dd>Content-type header to use for POST/PUT data, eg.
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<code>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</code>.
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Default is <code>text/plain</code>.</dd>
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<dt><code>-u <var>PUT-file</var></code></dt>
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<dd>File containing data to PUT. Remember to also set <code>-T</code>.</dd>
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<dt><code>-v <var>verbosity</var></code></dt>
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<dd>Set verbosity level - <code>4</code> and above prints information on
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headers, <code>3</code> and above prints response codes (404, 200, etc.),
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<code>2</code> and above prints warnings and info.</dd>
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<dt><code>-V</code></dt>
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<dd>Display version number and exit.</dd>
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<dt><code>-w</code></dt>
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<dd>Print out results in HTML tables. Default table is two columns wide,
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with a white background.</dd>
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<dt><code>-x <var><table>-attributes</var></code></dt>
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<dd>String to use as attributes for <code><table></code>. Attributes
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are inserted <code><table <var>here</var> ></code>.</dd>
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<dt><code>-X <var>proxy</var>[:<var>port</var>]</code></dt>
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<dd>Use a proxy server for the requests.</dd>
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<dt><code>-y <var><tr>-attributes</var></code></dt>
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<dd>String to use as attributes for <code><tr></code>.</dd>
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<dt><code>-z <var><td>-attributes</var></code></dt>
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<dd>String to use as attributes for <code><td></code>.</dd>
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<dt><code>-Z <var>ciphersuite</var></code></dt>
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<dd>Specify SSL/TLS cipher suite (See openssl ciphers)</dd>
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</dl>
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</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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<div class="section">
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<h2><a name="output" id="output">Output</a></h2>
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<p>The following list describes the values returned by <code>ab</code>:
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</p>
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<dl>
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<dt>Server Software</dt>
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<dd>The value, if any, returned in the <var>server</var> HTTP header
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of the first successful response. This includes all characters in the
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header from beginning to the point a character with decimal value of 32
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(most notably: a space or CR/LF) is detected.</dd>
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<dt>Server Hostname</dt>
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<dd>The DNS or IP address given on the command line</dd>
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<dt>Server Port</dt>
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<dd>The port to which ab is connecting. If no port is given on the
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command line, this will default to 80 for http and 443 for
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https.</dd>
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<dt>SSL/TLS Protocol</dt>
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<dd>The protocol parameters negotiated between the client and server.
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This will only be printed if SSL is used.</dd>
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<dt>Document Path</dt>
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<dd>The request URI parsed from the command line string.</dd>
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<dt>Document Length</dt>
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<dd>This is the size in bytes of the first successfully returned document.
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If the document length changes during testing, the response is
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considered an error.</dd>
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<dt>Concurrency Level</dt>
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<dd>The number of concurrent clients used during the test</dd>
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<dt>Time taken for tests</dt>
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<dd>This is the time taken from the moment the first socket connection
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is created to the moment the last response is received</dd>
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<dt>Complete requests</dt>
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<dd>The number of successful responses received</dd>
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<dt>Failed requests</dt>
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<dd>The number of requests that were considered a failure. If the
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number is greater than zero, another line will be printed showing the
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number of requests that failed due to connecting, reading, incorrect
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content length, or exceptions.</dd>
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<dt>Write errors</dt>
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<dd>The number of errors that failed during write (broken pipe).</dd>
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<dt>Non-2xx responses</dt>
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<dd>The number of responses that were not in the 200 series of response
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codes. If all responses were 200, this field is not printed.</dd>
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<dt>Keep-Alive requests</dt>
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<dd>The number of connections that resulted in Keep-Alive requests</dd>
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<dt>Total body sent</dt>
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<dd>If configured to send data as part of the test, this is the total
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number of bytes sent during the tests. This field is omitted if the test
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did not include a body to send.</dd>
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<dt>Total transferred</dt>
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<dd>The total number of bytes received from the server. This number
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is essentially the number of bytes sent over the wire.</dd>
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<dt>HTML transferred</dt>
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<dd>The total number of document bytes received from the server. This
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number excludes bytes received in HTTP headers</dd>
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<dt>Requests per second</dt>
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<dd>This is the number of requests per second. This value is the result
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of dividing the number of requests by the total time taken</dd>
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<dt>Time per request</dt>
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<dd>The average time spent per request. The first value is calculated
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with the formula <code>concurrency * timetaken * 1000 / done</code>
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while the second value is calculated with the formula
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<code>timetaken * 1000 / done</code></dd>
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<dt>Transfer rate</dt>
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<dd>The rate of transfer as calculated by the formula
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<code>totalread / 1024 / timetaken</code></dd>
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</dl>
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</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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<div class="section">
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<h2><a name="bugs" id="bugs">Bugs</a></h2>
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<p>There are various statically declared buffers of fixed length. Combined
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with the lazy parsing of the command line arguments, the response headers
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from the server and other external inputs, this might bite you.</p>
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<p>It does not implement HTTP/1.x fully; only accepts some 'expected' forms
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of responses. The rather heavy use of <code>strstr(3)</code> shows up top
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in profile, which might indicate a performance problem; <em>i.e.</em>, you
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would measure the <code>ab</code> performance rather than the server's.</p>
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</div></div>
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<div class="bottomlang">
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<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/programs/ab.html" title="English"> en </a> |
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<a href="../fr/programs/ab.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> |
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<a href="../ko/programs/ab.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> |
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<a href="../tr/programs/ab.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe"> tr </a></p>
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</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="../images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comments</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. Questions on how to manage the Apache HTTP Server should be directed at either our IRC channel, #httpd, on Libera.chat, or sent to our <a href="https://httpd.apache.org/lists.html">mailing lists</a>.</div>
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